question

Each supervisor is a coordinator and conduit of information between management and lower level workers

answer

Linking Pin System

question

4 types of supervisors (Engel)

answer

Traditional - task oriented, authoritarian Innovative - community policing type Supportive - "one of the boys" Active - leads by example, worker, ofcr with stripes

question

Nature of subordinates is the key to determining which management style will be most successful

answer

Situational or Contingency Theory

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A condition where norms are established by the work group.

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Informal Organization

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A supervisor doesn't have time to supervise all activities therefore he/she should devote energy & time to only exceptional task.

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Management by Exception

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Jim Collins, author of Good to Great, coined this term to describe ambitious leaders who are devoted to the success of the organization.

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Level 5 Leader

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A conditon where employees show extreme dilegence and intensity in their thoughts, actions, and focus on implementing the organizations mission, purpose, and goals.

answer

Culture of Discpline

question

Was a Lt in the NY transit police and developed the crime management tool - CompStat.

answer

Jack Maple

question

According to Bennis & Nanus, leadership must be examined in 3 major context.

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Commitment - maintain strong work ethics Complexity - keeping abreast of legal, technical issues Credibility - being recognized by others

question

When subordinates do not respect their leaders or question his directives

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Zone of Indifference

question

Katz identified 3 essential skills for leaders:

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Technical Human Conceptual

question

Grant made by organization to a position which the person occupying yields.

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Authority

question

Foundation of leadership; neccessary ingrediant in influencing others to act.

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Power

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aka: Participative Management, Dispersed Leadership, Open-book Management, Industrial Democracy and follows the theory of developing future leaders.

answer

Empowerment

question

A continuum, or phases, of leader & follower actions that progress through 4 cycles with the end results being a confident, self-directed, motivated officer (Gove).

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Telling, Selling, Participating, Delegating

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Mintzberg's Model of Police Executives roles:

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Interpersonal, Informational, Decision Maker

question

Uses strategic thinking and strategic planning:

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Strategic Management

question

The first step in a planning cycle is identifying the planning team (stakeholders) which includes:

answer

Departmental and City Leadership Departmental personnel The community Interagency partners

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A set of processes that arouse, direct, and maintain human behavior toward some goal.

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Motivation

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Individual seeks to fulfill a need and the need is transformed into behavior directed toward satisfying need:

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Needs - Goal Model

question

2 catagories of Motivational Theory:

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1. Content Theory 2. Process Theory

question

Focuses on the needs, wants, desires, and attempt to explain internal needs that motivate peoples behavior

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Content Theory

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Attempt to explain how people are motivated and focus on interplay of individual with forces in the workplace.

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Process Theory

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States people are motivated by their lowest level of unsatisfied need.

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Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Theory

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States people naturally progress from immaturity to maturity.

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Argyris's Maturity - Immaturity Theory

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States that 2 vital factors are found in all jobs: 1. Factors that influence job dissatisfaction (Hygiene) 2. Factors that influence job satisfaction (Motivators)

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Herzberg's Motivation - Hygiene Theory

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States that people have needs that are acquired over time as a result of experience. It identifies 3 motives important to people within an organization: 1. Need for Achievement 2. Need for Power 3. Need for Affiliation

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McClelland's Achievement, Power, Affiliation Theory

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States that people are motiviated by a felt need that affects behavior. It also adds the issue of motivation strength (people aren't motivated if the reward is not worth the effort).

answer

Vroom's Expectancy Theory

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3 catagories of Leadership Theories

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Trait Theory, Behavioral Theories, Contingency Theory

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Assumed that some people were born leaders and that good leaders could be studied to determine the special traits that leaders possess.

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Trait Theory

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Focus on a leader's behavior in relation to their environment.

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Behavorial Theories

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The Managerial Grid developed by Blake & Mouton has 2 dimensions: concern for production and concern for people. It identifies 5 principal leadership styles:

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1. Authority - Compliance management 2. Country Club management 3. Middle-of-the-road management 4. Impoverished management (worst) 5. Team management (best)

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Developed by Hersey & Blanchard it states the best way to lead depends on the situation. It is used in many major corporations and the military. It emphasizes the leader's behavior in relationship to the follower's behavior. It requires the leader to evaluated the follower in 2 ways: Willingness (motivation) and Ability (competence)

answer

Situational Leadership

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Situational theories are based on the concept of leader flexibitlity: successful leaders must change their leader ship style as they confront different situations but not all leaders are so flexible. Fred Fielder developed on strategy for over coming these obstacles.

