General Biology Study Guide
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in the scientific method-- what is a testable prediction?
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hypothesis
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in the scientific method---the variable that you control.
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independent variable
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inthe scientific method--the variable that is effected by the independent variable
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dependent variable
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what identifies the dependent/independent variables?
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the experimental procedures
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on what axis the the dependent variable go?
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always the Y
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in the scientific method-- in the CONCLUSION, this is a general, applies meaning, and is what YOU think.
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inference
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NOT a guess or hypothesis--a conclusion that has mounds of data that supports it and non reject it.
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theory
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what are the 3 domains of living things?
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archea bacteria Eukarya
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what are the characteristics of the animilia kingdom?
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eat (ingestive heterotrophs) --cannot make own food
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what is man's 1. domain 2. kingdom, 3. phylum, 4. class, 5. order, 6. family, 7.genus, 8.species???
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1. eukarya 2. animilia 3. chordata (subphylum=vertebrata) 4. mammalia 5. primate 6. hominidae 7. home 8. sapiens
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why do living things need water?
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living organisms are 70-90 % water and need waters unique properties
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what is the structure of DNA?
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double helix form with 2 spiral bands --nitrogenous bases and amino acids
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what is ATP function?
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energy
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structurre of organic compounds?
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the element MUST contain carbon and hydrogen
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who is the Father of Modern Genetics?
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Gregor mendel
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what did mendel use to ecplain variable between family members?
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pea plants
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a short sgement of DNA that codes for a specific trait and protein?
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GENE
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DNA bound by protein and contains hundreds of genes
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chromosome
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you get 1 from father and 1 from mother--code for the same genetic traits, not necessarily the same expression
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homologous chromosomes
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genes that code for the same genetic trait--not necessarily the same expression of that trait
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alleles
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a physical expression of a gene
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phenotype
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actual genes that organisms have?
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genotype
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\"fixing\" the genome of a person with a gane that they are missing so that they wont have a genetic disease
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gene therapy
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what are some GM foods in the US?
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BT Corn round-up ready beans tomatoes strawberries golden rice cholera vaccine bananas
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what are some cures of stem cells?
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72 with adult stem cells ex: leukemia treatment with bone marrow -blood vessels serving heart -spinal chord injury -shoulder injuries
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how do cells become different from eachother when they all have the same DNA?
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gene expressions controls which genes are turned on/off
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what taxonomic for plants: 1. domain 2 kingdom 3. phylum 4. class 5. order 6. family 7. genus 8. species
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1. eukarya 2. plantae 3. primitive tracheophyte 4. spermopsids 5. angiosperms 6. gymnosperms 7. dicot 8. monocot
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do not have seeds, produce spores like fungi do
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primitive tracheophyte
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produce seed
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spermopsids (most plants)
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means flower --plants that produce flowers
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angiosperms
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seeds are born naked (no flowers)
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gymnosperms
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characteristics of dicot
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two cotyledon
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what are example of dicots?
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peanuts, pecans, peas
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characteristica of monocot
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one cotolydeon
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example of monocot
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corn
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in cludes ovary, style (holds stigma up) and stigam (holds polllen)
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carpel
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what produces pollen?
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the anther
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what holds up anther?
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filament
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what is the main function of roots?
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gather water and minerals
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what is the main function of stems?
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transport
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what is the main function of leaves?
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photosynthesis and transpiration
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can divide body in several different ways and still have mirror images
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radial symmetry (starfish)
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can only divide them in a plane and get mirror images
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bilateral symmetry
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a body cavity in the abdomen b/w the outer wall and the inner organs
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coelom
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loss of body part and grow back
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regeneration
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what is segmentation
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the body has segments --in humans (abdomen, thorax, and head)
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not able to move around--attached to something
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sessile (coral--sponges)
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have backbone
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vertebrate
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no back bone
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invertabrate
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'jawless fish' --most primitive class--use tongue to latch on to other fish
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agnatha
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'cartilage fish' --have jaw --charks, sting rays, paddle fish
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chondrichthyes
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bony fish --98% of the worlds fish are these
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osteichthyes
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'double life' --includes frogs, salamanders,etc have gills
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amphibians
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truly terrestial --able to live on land b/c of scales, calws, lungs, internal fertilzation
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reptiles
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have feathers warm blooded
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aves
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have fur or hair--mammary glands include whale dolphin bat and humans
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mammal
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known as a virus---give example
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lytic diseas --common cold, flu, measles, mumps, hapatitus A, and polio
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known as a viral disease--give examples
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lysogenic disease --HIV/AIDS, hepatitus B, chicken pox, warts (HPV), herpes, and mono
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lysogenic virudes can mutate ur dna and also cause?
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cancer
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this disease may prodice toxins that causes disease or may invade organs and cells
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bacterial disease
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list some example of a bacterial disease.
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-staph infection -strep -bacterial pnemonia -bronchitis -food poisoning -tuberculosis -ear infections -syphillis -gonorrhea
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what are some practical uses of bacteria?
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produce: -cheeses -vitamins and antibiotics -chemicals/drugs
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aka phytoplankton microscpic, usually unicellular organisms in water producers of aquatic ecosystems
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algae
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what are the main components of the lymphatic system?
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lymph lymph nodes lymphatic vessels
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what are the main components in the digestive system?
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stomahc, small intestines, large intestines, colon anus
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what are the main compoents of the respiratory system?
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lungs various tubes diaphragm
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what are the main components of the urinary system?
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kidneys various tubes bladder
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what are the main components of the nervous system?
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brain spinal chord nerves
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main components of the integumentary systems
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skin and other membranes
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what are the main components of the skeletal system?
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bones
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main component of cardiovascular system
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heart and blood vessels (arteries veins and cappillaries) and blood
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what is the job of the cardio vascular system?
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transport blood and other things
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job of lymphatic systems?
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return to fluid to blood after it gets filtered
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job of digestive system?
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digests and absorbs food
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job of respiratory system?
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takes in Oxygen and lets out CO2
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job of urinary system?
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excretion of nitrogenous wastes electrolyte and water homeostasis
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job of nervous system?
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receives, interprets and responds to stimulus
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what is the main function of the endocrine system?
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makes hormones and secretes them to control the body
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what are the main components of the endocrine system?
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pituitary gland, thyroid, adrenal glands etc.
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job of the integumentary system?
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sensations, protections, and excretion (of sweat)
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job of skeletal system?
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protection support movement
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whjob of muscular system?
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movement
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job of reproductive system?
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to reproduce
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measure of ventricles in systole (contraction of heart--120!)
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systolic blood pressure
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measure of ventricles during relaxation of heart
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diastolic blood pressure
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thick layer of smooth muscle tissue--carry blood away from the heart
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arteries
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thinner walls--move blood to the heart, superficial
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veins
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thin walled and do diffusion
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capillaries
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what are the 4 functions of the digestve system?
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ingest digests absorbs eliminates
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kill antigen directly with a posion
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t cells
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kill antigen induirectly
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b cells
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means big eater--slowest cell but most effective
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macrophages
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fastest phagocyte and most common WBC
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neutrophil
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mostly in digestive and respiratory tracts and guard body against parasite
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eosinophil
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job is to release histaine and aka a mast cell
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basophil
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made by cells that are dying of a viral invasion and blocks virus from attaching to neighboring cells
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interferon
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passive, natural immunity
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antibodies in breasts milk
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passive, artificial immunity
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serum injection
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active natural immunity
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diease
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active artificial immunity
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vaccine
