Biology Classification and Kingdoms Study Guide
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question/definition
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a way of classification using common ancestors
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Cladistics
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the father of modern taxonomy
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Carolus Linnaeus
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birth place of Carolus Linnaeus
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Sweden
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Carolus Linnaeus studied...
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studied medicine to teach
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early nickname of Carolus Linnaeus
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The Little Botanist
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where Linnaeus collected plants on a gift of $50 from ____________ (organization)
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Lapland; Royal Society of Scientists
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form of taxonomy created by Linnaeus
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Binomial Nomenclature
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Binomial Nomenclature meaning?
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two names
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Originally Linnaeus created the sorting system for botanists based on what in plants?
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Number of stamen and pistils (sexual parts of flower)
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Where did Linnaeus teach? Where did he live for most of his life?
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University of Uppsala; Holland
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What is the stamen?
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the flower part that contains the pollen
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What is pollen?
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a yellow powder; male reproductive cells
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What is the pistil?
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the female part of flower
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What is botany?
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the study of plants
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What is used to sort creatures into their taxon? (Use of either or characteristics)
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a Dichotomous Key
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Definition of Classification
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grouping of objects based on similarities
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What is Taxonomy?
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study of grouping of organisms
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Who is the first to classify organisms? (He classified into plants or animals)
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Aristotle
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What is the language used for the names in binomial nomenclature?
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Latin
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What characteristics are used to classify organisms?
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Either or characteristics: appearance, behaviour, molecular structure (DNA), and evolutionary relationships
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Difference between a prokaryote and a eukaryote?
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Eukaryotes have nuclei and have membrane bound organelles.
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Basic definition of Protista
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Domain: Eukarya - eukaryotes that are not animals, plants, or fungi. Eukaryotic but lack of complex organ systems. Usually live in moist environments
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Basic definition of Fungi
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Domain: Eukarya - consumers that decompose dead organic material and do not move. Heterotrophic and absorb nutrients from dead organic decaying matter.
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Basic definition of Animalia
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Domain: Eukarya - multicellular consumers (heterotrophic) that do not have cell walls and tissues are organized into organ systems.
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Basic definition of Archae
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Domain: Archae - unicellular prokaryotic organisms that live in extreme environments.
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Basic definition of Eubacteria
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Domain: Eubacteria - unicellular prokaryotic organisms. AKA- modern bacteria
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Basic definition of Plantae
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Domain: Eukarya - multicellular eukaryotes that perform photosynthesis. They have cellulose and tissues organized into organs and organ systems.
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What is a cladogram?
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One way to organize organisms based on evolutionary relationships
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All life form supposedly stems from...
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a Common Ancestor
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What major group came before animals?
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plants
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What group are mammals from?
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amniotes
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What is Virus?
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a non-living pathogen made of a strand of DNA/RNA surrounded by a protein coat
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What is a pathogen?
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An infectious particle
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Are viruses living? Why?
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No, they must rely on a host to reproduce
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What is a capsid?
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the protein shell of a virus
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How do viruses reproduce?
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Injecting DNA/RNA into host cell. The cell is taken over and is forced to create parts of virus and put them together.
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What are viruses that only infect bacteria called?
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Bacteriophage
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What is a lysogenic infection?
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A virus infection where the genetic material of the virus fuses with the genetic material of the host cell and is reproduced along with the cell's genetic material. Often times the genetic material of the virus with activate and lead the cell into a lyctic infection.
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What is a lyctic infection?
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A virus infection that causes the host cell to lyse (or burst) in order to release viruses' progeny. Cell is taken over and forced to create reproductions of the virus. Once the cell has created progeny it bursts and progeny are released.
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What is a retrovirus? Example?
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Where RNA is transcribed into DNA and enter lysogenic infection. HIV
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What is a prion? What "type" of infection does it cause?
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Prion is an infectuous particle that is comprised of a protein. Always fatal because body has no reaction to protein.
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What is a vaccine? How does it work?
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Substance that stimulates body's immune response against invasion by microbes. A weakened version of strain to help familiarize immune system with strain so when strain is actually introduced, immune system will be able to recognize.
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What organ does rabies target?
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brain
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How are viruses' stay host specific?
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viruses can only connect with certain receptors on host cell.
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Who was bacteria discovered by?
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Antony con Leeunwenhoek; using microscope he invented
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Bacteria have how many cells?
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Unicellular, one
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What is differentiation?