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Change the organizational situation to fit the leader's style (aka Contigency Theory)

question

Basic components of Contingency Theory:

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1. People have a need to achive a sense of competence 2. The way people fulfill the need varies 3. Competent motivation likely to occur when there is a fit between task and organization 4. A sense of competency continues to motivate people.

question

2 types of power:

answer

1. Postition Power 2. Personal Power

question

4 ways to increase Personal Power:

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1. Develop a sense of obligation by members toward the manager. 2. Develop a belief in members that manager has a high level of expertise. 3. Develop a sense of identification members have with manager. 4. Develop a perception in members that they are dependent on the manager.

question

Likert's 4 types of Leadership Styles:

answer

1. Exploitive - Authoritarian 2. Benevolent - Authoritarian 3. Consultive 4. Participative

question

When a problem cannot be solved with one's existing knowledge and skills and requires people to make a shift in their expectations, attitudes, or habits of behavior.

answer

Adaptive Change

question

Ronald Hiefetz describes adaptive problems and technical problems. He argues that mere technical fixes will not work with drug and social problems. He descibes 4 principles in bringing about adaptive change:

answer

1. Being able to recognize when challenge requires adaptive work. 2. Adaptive change will cause distress in people being led. 3. Keep focused on the real issue 4. Ensure the people who need to make the change take the responsibility for doing the work themselves.

question

Collaborative problem solving and seeks to improve the quality of policing.

answer

COPPS - community oriented policing and problem solving

question

Goldstein established there are several steps to the successful accomplishement of COPPS:

answer

1. Police must be equipped and clearly understand the problem. 2. Must develop a commitment to analyzing problems 3. Must encourage an uninhibited search for the most effective response.

question

S.A.R.A

answer

Scan Analysis Response Assessment

question

2 important crime prevention concepts:

answer

1. CPTED - crime prevention through environmental design 2. SCP - situational crime prevention

question

CPTED aims to prevent crime by:

answer

1. Natural access control 2. Natrual surveillance (proper lighting, window placement) 3. Territorial Reinforcement (sidewalks, landscape)

question

SCP aims to prevent crime by making the setting less conducive by:

answer

1. Increase the effort needed 2. Increase the risk 3. Reduce the provocations 4. Remove the excuses

question

4 methods of finding time for COPPS activity:

answer

1. Allow problem solving as a self-initiated activity 2. Allow 1 or 2 units to devote part of the shift to problem solving 3. Take more reports by phone 4. Review policy on "assist" units

question

Key elements of CompStat

answer

1. Specific objectives 2. Accurate & timely intelligence 3. Effective tactics 4. Rapid deployment of resources 5. Relentless follow-up and assessment

question

The art of gaining compliance or selling people on an idea.

answer

Negotiation

question

The process by which the sender transmits some type of information to another person, group, or organization.

answer

Communications Process

question

Lussier expands to say communications occur with the intent to:

answer

1. Influence 2. Inform 3. Express feelings or opinions

question

5 steps to communication:

answer

1. Encode 2. Chose a channel (formal or informal) 3. Chose a medium 4. Decode 5. Feedback

question

Feedback should increase when:

answer

1. Content of message is more complex 2. Critical the receiver has the information 3. Information is drastically different than before 4. A disruption in communications process

question

2 types of communications:

answer

Formal or Informal

question

5 catagories of formal communications:

answer

1. Job instructions 2. Rationale / explanations about job 3. Policies, procedures, practices 4. Feedback on individual performance 5. Efforts to encourage a sense of mission

question

Peters and Wellman found that increases levels of __________ were associated with organizational success.

answer

Informal communications

question

Rumors and "grapevine" can carry falsehoods, cynicism, and malice but it can also have benefits such as:

answer

Operates mostly in the work place Supplments formal communications Tool for mgmnt to get a feel for employee attitudes, spread useful info A way for employees to vent

question

Perceptual problems of communication:

answer

1. Status - people judge the information by status / ability of sender 2. Stereotyping - judgements made about the info because of the senders traits or qualities 3. Value Judgements - info consistent with older info given more credibility 4. Semantic Problems - receiver decodes the message improperly.

