U.S. History 9th Grade Midterm Study Guide
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Muckraker
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Journalist who exposed corruption and other problems of the late 1800s and early 1900s
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Homestead Act
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Law passed in 1862 that motivated Americans to move West
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Jane Addams
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A woman who worked to reform social conditions in the late 1800's
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16th Amendment
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gave Congress the power to levy an income tax
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Spanish-American War
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An 1898 conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the United States supported Cuba's fight for indepedence
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The Grapes of Wrath
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A novel written by John Steinbeck that described the hardships that people faced during the Great Depression
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World War II
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(1939-1945) War fought between Axis Powers (Germany, Italy, Japan) and Allied Powers (U.S., France, U.S.S.R., and U.K.) in which the U.S. joined in 1941, helping the Allies to victory.
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Sussex Pledge
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(1916) A Pledge by the German government that its submarines would warn ships before attacking.
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Alfred T. Mahan
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Author who argued in 1890 that the economic future of the United States rested on overseas markets protected by a larger navy. Wrote \"The Influence of Sea Power Upon History\"
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Marcus Garvey
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He helped develop the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) and was the founder of \"Africa for Africans\". He was an important figure, especially for African-Americans, during the Harlem Renaissance.
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Rationing
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Limiting the amount of food and other goods people may buy during wartime to assure adequate supplies for the military
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Rosie the Riveter
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A symbolic World War II character created to encourage women in the workforce
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Black Thursday
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October 24, 1929- The Stock Market Crash (almost 13 million shares are sold on that day alone due to pressured and nervous investors)
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Axis Powers
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Germany, Italy, and Japan (WWII)
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Social Security Act
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A 1935 law that provided pensions for older people and set up the nation's first system of unemployment insurance
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Glenn Curtiss
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United States industrialist and aviation pioneer (1878-1930)
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Charles Lindbergh
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1st person to fly over Atlantic Ocean (in a plane called \"Spirit of St.Louis\")
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The Great Migration
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(1914-1945) Migration of thousands of African-Americans from the South to the North in search of jobs, to escape prejudice and crop failures (they moved from a rural life to an urban life)
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Harlem Renaissance
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A period in the 1920s when African-American achievements in art, music, and literature flourished
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Dawes Severality Act
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An Assimilation Policy created in the attempt to assimilate Native-Americans into American culture; Native-Americans could become American citizens under certain circumstances
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Interstate Commerce Act
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A law created to help regulate business in America
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electricity
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Arguably the most important discovery at the turn of the 20th Century
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Sherman Anti-Trust Act
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a law created to overthrow monopolies and trusts that restrained free trade
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better irrigation and water
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could have prevented the Dust Bowl
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The Dust Bowl
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(1930-1936) a severe drought in the Western Plains regions, during the Great Depression, that made land impossible to farm (could have been prevented with better irrigation)
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Holocaust
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the attempted genocide of European Jews and others by the Nazi forces led by Adolf Hitler during WWII
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genocide
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systematic killing of a racial or cultural group
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John Muir
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(1838-1914) United States naturalist (born in England) who advocated the creation of national parks
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Upton Sinclair
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(1878-1968) United States writer whose novels argued for social reform; Author of \"The Jungle\"; respected muckraker
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Judicial, Legislative, Executive
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3 branches of government created by the U.S. Constitution
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\"The American Dream\"
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an idea that motivated many immigrants to come to America in the late 1800's
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Susan B. Anthony
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a Quaker abolitionist who fought for freedom and women's rights; her efforts led to the ratification of the 19th Amendment
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Civil Service Reform
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created during the Gilded Age to stop government corruption
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WEB Dubois
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He was an African-American civil rights activist who founded the Niagara Movement. ( He became the first African-American to earn a Ph.D from Harvard University)
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December 7, 1941
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The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor
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Rough Riders
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Volunteer regiment of US Cavalry led by Theodore Roosevelt during the Spanish-American War
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General J.J. Pershing
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led American forces in Europe during WWI and was the savior of Paris (named \"General of the Armies\")
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Sgt. Alvin York
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recieved 3 medals (including the Congressional Medal of Honor) and was the most decorated American soldier of WWI
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League of Nations
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An organization of nations formed after World War I to promote cooperation and peace.
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victory gardens
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Backyard gardens; Americans were encouraged to grow their own vegetables to support the war effort
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Executive Order 9066
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enforced the relocation of Japanese-Americans to internment camps away from western coastal regions (WWII)
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WACS
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(Women's Army Corps Service) women served as nurses, etc. in the war but were not allowed to fight
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Sinking of U.S. ships
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triggered the start of World War I
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machine gun
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a military invention that forced troops in World War I to remain in trenches during battle
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Franklin D. Roosevelt
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leader of the U.S. during WWII
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Winston Churchill
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leader of England during WWII
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Treaty of Versailles
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the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded drastic reparations from the Germans
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USS Maine
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A U.S ship that exploded off the coast of Cuba in Havana Harbor and signaled the start of the Spanish-American War (Yellow journalism suggested that Spanish military had something to do with the ship's explosion)
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Americanization
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Process of assimilating immigrants into American culture by teaching English, American history, and citizenship
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militarism
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the policy of building up strong armed forces to prepare for war
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monopolies
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Corporations that gain complete control of the production of a single good or service.
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17th Amendment
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(Passed in 1913) the direct election of senators by the voters instead of their election by state legislatures.
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war bonds
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certificates sold to people by the US in order to raise money for war efforts
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Wilson's Fourteen Points
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President Woodrow Wilson's plan for post-war peace (no secret treaties, freedom of the seas, removal of economic barriers, reduction of arms, adjust colonial claims)
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yellow journalism
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Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers
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Battle of Argonne Forest
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(1918) One of the greatest American battles during World War I; major defeat against Germans by French and American troops in France (the Railroad supporting the German troops was destroyed)
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Bataan Death March
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Brutal march of American and Filipino prisoners by Japanese soldiers in 1942
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concentration camps
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prison camps established by Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party for Jews and other prisoners during the war
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German U-boats
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German submarines which were most effective during naval blockade against enemy ships (used in WWI and WWII)
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Progressive Era
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time at the turn of the 20th century in which groups sought to reform America economically, socially, and politically