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When cells assign different jobs or roles among themselves and change into different cell types. (Does not occur in prokaryotes)
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What are viroids?
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RNA that infect plants
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Shapes of viruses: Helical
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Helical - cylinder shape, affects plants only.
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Shapes of bacteria: Coccus?
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sphere shape
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Shapes of bacteria: Bacillus?
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rod shaped
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Shapes of bacteria: Spirillum?
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spiral shape (rare)
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Shapes of viruses: Polyhedral
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Polyhedral - "phelomorphic", geometric shape (triangles connected together into polyhedral shape), ex- common cold
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Shapes of viruses: Enveloped
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Enveloped - Spherical shape, often have spikes, ex- flu
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Shapes of viruses: Binal
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Binal - "spaceship", affect bacteria only
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Bacteria type: strict aerobes
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need oxygen to survive
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Bacteria type: strict anaerobes
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die in presence of oxygen
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Bacteria type: aerotolerant
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don't use oxygen, but can survive in it
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Bacteria type: facultative anaerobes
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use oxygen when present but can live anaerobically when oxygen is absent
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Archae
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extremophiles that live in extreme conditions (bacteria)
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Eubacteria
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modern day bacteria with peptidoglycan in their cell walls
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What is peptidoglycan?
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a polymer present in the cell walls of Eubacteria
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What does the Gram Stain identify?
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stains purple if peptidoglycan is present (Eubacteria), stains red/pink if only thin layer of peptidoglycan (Archae)
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What is binary fission? What type of organism reproduces this way?
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circular chromosome is copied then split without spindle apparatus. Bacteria
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How do bacteria exchange genes?
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conjunction
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How do bacterium cause disease?
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invade and attack cells or make toxins that are carried throughout organism
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What is used to treat bacteria?
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antibiotics (cannot be overdosed or bacteria gain resistance)
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How do antibiotics work?
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Break down cell walls of bacteria, then white blood cells can eat bacteria
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How do viruses infect host?
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They enter through scabs and cuts and trick host into leaving it alone
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How are viruses treated?
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antibiotics don't work because no cell wall and capsids change rapidly. Some can be cured with vaccine, some must "run their course" and some have no cure.
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Groups within Archae: What is Halophile?
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live in extremely salty water
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Groups within Archae: What is Methanophile?
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live without oxygen (and produce methane)
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Groups within Archae: What is Thermophile?
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live in extremely hot acidic water
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How big are viruses?
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50-200 nanometers
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Diseases by viruses?
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Common cold, influenza, HIV
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Diseases by bacteria?
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Acne, tuberculosis
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Bacteria move with ...
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Flagella
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Protists are called the "junk drawer" because...
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any organism that is not a plant, animal, or fungi is put here
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The 3 categories of protists are based on how they...
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get nutrition
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Types of protists: Animal-like
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unicellular, heterotrophic or parasitic
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Types of protists: Animal-like: Rhizopods and Foraminofera or Sarcodina
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move by psuedopodia (temporary extension of cytoplasm)
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Types of protists: Animal-like:Ciliates
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move by Cilia for movement and feeding
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Types of protists: Animal-like: Sporozoans
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disease causing, usually immobile
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Types of protists: Animal-like: Zooflagellates
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move by flagella (one or more) at some point in their life. Flagella is extension of cytoplasm
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Types of protists: Plant-like
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unicellular, multicellular, or colonial; grouped by photosynthetic pigments. Reproduce by mitosis or alternation of generations
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Types of protists: Plant-like: Euglenoids
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unicellular, flagella, pellicle (flexible covering on cell surface like cell wall), chlorophyll a or b
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Types of protists: Plant-like: Dinoflagellates
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unicellular, 2 flagella, some bioluminescant
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Types of protists: Plant-like: Diatoms
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unicellular, algae with cell wall of silica, release O2 by photosynthesis, made of two parts that fit over each other, symmetrical
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Types of protists: Plant-like: Algae
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Red Algae: red pigment, grow at deep depths, absorb blue pigment Green Algae: multicellular, early ancestors to land plants Brown Algae (phaeophyta): multicellular, grow very large, sushi/kelp
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Parts of protists
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Contractile vacuole: pump water throughout cell Macronucleus: controls cell's structure and activities Micronucleus: contain chromosomes Oral groove: mouth Food vacuole: digest food particles that are swept into oral groove
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Types of protists: Fungus-like
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Decomposers, at some point in their life are mobile
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Types of protists: Fungus-like: Plasmodial
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single mass of cytoplasm with many nuclei; move with psuedopodia; absorb material as move along
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Types of protists: Fungus-like: Cellular slime mold
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many cells coming together, thousands of cells (fuse?) into one giant cell; small amoeba like cells
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Types of protists: Fungus-like: water molds
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branching strands; decomposers or parasitic; potato famine
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How do fungi gain nutrients?
