MB2070 Final exam
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
The steps in a typical cladistic analysis
answer
establish working units, character analysis, character matrix, identify synapomorphies, construct tree
question
The group of organisms that are different than other groups and can be looked at separately; a group with a particular unique trait(s)
answer
working unit
question
what is a character analysis?
answer
polarization; ancestral/derived
question
What are the years of the three phases of biogeography?
answer
0-present; 1850-1960, 1960s
question
the study of the geographical distributions of organisms, their habitats, and their historical and biological factors which produced them
answer
biogeography
question
native to and restricted to a particular geographic region
answer
endemism
question
a region with a high proportion of endemics
answer
Endemic center
question
a taxonomic group of any rank, classificatory rank; any group that is considered sufficiently distinct to be treated as a separate unit
answer
Taxon/taxa
question
The 3 rules of the dispersalist school of thought of historical biogeography
answer
species originates in a centre of origin of its own, it eventually migrates out of this area by dispersal, uses its own particular means of dispersal
question
2 main principles of the panbiogeography school of thought
answer
generalized tracks reflect a radically different Mesozoic geography, life and earth evolved together
question
What are the weaknesses of the panbiogeography school of thought?
answer
doesn't take into account phylogenetics or fossils
question
What are the advantages to the panbiogeography school of thought?
answer
assumption free, relies on congruence
question
What are the weaknesses of the dispersalist school of thought?
answer
makes assumptions about how organisms move/disperse; assumes continents don't move
question
the dispersalist theory forms what type of pattern?
answer
bullseye
question
What are the two aspects of the vicariance school of thought
answer
panbiogeography, cladistics
question
the basic methodology of vicariance biogeography
answer
area cladograms
question
What are the advantages to the vicariance school of thought in historical biogeography?
answer
includes time and confidence in group statuses, takes into account geologic events
question
What are the disadvantages in the vicariance school of thought?
answer
hard to test, patchy data
question
biogeographic pattern in which taxa occur on either side of the tropics, but not inside
answer
antitropicality
question
antitropicality is a type of _______
answer
congruence
question
Sea level changes can influence species by the ____, _____, ____ of species
answer
introduction, removal, modification
question
the cone of increasing diversity includes two processes:
answer
diversification, decimation
question
Modern reefs are a feature of post _____ seas
answer
K/Pg
question
Intervals in speciation are characterized by....
answer
early diversification and subsequent stasis
question
The isthmus of Panama led to...
answer
less seasonality, more carbonate, more oligotrophic, more extinctions
question
Consequences of the Gondwana breakup, the CA current, the TTE, the EPB, Isthmus of Panama, and Pleistocene Glaciations
answer
division and decimation
question
years of the gondwanan fragmentation
answer
170-50 Ma
question
Year of the K/T boundary
answer
65 Ma
question
years of the Circum Antartic Current
answer
30-25 Ma
question
years of the shrinking Tethys
answer
170-14 Ma
question
Year of the TTE
answer
14 Ma
question
years of the East Pacific Barrier
answer
50+ Ma
question
year of the Isthmus of Panama
answer
3.1 Ma
question
year of the Pio-PLeistocene extinctions
answer
5 Ma- 10,000 yr
question
year of the red sea geologic event
answer
5 Ma
question
year of the Mediterranean salinity crisis
answer
5 Ma
question
the period of great reef taxa expansion
answer
Miocene
question
Reefs increase/decrease speciation rates
answer
increase
question
reefs increase/decrease resistance to extinction
answer
increase
question
the order of the IAA hotspot hypotheses in forming the IAA hotspot (oldest to newest)
answer
accumulation, survival, origination, expansion
question
type of biogeography that explains the origins of patterns in species diversity and the origins of patterns of biogeographic distributions
answer
historical
question
the type of biogeography that explains the maintenance of patterns in species diversity and the maintenance of distributional limits
answer
ecological
question
term that defines the role of ecology in the maintenance of biogeographic distributions
answer
ecological biogeography
question
problems with univariate statistics
answer
can't look at relationships among all species simultaneously, assumes independence
question
statistical analysis technique that allows us to present data so we can identify sites that are similar and those that are dissimilar
answer
multivariate
question
multivariate techniques reduce _____
answer
dimensionality
question
PCA is used for _____, not _______
answer
ordination; hypothesis testing
question
the passive or active movement of individuals away from their natal area (area of birth)
answer
dispersal
question
indirect dispersal produces _____ larvae
answer
planktotrophic
question
results of indirect dispersal
answer
small eggs, small larvae, high fecundity, long larval duration, long dispersal, high mortality, plankton feeding
question
direct dispersal produces_____ larvae
answer
lecithotrophic/brooded
question
results of direct dispersal
answer
large eggs, large larvae, low fecundity, short larval duration, short dispersal, low mortality, non-feeding
question
planktotrophic dispersal is more common in high/low latitudes, and lecithotrophic dispersal is more common in high/low latitudes
answer
low and high
question
seawater is good for small organisms because it's ....