question

2 ways to enhace communications:

answer

1. Empathy 2. Active Listening

question

3 criteria to judge effectiveness of negotiations:

answer

1. Quality - both sides come to a win-win solution 2. Cost - time & energy spent 3. Harmony - feelings after conflict resolved

question

A situation which 2 or more people disagree over issues of organizational substance and experience some emotional antagonism

answer

Organizational Conflict

question

4 elements of conflict:

answer

1. Individual / group with opposing interest 2. Acknowledge that opposing view points exist 3. Belief by parties the other will attempt to deny their goal 4. one, or both, have overtly attmepted to thwart the others goal

question

Conflict occurs on 4 levels:

answer

1. Intrapersonal 2. Interpersonal 3. Intergroup 4. Interorganizational

question

Organizational causes of conflict:

answer

1. Competition over resources 2. Ambiguity over authority 3. Organizatioinal reward system 4. Power differential

question

Interpersonal causes of conflict:

answer

1. Failure to properly communicate 2. Faulty attributes 3. Distrust 4. Grudges 5. Personal characteristics

question

2 supervisory skills for intervention in conflict involves:

answer

1. Cooperativeness 2. Assertiveness

question

5 means of addressing conflict:

answer

1. Avoidance - sup. refuses to recognize 2. Accomodation - sup. attempts to smooth over 3. Competition - sup. forces issue to make decision 4. Compromise - sup. searches for solution for both 5. Collaboration - sup. attempt to work through (seeks solution where both sides win)

question

5 areas suspervisor needs compotence:

answer

1. Conceptual skills 2. Leadership skills 3. Interpersonal skills 4. Administrative skills 5. Technical skills

question

Aspects of professional development:

answer

1. Training 2. Education 3. Literature 4. Professional / civic organizations

question

Refers to how well police provide services to citizens:

answer

Productivity

question

4 general concerns of measuring productivity:

answer

1. Efficiency 2. Effectiveness 3. Equity 4. Accountability

question

6 attributes of a healthy police department:

answer

1. knows what it wants to accomplish 2. knows its citizens 3. knows its business 4. understands the demands of business (resource, budget, personnel) 5. knows its people 6. provides feedback to constituents on police activity

question

4 innovations to improved productivity:

answer

1. Planning 2. Problem Solving 3. Citizen surveys 4. CompStat

question

An administrative process that drives agency vision, mission, and goals.

answer

Strategic Planning

question

Rooted in the ancient Greek idea of character; doing what is right and correct.

answer

Ethics

question

Examines one's duty to act

answer

Deontological Ethics

question

3 critical factors of ethical issues in policing:

answer

1. growing level of temptation from drug trade 2. compromising nature of police culture (exhalts loyalty over integrity) 3. challeges of decentralization (pushing decision making downward)

question

Have only two sides - either good or bad, black or white.

answer

Absolute Ethics

question

Multisided, more complicated with shades of gray.

answer

Relative Ethics

question

Corruption committed in the name of good ends, comes about when officers care too much about their work. aka: Principle of Double Effect

answer

Noble Cause Corruption

question

6 inappropriate police behaviors:

answer

1. Lying & Deception 2. Accepting gratuites & Corruption 3. Improper use of force 4. Verbal & Psychological abuse 5. Violations of civil rights 6. Improper sexual relationships

question

2 types of lying:

answer

1. Acceptable Lying 2. Deviant Lying

question

Gary Marx identified 3 situations police may use trickery:

answer

1. offering illegal action as part of a larger socially acceptable and legal goal. 2. disguising illegal action so suspect doesn't know action is illegal 3. morally weakening suspect so he voluntarily becomes involved - ie: provide liquor, drugs

question

When an idea of a crime originates with police rather than the suspect and police facilitate the commission.

answer

Entrapment

question

2 types of deviant lying:

answer

1. lying that serves a legitimate purpose 2. lying that conceals / promotes crimes or illegitimate ends

question

Occurs when officers lie to secure a conviction, obtain search warrants, or conceal police omission during investigation.