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heterotrophic, break down dead organic material
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How do fungi help economically?
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help create drugs, antibiotics, and foods (beer, yogurt, bread, etc)
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Why are fungi diseases hard to treat?
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Fungi are genetically and chemically close to animals
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True or False: Fungi invaded land before first vertebrates
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True
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What are the cell walls of fungi made of?
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Chitin
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What is the general anatomy of fungi?
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They are made of hyphae (long strands where cytoplasm flow freely). A mycellium is an underground group of hyphae. The flowering body is the part of fungus above ground, it is the reproductive body of the fungus.
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How do fungi decompose dead organic material?
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They grow the hyphae through the material. Digestive enzymes break down material and allow hyphae to absorb.
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What are the four divisions of fungi? How are they divided?
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Zygomycota (bread molds), Chytridiomycota/Deuteromycota (primitive fungi/imperfect), Ascomycota (sac fungi), and Basidiomycota (club fungi). By mode of reproduction.
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True or False: Chytrids are the youngest fungi.
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False, they are the oldest
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True or False: Fungus is believed to have started in water.
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True
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Why are Ascomycota called Sac Fungi?
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because they have an ascus (sac) that holds the spores for reproduction
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Ascomycota is commonly known as...
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Sac fungi
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Zygomycota is commonly known as...
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Bread molds
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Chytridmycota is commonly known as...
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Primitive fungi
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Basdiomycota is commonly known as....
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Club fungi
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Chytrids' gametes are different because they have...
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flagella
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What are some examples of Ascomycota?
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penicillum, yeasts, morels truffles
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What is Mycorrhizae?
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A symbiotic relationship between the roots of a plant and a fungi.
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What happens in a Mycorrhizae?
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The fungi fix nitrogen into nitrates and ammonia for plant to use.
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What are some examples of Basdiomycota?
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mushrooms, shelf fungi, puffballs
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What are lichens?
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A symbiotic relationship or mutualistic relationship of a fungus and an algae. The fungus provides shelter for algae. Algae provides nutrition for fungi. (They are indicators of good air quality)
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Explain the fungal group Deuteromycota.
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If the mode of reproduction is not known, the fungus is put in this group.
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What are the 2 forms of asexual division for fungi?
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Budding and Simple Fission (Be able to explain the two)
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Explain sexual reproduction in fungi briefly.
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Gametes are produced and must fuse together to create diploid cell. Diploid cell must go through meiosis (genetic variation) to create haploid mycellium. (Often times gametes are spores)
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Why are spores important to fungi?
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It allows the fungus to spread throughout an area/disperse across a region.
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What phylum in Animalia are sponges part of?
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Porifera
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Symmetry in Porifera?
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asymmetrical, few radial
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Basic characteristics of Porifera.
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No tissues or organs. No appendages. Sessile mostly. Internal skeleton of Silica. Filter feeders by water circulation through pores.
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What phylum in Animalia are jellyfish, hydra, and coral part of?
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Cnidaria
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Basic characteristics of Cnidaria.
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Radial Symmetry. Incomplete digestive tract. Polyp body type: sessile, medusa body (jellyfish). Loose tissue layers. Stinging cells for offense and defense. Secrete silica around body.
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What does Cnidaria mean?
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nettle
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What phylum in Animalia is the first to show bilateral symmetry?
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Platyhelminthes
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What phylum in Animalia are tapeworms part of?
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Platyhelminthes
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Basic characteristics of Platyhelminthes.
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Biliateral symmetry. Incomplete digestive tract. Primitive nervous system. Ribbon like body often.
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What phylum are unsegmented roundworms part of?
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Nematoda
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Basic characteristics of Nematoda.
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Bilateral. Parasitic and free living. Complete digestive tract. No true segmentation in body. Soil nematodes.
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What does mollusca mean?
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stomach foot
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What phylum are clams and snails part of?
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mollusca
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Basic characteristics of Mollusca.
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Complete digestive tract. Enclosed in thin material secreted. Shells are either 1, 2, or 8 parts. Nervous system with nerve cord.
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What phylum are segmented worms and leeches part of?
