FRST 211 Tree Silvics

Edaphic Amplitude: SMR: Very-Moderately Dry SNR: M- VR Tolerances: - heat - water deficit/surplus - wind Limiting Factors -nutrient deficiency - frost intolerant - shade intolerant -insects Adaptations - thick bark, self-pruning - 46m lateral roots - deep tap-root Co-existing trees - douglas-fir - lodgepole pine - western larch Regeneration dynamic - after stand-replacing fire - root grafting - persistent snags Silvicultural characteristics - high reproduction capacity - low seed dissemination - high initial growth rate - lifespan: 600 yrs early-late successional species

Edaphic Amplitude: SMR: Moderately Dry-Fresh SNR: P- VR Tolerances - shade tolerant - fire - wind - snow: M - Frost: M Limiting Factors - water surplus - nutrient deficiency - light - insects - fungi Adaptations - deep tap root - thick bark - self-pruning Co-existing trees - western hemlock - western redcedar - ponderosa pine - lodgepole pine - western larch Regeneration dynamic - after stand-replacing disturbance - planting - root grafting Silvicultural characteristics - fast initial growth - lifespan: 500-1500 years - high reproduction capacity silvicultural systems: - clearcuts, shelterwood, selective

Edaphic Amplitude: SMR: VD- W SNR: VP-M Tolerances - Frost - heat - water surplus -nutrient deficiency Limiting Factors -sensitive to drought - shade intolerant - snow - fire - fungi -MPB Adaptations - serotinous cones - rapid initial growth - prolific seed producer - roots vary with soil depth - lifespan: < 300 years Co-existing trees: - black spruce - white srpuce - western larch - DF Regeneration dynamic - natural regeneration - after stand-replacing disturbance(fire) Silvicultural systems - even-aged: clear cutting

Edaphic Amplitude: SMR: slightly dry- V. moist SNR: P-R Tolerances - water surplus - frost - snow - nutrient deficiency - moderately shade-tolerant, partial shade Limiting Factors - heat - wind - fire - drought Adaptations - moderate seed producer - shallow roots -mycorrhizal associates - very productive - lifespan: >600 years Co-existing trees - subalpine fir - lodgepole pine Regeneration dynamic - linked to disturbance - gap-phase Silvicultural systems -early to late succession

Edaphic Amplitude: SMR: Fresh - V. Moist - loves CWD, leaf litter, mineral soil SNR: P-R Tolerances - shade - frost -nutrient deficiency - water surplus - snow - frozen soil Limiting Factors - heat - wind - fire - insects, fungi - herbivores eat seed Adaptations - seed dispersal via wind - slow growth - releases in gaps - self-pruning - very productive (decrease with elevation) - very shade tolerant - lifespan: > 250 years Co-existing trees - engelmann spruce - white spruce Regeneration dynamic - vegetative layering - gap- release Silvicultural systems

Edaphic Amplitude: SMR: MD- SD SNR: M-R Tolerances - snow - wind - fungi - heat: M water deficit: M Limiting Factors - VERY shade intolerant - insects - water surplus - fire Adaptations - deep tap-root - high reproduction - open-regen - self-pruning - lifespan: 900 years Co-existing trees: - lodgepole pine - DF - Western redcedar Regeneration dynamic - after disturbance, open spaces Silvicultural systems -

Edaphic Amplitude: SMR: slightly dry-fresh SNR: M-R Tolerances - exposure-requiring - frost - snow - wind Limiting Factors - light - water deficit - fungi - suckering Adaptations - heart root system - root suckering increase shade tolerance - shallow laterals, deep sinkers Co-existing trees: - white spruce - lodgepole pine - DF Regeneration dynamic - within 3 yrs after fire - early-mid succession Silvicultural systems - nurse tree to boreal systems

Edaphic Amplitude: SMR: fresh-moist SNR: M-R Tolerances - moderately shade - frost - heat - water surplus - wind - insects, pathogens Limiting Factors - snow - water deficit - nutrient deficit - fire - bark is flammable Adaptations - shallow rooted, no tap root - litter increases nutrients - highly resistant to armillaria - nitrogen fixing - high productivity - medium initial growth rates - lifespan: ~200 years - high reproduction Co-existing trees - white spruce - DF Regeneration dynamic -open sites - after fire Silvicultural systems - nurse tree to conifers

- dominates climates with long summer days, short frost free nights Tolerances - frost - frozen soils - wind Limiting Factors - flooding - shade intolerant Adaptations - deep roots - fast initial growth - long lived Co-existing trees - white spruce - black spruce Regeneration dynamic - after fire, open spaces - early to late succession segregation of habitats: - gender specific response to climate change as females regenerate on high-resource sites

Edaphic Amplitude: SMR: fresh- V. moist SNR: M-R Tolerances - frozen soil - snow - shade intolerant, exposure requiring - water surplus Limiting Factors - seedling susceptible to fire - light Adaptations - cold winters - shallow roots - rapid initial growth - short-lived: 150-200 yrs Co-existing trees: - black spruce Regeneration dynamic - open sites, after disturbance Silvicultural systems

Edaphic Amplitude: SMR: slightly dry - moist SNR: M-R - feather moss layer - likes mineral soils, burned substrate Tolerances - moderately shade tolerant - snow, severe winters - frost(growing season) - water surplus (like waterlogged sites) Limiting Factors - slow initial growth - wind - stand-replacing fire - root disease, insects Adaptations - high reproduction - high seed dissemination - shallow roots -lifespan: 300-1000yrs -early-late succession Co-existing trees: -trembling aspen - lodgepole pine - black spruce - subalpine fir - paper birch Regeneration dynamic - layering - release in fine-scale gaps - after severe fire Silvicultural systems

