PLTW Engineering
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Problem Indentification
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The recognition of an unwelcome or harmful matter needing to be dealt with
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Piling-On
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An idea that produces a similar idea or an enhanced idea
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Assess
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to thoroughly and methodically analyze accomplishment against specific goals and criteria
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Constraint
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A limit to the design process, appearance, funding, space, materials, and human capabilities
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Criteria
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A means of judging; standards, rules, or tests by which something must be judged
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Design Statement
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A part of a design brief that challenges the designer, describes what a design solution should do without describing how to solve the problem, and identified what degree to which the solution must be executed
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Invention
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A new product, system, or process that has never existed before, created by study and experimentation
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Research
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A systematic study of materials and sources in order to establish facts and reach out to new conclusions
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Brainstorming
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A group technique for solving problems without restraint
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Engineering Notebook
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a book in which an engineer will formally document, in chronological order all of his/her work
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Design
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An iterative decision-making process that produces plans; a plan or drawing produced to show the look and function or workings of something before it is built or made
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Prototype
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A full scale, working model used to test a design concept by making actual observations and necessary adjustments
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Design Brief
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A written plan that identifies a problem to be solved, criteria, and constraints- encourages thinking about the problem
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Innovation
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an improvement of an existing technological product, system, or method
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Assessment
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An evaluation technique for technology that requires analyzing benefits and risks, understanding trade-offs, and determining the best action to take
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Product
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A tangible artifact produced by means of either human or mechanical work, or by biological or chemical process
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Creativity
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The ability to make or bring a new concept or idea into existence
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Designer
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A person who designs a variety of things. This usually implies the task of creating drawings or in some ways uses visual cues to organize his or her work
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Engineer
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A person who is trained in and uses technological and scientific knowledge to solve practical problems
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Client
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A person using the services of a professional person or organization
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Design Process
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A systematic problem-solving strategy, with criteria and constraints, used to develop many possible solutions and to winnow down those solutions
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Define the Problem
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Identify the Problem Validate the Problem Justify the Problem Create design requirements \"Is Problem Valid and Justifiable\"
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Generate Concepts
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Research Brainstorm Consider additional design goals Apply STEM principles Select an approach \"Needed technology exists?\" Then \"Scientific Research is Needed\"
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Develop a Solution
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Create a detailed design Justify the solution path Technical Drawings \"Is solution valid?\"
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Construct and Test a Prototype
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Construct a testable prototype Plan prototype testing Test prototype Test Report \"Is prototype valid?\"
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Evaluate the Solution
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Evaluate effectiveness Reflect on design Redesign/Optimize Project Recommendations \"Solution solves the problem?\"
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Present the Solution
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Document the project Communicate the project
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\"Is the problem valid and justifiable?\"
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Define Problem
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\"Needed technology exists?\"
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Generate Concepts
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\"Is solution valid?\"
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Develop a Solution
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\"Is prototype valid?\"
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Construct and Test Prototype
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\"Solution solves problem?\"
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Evaluate Solution
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Scientific Research Needed
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if needed technology does not exist...
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Lines
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What communicates graphic messages about an object's geometry?
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Construction Line
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lightly drawn to guide drawing other lines and shapes
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Object Line
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thick and dark, defines the object
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Hidden Line
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lines that show interior details not visible from the outside of a part.
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Center Line
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defines the center of arcs, circles, or symmetrical parts
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Section Line
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defines where material is cut away
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Dimension Line
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shows distance, arrows drawn on ends, distance measurement in the middle
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Extension Line
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shows where the dimension starts and stops. Used with dimension lines.
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Long-break Lines
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shorten very long objects with uniform detail (jagged cut or break)
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Leader Line
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shows dimensions of arcs, circles, or details
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Line Conventions
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standards that relate to technical drawings, standards to use as a guide while sketching
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OBJECT over HIDDEN and CENTER HIDDEN over CENTER CUTTING PLANE over ALL lines
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Line Precedence
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1/2 as thick as OBJECT
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Thickness of center lines...
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1/16 inches
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Extension lines should be (blank) inches from part
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Oblique Pictoral
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starts with the straight-on view of the object parallel lines are angles to show depth all lines run HORIZONTALLY VERTICALLY and AT A 30, 40, or 60 degree angle
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Cavalier Oblique
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full depth
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Cabinet Oblique
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half depth
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sketch length and width sketch depth add missing lines (ALL corners have 3 lines)
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to draw and oblique...
