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irony

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contrast or discrepancy between expectation and reality

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situational irony

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expectations aroused by a situation are reversed

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cosmic irony or the irony of fate

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misfortune is the result of fate, change, or God

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dramatic irony

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the audience knows more than the characters in the play, so that words and action have additional meaning for the audience

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socratic irony

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pretended ignorance in discussion

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allusion

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reference to a statement, a person, a place, or an event from literature, history, religion, myth, politics, sports, science, or pop culture

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epic

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long poem in a lofty style about the exploits of heroic figures

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ode

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a long poem on a serious subject that develops its theme with dignified language intended to be sung

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paradox

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contradictory statement that may actually be true

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prologue

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introduction to a play or another literary work

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unities

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three key elements of dramatic structure: time, place, and action

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alliteration

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repetition of the same consonant sounds in words that are close together in a poem, or repetition of consonany sounds that are very similar

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assonance

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repetition of similar vowel sounds that are followed by different consonant sounds, especially in words that are close together in a poem

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argument/persuasion

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special form of persuasion that uses reason to try to convince a reader or listener to think or act in a certain way

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autobiography

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an account of the writer's own life

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ballad

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song that tells a story

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biography

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an account of a person's life, written or told by another person

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blank verse

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poetry written in unrhymed iambic pentameter

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iambic pentameter

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each line contains five iambs, or metrical feet that consist of an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable

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character

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person in a story, poem, or play

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characterization

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the process of revealing the personality of a character in a story

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indirect characterization

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based on the evidence the writer gives us, we have to use our own judgement to decide what a character is like

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direct characterization

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we are told exactly what kind of person the character is so we don't have to decide for ourselves

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static character

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one who does not change much in the course of a story

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dynamic character

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changes as a result of the story's events

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flat character

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only one or two traits. can be described in a few words. no depth (like a flat piece of cardboard)

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round character

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like a real person. many different character traits, which sometimes contradict one another.

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motivation

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fears or conflicts or needs that drive a character

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conflict

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struggle or clash between opposting characters or between opposing forces

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external conflict

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a character struggles against an outside force (man, nature, himself)

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internal conflict

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a struggle between opposing needs or desires or emotions within a single person

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connotation

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all the meanings, associations, or emotions that a word suggests

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couplet

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two consecutive lines of poetry that rhyme

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description

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type of writing intended to create a mood or emotion or to re-create a person, a place, a thing, an event, or an experience

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exposition 1

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type of writing that explains, gives information, defines, or clarifies an idea.

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dialect

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way of speaking that is characteristic of a particular region or group of people

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diction

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a writer's or speaker's choice of words

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drama

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story that is written to be acted for an audience

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epic

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long story told in elavated language, which relates the great deeds of a larger-than-life hero who embodies the values of a particular society

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epithet

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adjective or descriptive phrase that is regularly used to characterize a person, place, or thing

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essay

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short piece of nonfiction that examines a single subject from a limited point of view

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exposition 2

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part of a plot that gives information about the characters and their problems or conflicts

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fable

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very brief story in prose or verse tht teaches a moral, or a practical lesson about how to get along in life

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figure of speech

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word or phrase that describes one thing in terms of another and is not meant to be understood on a literal level

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simile

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figure of speech that makes a comparison between two unlike things, using a word such as like, as, resembles, or than

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metaphor

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figure of speech that makes a comparison between two unlike things, in which one thing becomes another thing without the use of words like, as, than, or resembles

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personification

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special kind of metaphor in which a nonhuman thing or quality is talked about as if it were human

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flashback

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scene in a move, play, short story, novel, or narrative poem that interrupts the present action of the plor to \"flash\" back-ward and tell what happened at an earlier time

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foil

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character who is used as a contrast to another character

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foreshadowing

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the use of clues to hint at events that will occur later in the plot

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free verse

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poetry that does not have a regular meter or rhyme scheme

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imagery

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language that appeals to the senses

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lyric poetry

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poetry that does not tell a story but is aimed only at expressing a speaker's emotion or thoughts

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meter

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a generally regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in poetry

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narration

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type of writing or speaking that tells about a series of related events

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nonfiction

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prose writing that deals with real people, thing, events, and places

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novel

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long fictional story that is normally somewhere between one hundrned and five hundred book pages long and uses the elements of storytelling

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onomatopoeia

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use of a word whose sound imitates or suggests its meaning

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parallelism

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repetition of words, phrases, or sentences that have the same grammatical structure or that state a similar idea

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plot

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series of related events that make up a story or drama

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climax

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(plot) exciting or tense moment, usually toward the end of the story, when we realize what the outcome of the conflict will be

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resolution

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(plot) the moment when all the problems are resolved one way or another and the story is closed

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poetry

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type of rhythmic, compressed language that uses figures of speech and imagery to appeal to the reader's emotion and imagination

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point of view

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vantage point from which the writer tells the story

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omniscient point of view

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the person telling the story knows everything there is to know about the characters and their problems

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first-person point of view

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one of the characters is actually the narrator telling the story, using the pronoun I

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third-person limited point of view

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the narrator, who plays no part in the story, zooms in on the thoughts and feelings of just one character

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pun

answer

a play on the multiple meanings of a word, or on two words that sound alike but have different meanings

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refrain

answer

a repeated word, phrase, line, or group of lines

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internal rhyme

answer

rhymes in the middle of a line

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rhythm

answer

musical quality in language produced by repetition

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satire

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type of writing that ridicules something - a person, a group of people, humanity at large, an attitude or failing, a social institution - in order to reveal a weakness

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setting

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the time and place of a story or play

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short story

answer

short, concentrated, fictional prose narrative

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soliloquy

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an unusually long speech in which a character who is on stage alone expresses his or her thoughts aloud

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sonnet

answer

fourteen-line lyric poem that is usually written in iambic pentameter and that has one of several rhyme schemes

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speaker

answer

the voice that is talking to us in a poem

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stanza

answer

group of consecutive lines in a poem that form a single unit

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stereotype

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fixed idea or conception of a character that does not allow for any individuality

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suspense

answer

the uncertainty or anxiety we feel about what is going to happen next in a story

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symbol

answer

a person, a place, a thing, or an even that stands for itself and for seomthing beyond itself as well

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theme

answer

the central idea of a work of literature

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tone

answer

the attitude a writer takes toward the audience, a subject, or a character

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tragedy

answer

play, novel, or other narrative that depicts serious and important events in which the main character comes to an unhappy end

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noun

answer

names person, place, thing or idea

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pronoun

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takes place of one or more nouns

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adjective

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modifies nound or pronoun by telling what kind, which one, how many, or how much

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verb

answer

shows action or state of being

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adverb

answer

modifies verb, addjective, or adverb by telling how, when, where, or to what extent

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conjunction

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joins words or word groups

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rhyme

answer

repetition of accented vowel sounds and all sounds following them, in words that are close together in a poem

question

end rhyme

answer

rhymes at the end of lines

question

preposition

answer

relates noun or pronoun to another word

English 1 Final Exam Review

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