Edaphic Amplitude: SMR: W-F/M-D SNR: VP-P - likes wet, organic acidic soils (bogs) - sphagnum moss Tolerances - very shade tolerant, not requiring - snow - frozen soil - water surplus nutrient deficiency Limiting Factors -wind - seed availability - slow growth - fire - root disease - herbivores Adaptations - shallow roots - high reproduction - can regenerate in open - lifespan: 300-1000 years Co-existing trees: - lodgepole pine - white spruce - tamarack Regeneration dynamic - reproductive layering - pioneer after fire Silvicultural systems

Edaphic Amplitude: SMR:VD-MD SNR: VP-P - acidic soils: high quartz sands(no bogs) Tolerances - heat - water deficit - frost -wind - nutrient deficiency Limiting Factors - shade intolerant - snow - flooding -fire - insect (MPB) Adaptations - rapid initial growth rates - deep tap-root, shallow laterals - thin barked - serotinous cones - lifespan: < 200 years Co-existing trees: - white spruce - black spruce Regeneration dynamic - after stand-replacing fires - natural regen Silvicultural systems - clearcuts

Edaphic Amplitude: SMR: F-W SNR: P-R Tolerances - shade - water surplus - nutrient deficiency Limiting Factors - frost(freeze/thaws) - heat - snowpack(reduced): roots require insulation Adaptations - seeds low success rate - de/hardens with temperature - slow growing - shallow root system - lifespan: >1200yrs - snags and logs persistent for 100s yrs Co-existing trees: - mountain hemlock - western hemlock Regeneration dynamic -vegetative layering - early-late succession Silvicultural systems

Edaphic Amplitude: SMR: fresh-V. moist SNR: VP-M - likes acidic soils Tolerances - shade tolerant - nutrient deficiency Limiting Factors - frost - wind - heat Adaptations - high seed dissemination - shallow rooted - de/hardens with photoperiod - slow growing - lifespan: 500-1000 yrs Co-existing trees: - yellow-cedar Regeneration dynamic - releases in gaps - early-late succession Silvicultural systems

Edaphic Amplitude: SMR: fresh- V. moist SNR: P-R - likes organic substrates Tolerances - very shade tolerant - water surplus - nutrient deficiency - snow Limiting Factors - low viability of seeds - heat - water deficit -frost Adaptations -slow growth - thin barked -roots susceptible to frost - lifespan: 300-800 years Co-existing trees: - mountain hemlock - western hemlock -yellow-cedar Regeneration dynamic - release in gaps -persists in understory Silvicultural systems - natural regeneration

Edaphic Amplitude: SMR: SNR: Tolerances - shade tolerant - nutrient deficiency Limiting Factors - wind - frost - snow - fungi, browsing Adaptations: - shallow-ish roots -abundant seed -lifespan: 1000 years Co-existing trees: - DF - western hemlock Regeneration dynamic - vegetative layering - no seedling bank required -releases in gaps - persistent snags and logs - early-late succession Silvicultural systems

Edaphic Amplitude: SMR: fresh- V.moist SNR: VP-M - loves CWD, mineral soil Tolerances - shade tolerant, not required - nutrient deficiency Limiting Factors - drought(juveniles) - frost -heat - snow - wind - dwarf mistletoe Adaptations: - prolific seed production - dispersal <100m -regeneration in low light - shallow root, no tap-root - variable growth -lifespan: 500-700 years Co-existing trees: - amabilis fir - sitka spruce - DF - western redcedar Regeneration dynamic - release in gaps - early to late succession Silvicultural systems

Edaphic Amplitude: - bare mineral soils, burned substrate Tolerances - exposure-requiring Limiting Factors - frost - flooding - insects, fungi Adaptations - thick bark, self-pruning - fast growing - lifespan: 1200yrs - early successional species but persists in old growth Co-existing trees - western hemlock - western redcedar Regeneration dynamic - after stand-replacing disturbance Silvicultural systems - clearcuts, shelterwood, selective cutting

Edaphic Amplitude: SMR: W SNR: R-VR -exclusively on bare minerals - symbiotic association with frankia Tolerances - exposure-requiring - nutrient deficiency Limiting Factors - frost - heat - water deficit - snow - wind - break nodules Adaptations - N-fixing - prolific seed producer - fast-growing - lifespan: 100yrs Co-existing trees - western hemlock - sitka spruce - western redcedar Regeneration dynamic -pioneer species in floodplains - early successional species Silvicultural systems - nurse tree on poor sites

Edaphic Amplitude: SMR: fresh-V.Moist SNR: R-VR -likes low elevations, mineral soils Tolerances: - moderately shade tolerant - tolerant of salt spray - water surplus - snow/fungi Limiting Factors -frost -heat - water deficit - nutrient deficit - insect Adaptations - prolific seed producer - high dispersal by wind - shallow roots - lifespan: 800yrs Co-existing trees - western hemlock -western redcedar - red alder Regeneration dynamic - ocean spray sites \"fog\" forests - wind-disturbance - open or gap -artificial regen - planting -early-mid-late successional species Silvicultural systems

Edaphic Amplitude: SMR: SNR: Tolerances Limiting Factors Adaptations Co-existing trees Regeneration dynamic Silvicultural systems