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height, width, and depth
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In an isometric pictorial, what do the edges represent.
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has the most detail most natural position longest dimensions fewest hidden lines
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Characteristics of a front view
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tonal shading
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shading that helps represent each view of a pictoral
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use isometric grid paper
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to draw an isometric pictorial...
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perspective
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Which 3D drawing is the most realistic?
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Multiview Drawing
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shows two or more 2D views of a 3D object provides the shape and description of an object is the main form of communication between designers and manufacturers
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Orthographic Projection
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imaginary plane of projection (views of an object inside a glass box)
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SI Units
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base system of units for international measurements
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meter
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What is the measure of length?
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kilogram
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What is the measure of mass?
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seconds
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What is the measure of time?
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ampere
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What is the measure of an electric current?
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kelven
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What is the measure of thermodynamic temperature?
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candela
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What is the measure of luminous intensity?
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mass (mole)
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What is the measure of amount of substance
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10^1
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deca
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10^2
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hecto
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10^3
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kilo
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10^6
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Mega
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10^9
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Giga
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10^12
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Tera
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10^-1
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deci
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10^-2
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centi
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10^-3
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milli
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10^-6
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micro
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10^-9
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nano
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10^-12
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pico
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Sig Figs
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record all digits you can certainly determine from scale markings and estimate one more digit
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Metric Scale
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30+ centimeter graduated scale- each ___ is graduated into 10 millimeters
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slug
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mass=
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inches, feet, miles
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length=
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pounds
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force=
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second
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time=
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Fahrenheit
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thermodynamic temperature=
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Precision
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(repeat-ability) the degree to which repeated measurements show the same result
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Accuracy
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the degree of closeness of actual measurements show the same result
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precise and accurate
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Ideally, a measuring device is both...
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given units * desired units/given units = desired units
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What is the unit conversion equation?
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Conversion Factor
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multiplied by a quantity to convert a quantity to alternate units, a ratio
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1
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10^0=
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10^m+n
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10^m * 10^n
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10^m-n
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10^m/10^n
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should be the same after the conversion
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In order to keep precision, the sig figs...
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outside diameter object thickness inside diameter space width step distance hole depth
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What does a dial caliper measure?
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Dial Caliper
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the most common and versatile of all precision measuring tools
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slightly more than 6 inches
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How long can a dial caliper measure?
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blade, slider, dial, pointer,
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What are the parts of a dial caliper?
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0.001 in.
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The dial of the caliper is divided into...
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Section Views
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views that offer inside details not apparent on the exterior of the part
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Cutting Plane Line
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indicates the location of the cut. A thick and broken line
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Statistics
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the collection, evaluation, and interpretation of data
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helps verify the quality of a design or process
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Why do we use statistics in engineering?
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Central Tendency
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\"center\" of a distribution
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Variation
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spread of values around the center
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Distribution
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summary of the frequency of the values
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Bi-modal Data Set
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2 numbers of equal frequency stand out
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Multi-modal Data Set
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More than 2 numbers of equal frequency stand out
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Standard Deviation
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measure of a data variation
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...
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THIS WAS REMOVED (Type ... in the answer)
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Histograms
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graphs that show distribution of data
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Inferential Statistics
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estimating or forecasting an outcome based on an incomplete set of data
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Sample
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a part of the population
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Population
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all members of a group
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Population Standard Deviation
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the measure of a spread of data within a population
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Sample Standard Deviation
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an estimate of the spread of data within a larger population
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Probability Distribution
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a distribution of all possible values of a variable with an indication of the likelihood that each will occur
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Normal Distribution
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most commonly used distribution (perfect bell curve)
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Skewed Distribution
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data is not symmetric by the bell curve
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a value, units, uncertainty
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Recording a measurement involves...
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Random Error
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errors without a particular pattern
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Systematic Error
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errors that consistently cause measurement value to be too large or too small
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significant digits
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What causes uncertainty in measurements?
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x plus minus delta x
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How to determine the range of accepted values?
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Gauge Blocks
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a block used calibrate instruments
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calibration standard flaws from equipment issues systematic errors
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Accuracy depends on...
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capabilities of measuring device reproducible random errors
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Precision depends on
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Empirical Rule
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statistical analysis that applies to normal distributions- almost all data will fall within 3 standard deviations of the mean
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68%
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will fall between 1 standard deviation of the mean
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95%
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will fall between 2 standard deviations
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99.7%
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will fall between 3 standard deviations