answer

Lying that serves legitimate goals

question

An egregious form of police deception. ie: Lying to conceal excess force

answer

Lying to conceal police criminality

question

2 basic arguments against accepting gratuities:

answer

1. Slippery slope argument 2. It's wrong since police are receiving rewards for service they are obligated to provide

question

Under the Model of Circumstantial Corruptibility the exchange of a gift is influenced by 2 elements:

answer

The role of the Giver & The role of the Receiver

question

The Giver can be:

answer

1. Presenter 2. Contributor 3. Capitulator

question

The Receiver can be:

answer

1. Acceptor 2. Expector 3. Conqueror

question

3 types of abuse of authority:

answer

1. Physical abuse / excessive force 2. Verbal & psychological abuse 3. Legal abuse & violations of civil rights

question

4 types of suspects in relation to the Dynamic Resistance Response Model:

answer

1. Compliant (no resistance) 2. Passive resistance 3. Aggressive resistance 4. Dynamic resistance

question

Two issues that appear to be consistent as justification with deadly force:

answer

1. Officers believed that there were no effective mid-range alternatives 2. Split Second Syndrome

question

The Split Second Syndrome makes 3 assumptions:

answer

1. No two shootings are alike 2. Due to stress & time it should be expected officers will make mistakes 3. An evaluation of the officers decision making should be based on perceived exigencies

question

Gunfire that spreads among officers who believe they or their colleges are facing a threat

answer

Contagious Shooting

question

Most common method of verbal abuse:

answer

profanity

question

Profanity is used for a variety of reasons:

answer

1. a source of power to control 2. a weapon to degrade / insult 3. a method of alienating others 4. a method of labeling others 5. a way of defying authority

question

7 types of improper sexual relationships identified by Sapp:

answer

1. Non-sexual contacts that are sexually motivated 2. Voyeuristic contacts 3. Contacts with crime victims 4. Contacts with offenders 5. Contacts with juvenile offenders 6. Sexual shakedowns 7. Citizen-initiated sexual contacts

question

Unwelcome verbal or physical conduct based on race, color, religion, sex, national origin, age (40+), disability, sexual orientation, retaliation - constitues harrassments when:

answer

1. Sufficiently sever to create a hostile work environment 2. Harrassing conduct results in change of employement status or benefits

question

Unwelcomed comments / conduct based on legally protected characteristics that unreasonably interferes with an employees work performance or creates an offensive work environment

answer

Hostile Work Environment

question

An employee must initiate an EEO complaint within ____ days of the incident.

answer

45

question

Supervisors may incur liability in 2 ways:

answer

1. Direct Liablilty (their actions) 2. Vicarious Liability (subordinates actions)

question

Supervisors may incur direct liability by:

answer

1. Authorizing the act 2. Present when the act took place and failed to correct 3. Failed to admonish or take corrective action for past act

question

2 types of negligence:

answer

1. Simple negligence (fail to provide due care) 2. Gross negligence (deliberate indifference to life & property)

question

Courts generally require __________on behalf of supervisors

answer

gross negligence

question

5 areas supervisors have been found liable:

answer

1. Negligent assignment 2. Negligent failure to supervise 3. Negligent failure to direct 4. Negligent entrustment 5. Negligent failure to investigate / discipline

question

Other areas of potential liability for supervisors include:

answer

proximate cause persons in custody & safe facilities failure to protect vehicle pursuits

question

2007 USSC ruled that a police officers attempt to terminate a dangerous high speed pursuit that threatens the lives of innocent bystanders does not violate the 4th Amendment, even if it places the fleeing motorist at risk of serious injury or death.

answer

Scott v. Harris

question

1989 USSC ruled drug testing permissible even if there is no indication of drug problem.

answer

National Treasury Employee Union v. Von Raab

question

2 basic prevelant policies concerning drug testing:

answer

1. Testing when officers transfer in/out of special units 2. All officers subject to random testing

question

2 principal areas involving discipline:

answer

1. Officer misconduct 2. Violations of policy

question

4 forms of complaint investigation:

answer

1. internal police review - police board only 2. auditor format - civilian board reviews police board 3. citizen inclusive board - citizen board has jurisdication 4. monitor form - citizen board oversees & has authority to intervene / review

question

3 origins of complaints:

answer

1. Personnel complaints 2. Internal complaints 3. External complaints

question

3 types of external complaints:

answer

1. Primary source - victim, witness 2. Secondary source - outcry, counselor 3. Anonymous source - unknown who

question

2 types of complaints:

answer

1. Formal 2. Informal

Police Supervision & Management 3rd Edition Text Book

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