Toulmin/Rogerian Arguments
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Toulmin Argument
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An approach to everyday argument
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Rogerian Argument
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An approach to develop consensus
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Toulmin Outline
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1)Claim 2)Data 3)Warrant 4)Backing 5)Modal Qualifiers 6)Rebuttals
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Claim
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-Toulmin(1) -the position on the issue, the purpose behind the argument
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Data
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-Toulmin(2) -the evidence, facts, data, and info that are the reason for the claim in the first place
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Warrant
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-Toulmin(3) -the reason the writer uses to justify the claim -connects the data to the claim
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Backing
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-Toulmin(4) -the support materials that support the warrant -the theoretical or experimental foundations for the warrant
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Modal Qualifiers
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-Toulmin(5) -temper the claim -ex: some, many, most, etc. -the verbalization of the relative strength of an argument
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Rebuttals
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-Toulmin(6) -an exception to the claim represented by the arguer -strengthens the arguement because of its limitations
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Rogerian Outline
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1)Introduction 2)Summary of Opposing Views 3)Statement of Understanding 4)Statement of your Position 5)Statement of Contexts 6)Statement of Benefits
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Introduction
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-Rogerian(1) -states problem and raises positive change -interest the audience
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Summary of Opposing Views
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-Rogerian(2) -states opposing views while being accurate and neutral to show understanding of others' position and reasons
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Statement of Understanding
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-Rogerian(3) -shows understanding that opposing views can be valid and shows respect to the people with those opposing views -avoid moralizing about your own position or reasons
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Statement of your Position
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-Rogerian(4) -state your views and provide evidence to support your position while being accurate and neutral -avoid moralizing about your own position or reasons
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Statement of Contexts
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-Rogerian(5) -analyze what the two positions have in common and find shared goals and values -describe situations where your opponents should be able to support your views
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Statement of Benefits
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-Rogerian(6) -show how people with opposing views will benefit from accepting your position -be positive and hopeful
