Ch 11 psy4604

- whoever controls society's models controls behavior. - by visualizing the consequences of a particular behavior we have not personally experienced and then making a conscious decision to behave or not behave similarly

learning

The idea that a concept is the same as the corresponding set of procedures to measure it -aka, things can only be defined if they can bemeasured

Watson's behaviorism

Hull's form of behaviorism was more sophisticated and complex than Watson's - Hull: \"Watson is too naive. His behaviorism is too simple and crude\"

- advocated a totally empirical system with no theoretical framework within which to conduct research or to explain the results

*sociobehaviorism* - includes Bandura and Rotter - a return to the consideration of cognitive processes while maintaining a focus on the observation of overt behavior

-Rotter -we learn through social experiences

One's sense of self-esteem and competence in dealing with life's problems

locus of control can be generalized over many different situations while self-efficacy seems to be related to more specific situations.

neobehaviorism

-The core of psychology is the study of learning - Most behavior, no matter how complex, can be accounted for by the laws of conditioning - Psychology must adopt the principle of operationism.

purposive behaviorism

Unobserved and inferred factors within the organism that are the actual determinants of behavior ex: hunger can't be seen but can be measured by length of time since last eating or how much food eaten

Hull's method for establishing postulates from which experimentally testable conclusions can be deduced

-Hull - When a stimulus-response relationship is followed by a reduction in a bodily need, the probability increases that on subsequent occasions the same stimulus will evoke the same response.

- Hull - The strength of the stimulus response connection, which is a function of the number of reinforcements.

- Questioned the scientific usefulness of introspection - *rats* - purposive behaviorism

■ The spirit of mechanism: - Describes human nature in mechanistic terms - Regarded human behavior as automatic and capable of being reduced to the language of physics ■ Objective methodology and quantification - Three methods that Hull considered useful: ■ Simple observation, systematic controlled observation, and the experimental testing of hypotheses - Fourth method: ■ Hypothetico-deductive method: Hull's method for establishing postulates from which experimentally testable conclusion can be deducted ■ Drives: - Basis of motivation; bodily need that arose from a deviation from optimal biological conditions ■ Learning: focuses on reinforcement - Law of primary reinforcement - Habit strength

A learning situation that involves behavior emitted by an organism rather than elicited by a detectable stimulus -Skinner

the strength of an operant behavior is increased when it is followed by the presentation of a reinforcing stimulus - Skinner

Conditions involving various rates and times of reinforcement -Skinner

An explanation for the acquisition of complex behavior. Behaviors such as learning to speak will be reinforced only as they come to approximate or approach the final desired behavior - Skinner

The use of positive reinforcement to control or modify the behavior of individuals or groups. -Skinner

Bandura's notion that learning can occur by observing the behavior of other people, and the consequences of their behavior, rather than by always experiencing reinforcement personally

self-efficacy

Bandura

Skinner

Self-efficacy

The belief that reinforcement depends on one's own behavior

The belief that reinforcement depends on outside forces

Hull

Operant conditioning can be taken out of the lab and applied to the real world.

motivation

lack of theoretical framework

learning