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Annelida
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What does annelida mean?
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little ring
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Basic characteristics of Annelida.
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ringlike segments. Bilateral. Move by use of fluid filled hydrostatic skeleton. Complete digestive tract. Free living, some ectoparasitic.
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What phylum are crustaceans and most bugs part of?
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Arthropoda
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Basic characteristics of Arthopoda.
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Biggest most diverse phylum. Body is segmented and exoskeleton of chitin.
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What are the three classes under Arthropoda. (Know basic characteristics of each).
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Crustacea, Arachnida, and Insecta
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What are the basic characteristics of the subphylum Myriapoda?
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Phylum- Arthropoda. Bilateral. True millipedes. Have many many legs. Chilopoda and Diplopoda
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Arthropoda: Myriapoda: Chilopoda
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have claws on first segment and poison glands. Each segment has one pair of legs
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Arthropoda: Myriapoda: Diplopoda
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"double legs". Most prey on vegetation. Each segment has two pairs of legs
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What phylum do starfish and sand dollars belong to?
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Echniodermata
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Basic characteristics of Echniodermata.
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Radial symmetry in adults, bilateral in larvae. Some are sessile, some have arms for crawling. No head or brain. Skin with tiny projections
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Name the subphylums of Cordata.
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Chondrichthyes (sharks, rays, cartilage skeleton fish), Osteichthyes (bony fish), Amphibia (frogs), Reptilia (lizards, snakes), Mammalia (humans, kangaroos), Aves (birds).
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Basic characteristics of Cordata.
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Heterotrophs, sexual reproduction, bilateral symmetry, complete digestive tract.
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True or False: Plants are believe to have evolved from green algae.
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True. Both do photosynthesis, use starch for storage, and have walls of cellulose.
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What challenges did early land plants face?
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Retaining moisture, transporting resources, growing upright, reproducing without water.
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How did early land plants overcome the challenge of retaining moisture?
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They developed cuticle covering to keep moisture in and stomata for gas exchange.
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How did early land plants overcome the challenge of transporting resources?
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They developed a vascular system
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How did early land plants overcome the challenge of growing upright?
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used lignin to support tissues
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How did early land plants overcome the challenge of reproducing without water?
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developed pollen grains and seeds
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What are the benefits of vascular tissue?
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Allow plant to distribute resources leading to larger growth.
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What is a cone?
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The reproductive structure of gymnospores.
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What is a flower?
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The reproductive structure of flowering plants (amniosperms most)
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What is a fruit?
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The mature ovary of a flower
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What is pollination?
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When pollen meets the female reproductive parts of the same plant species.
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Monocot?
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1 Cotyledon. Parallel veins. flower part multiples of 3, scattered vascular tissue.
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Dicot?
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2 Cotyledons. Net like veins. flower part multiples of 4/5. ringed vascular tissue
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What is a cotyledgon?
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An embryonic leaf inside a seed.
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What is annual life span?
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flowering plants that mature, produce flowers, and die in one year. Corn
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What is biennial life span?
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flowering plants that mature produce flowers and die in two years. carrots
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What are the 3 types of cells in plant tissues? Describe them.
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Parenchyma: thin an flexible. Collenchyma: cells that have walls Sclerenchyma: cells that have thick rigid walls and support plant after death
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Dermal tissue?
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Covers outside of plant for protection. Made of parenchyma.
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Ground tissue?
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Inside tissues of plant for support and structure. Made of all 3. Hold chloroplast
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Vascular tissue?
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transports water and minerals to all parts of plant. Made of xylem and ploem.
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Explain xylem.
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Transports water and dissolved materials.
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Explain phloem.
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Transports products of photosynthesis and food.
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What is primary growth in plants?
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Growth of shoot system (apical meristem) growth of new stems and structures.
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What is secondary growth in plants?
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Growth laterally. Or widening of stems shoots, and roots
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Bryophytes
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Water based, no vascular tissue. Mosses, liverwarts and hornwarts
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Seedless Vascular Plants
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Water based, has vascular tissue. Mosses, ferns and clubs
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Gymnosperms.
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Seeds in cone. Has vascular tissue. Usually conifers, gingkos and cycads.
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Angiosperms.
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Seeds in fruit, usually produce flowers and nectar. Attract animals to help spread seeds. Most flowering plants: african violet.
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Cells that aid in opening and closing of stomata.
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Guard cells
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Outermost layer of cells in plant.
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Epidermis