answer
benign, favorable
question
marine latitudinal patterns of biogeography are maintained mainly by...
answer
area, location (heterogeneity)
question
terrestrial latitudinal patterns of biogeography are maintained mainly by...
answer
area, location, productivity
question
collections of neighborhoods connected through dispersal or migration
answer
metapopulations
question
processes of metapopulations
answer
colonization/extinction of local populations, evolutionary divergence (genetic drift, local adaptations)
question
3 scales of ecological patterns
answer
ecological neighborhoods, metapopulations, macroevolution
question
processes of macroevolution
answer
speciation, extinction
question
role of species interactions in macroevolution
answer
can cause differential speciation/extinction
question
processes of ecological neighborhoods
answer
growth, fecunity, mortality
question
the problems with multivariate techniques
answer
can't visualize data, need to extract the important information about the sites, need to know which species were responsible for the similarities/differences
question
mapping or visualizing data with PCA
answer
ordination
question
PCA identifies ______
answer
variance
question
In PCA, the different axes data are completely______
answer
independent
question
What are the theories for the benefits of a dispersive larval stage?
answer
dispersal strategy, food resource maximization, predation avoidance, maximizes changes of finding suitable habitat, non-adaptive consequences of historical development
question
What are the theories for the benefits of a non-dispersive larval stage?
answer
decreased dispersal, greater genetic subdivision of populations, more speciation, more extinction, adaptation to more local conditions
question
theories to explain the latitudinal gradients in species diversity
answer
traditional competition, history and climate, productivity, spatial heterogeneity, predation, environmental stability and harshness, lottery, intermediate disturbance, latitude-area, Rapoport's rule, mid-domain effect, available habitat
question
the roles of species interactions in metapopulation processes
answer
restrict/expand distributions, change abundance patterns, impose selection pressures
question
the 4 components of the competitive displacement hypothesis for Acorn Barnacles
answer
balanoids outcompete chthamaloids/coronuloids, competition reduces other barnacles' abundances where balanoids occur, balanoids restrict ecological distribution of potential competitors, balanoid diversification causing evolutionary decline in their competitors
question
hotspot indicators
answer
species richness, endemics, habitat/species loss (biodiversity)
question
the fossilized organisms that show hopping hotspots
answer
large benthic foraminifera, corals, fishes
question
the first tropical hotspot
answer
Tethys
question
how did the Tethys disappear?
answer
dried up and formed mountains in its place (Himalayas)
question
What are the roles of biodiversity?
answer
ecosystem stability, functional redundancy, response diversity, resilience
question
evidence and problems for the open (larval dispersal) population model
answer
genetic similarity across wide expanses; assumed larvae were like coconuts
question
evidence and for the closed (self-recruitment) population model
answer
endemics and genetic differences between populations in an open system
question
barriers to dispersal
answer
hydrological factors, ocean currents, geology (Himalayas)
question
possible barriers to establishment
answer
habitat, thermal limits (environmental), population limitation
question
The biodiversity model claiming that competition is more intense in the tropics, so tropical species fill more narrow niches (more species per resource)
answer
Traditional Competition
question
The biodiversity model claiming that the tropics are more favorable because there are fewer climatic disasters
answer
History & Climate
question
The biodiversity model claiming that the tropics have higher productivity (due to precipitation)
answer
Productivity
question
The biodiversity model claiming that the tropics is more spatially complex t, so it has more habitats to accommodate for more species
answer
Spatial Heterogeneity
question
The biodiversity model claiming that predation is higher in the tropics, which reduces competition and prevents exclusion
answer
Predation
question
The biodiversity model claiming that the tropics are less physiologically stressful than temperate/polar regions
answer
Environmental Stability & Harshness
question
The biodiversity model claiming that no single species has a competitive edge over another, and this unpredictability maintains local diversity
answer
Lottery
question
The biodiversity model claiming that the tropics typically have intermediate disturbances, which temperate/polar regions have high/many and low/few disturbances
answer
Intermediate Disturbance
question
The biodiversity model claiming that the tropics have a larger total area, which allows for larger populations and lower extinction rates. The number of species per unit area is the same though
answer
Latitude-Area
question
The biodiversity model claiming that tropical species have more narrow latitudinal ranges, so the tropics is made up of many small ranges rather than a few large ranges
answer
Rapoport's Rule
question
The biodiversity model claiming that the center (equator) of a region (Earth) will statistically have the most species
answer
Mid-Domain Effect
question
The biodiversity model claiming that the tropics have higher habitat availability
answer
Available Habitat
question
derived character states
answer
apomorphies
question
ancestral character states
answer
plesiomorphies
question
Types of character states that are non-informative in a cladistic analysis
answer
Symplesiomorphies, autapomorphies
question
Type of character state that is informative in a cladistic analysis
answer
Synapomorphies
question
structural resemblance and a common ancestor
answer
homologous
question
structural resemblance but no common ancestor
answer
homoplasy
question
the principle used to construct cladograms
answer
Principle of Parsimony
question
the loss or reappearance of ancestral characters
answer
reversal
