question

The day-night cycle that occurs approximately every 24 hours is the

answer

circadian rhythm

question

info about menarche

answer

first menstrual period which signals the beginning of ovulation and that pregnancy is possible. Although ovulation/menstruation are often irregular for years after menarche. The average age of menarche (normal weight girls) is 12 years, 8 months

question

what is the circadian rhythm?

answer

a day-night cycle of biological activity that occurs approximately every 24 hours. In teenagers, normal hormones of the HRA axis @ puberty cause a phase delay in sleep-wake cycles which makes teens awake late and hungry..but also makes them have little appetite in the morning and no energy

question

what is the difference between growth spurts in males and females?

answer

the average female is about 2 years ahead of the average boy (in height). The female height spurt occurs before menarche, in boys the increase in height occurs after spermarche (1st ejaculation)

question

most common problem of adolescents around the world

answer

dissatisfaction with body image (leads to low self esteem)..teens become less happy with own bodies and more superficial in what they admire in the other sex

question

What is imaginary audience

answer

The other people who, in an adolescents egocentric belief, are watching and taking note of his or her appearance, ideas and behavior. Which makes teens very self conscious. It can cause teens to attract attention to themselves (studs/purple hair...) or the opposite where they wish to hide

question

what is deductive reasoning?

answer

reasoning from a general statement, premise or principle through logical steps to figure out specifics. It begins with an abstract idea or premise and then uses logic to draw specific conclusions

question

deductive reasoning is also called

answer

top-down reasoning

question

what are the issues with middle-schools requiring classroom changes every 40 minutes?

answer

middle school tends to be developmentally regressive. The average grades on report cards fall, achievement tests show less learning each year, behavior problems rise....Since one teacher isn't responsible for one classroom - kids learn less and risk more because no single teacher is aware of their actions. Teachers seem impersonal and distant which makes public acclaim and personal recognition difficult...many middle school students seek acceptance from their peers--bullying increases, sexual conquests are flaunted, values change. The cool kids are the ones who are not involved in school and are antisocial to adults. Usually, students seek peer approval in ways that adults disapprove

question

what is Erikson's goal of adolescence?

answer

Negotiating the complexities of finding one's own identity. **Identity vs. role confusion..5th stage of development**

question

how do teens select their peers? (peer selection)

answer

friends typically share values and background (ex. family loyalty/ethnic) Selecting friends who are the same ethnic background helps with ethnic identity. This peer selection process is not random. The difference between a clique and a crowd is that they both have things in common but a clique is made up of friends and exclusive to others, while a crowd may not be "friends" just people with commonalities.

question

what factors contribute to lower teenage pregnancy rate in most European nations?

answer

larger use of contraception: French teenagers are among the most likely to use condoms as well as other protective measures simultaneously (dual use). Also French high schools provide free confidential medical care and condoms. French (European nations) sex education begins in elementary school and promotes health protection instead of sex avoidance, it also focuses more on specific types of sex.

question

What are the results of longitudinal studies of adolescent anger?

answer

studies confirm that increased anger after puberty is normal, but anger is usually expressed in acceptable ways

question

how does culture and gender influence drug use?

answer

CULTURE: the culture dictates whether something is acceptable or not and how informed the teens are about effects of drugs..In Canada fewer teens smoke because advertising is outlawed, In the Middle East alcohol is illegal so their teens almost never drink, In Indonesia you aren't considered a man unless you smoke, so more boys smoke, in European nations alcohol is widely used even by children. US boys smoke fewer cigarettes than western European teens. GENDER: Gender differences are reinforced by social constructions about proper male and female behavior: Boys use more steriods, girls use more diet drugs. Teen boys use more drugs and more often than girls. Boys are more often smokers. Girls drink alcohol younger than boys, but boys use more illegal drugs.

question

what is the average age of marriage in modern emerging adults?

answer

woman: Age 26 (first marriage), men: age 28

question

what percentage of men and women never marry?

answer

18% of women and 25% of men

question

For modern emerging adults, how has the level of education and age of marriage changed?

answer

youth in EVERY NATION gain more education and marry later than previous generations did

question

What benefits does society gain from early adulthood risk taking?

answer

It benefits from youth taking risks such as enrolling in college, moving to a new state/nation, getting married, having a baby, starting a business, filming a documentary, athletic contests, enlisting in the army..., rescuing a stranger (these would all occur less if emerging adults weren't risk takers)

question

what are some drawbacks to society due to the risk taking by emerging adults?

answer

there are more accidents, more serious injuries, violent deaths, suicide, homicide, drug overdose, car accidents, drownings, unprotected sex with a new partner, driving fast without a seatbelt, carrying a loaded gun, abusing drugs, addictive gambling...more drunk driving accidents

question

what is stereotype threat?

answer

the possibility that one's appearance or behavior will be misread to confirm another person's oversimplified prejudiced attitudes

question

what was stereotype threat first called?

answer

"threat in the air" by an African American Scholar

question

how does stereotype threat begin?

answer

it begins with the thought that other people hold unspoken prejudices against ones social group and then that thought produces anxiety. Although, in reality it may just be imagined, but the mere possibility of it undermines a person's cognition and can interfere in many ways...ex. it might make a person not attend college, cause choking in athletes, cause African American men to have lower grades in high school and older people to be more forgetful, cause women to underperform in math...the good news is that studies show that it can be eliminated when people realize that it is not true

question

how does college atmosphere effect cognitive development?

answer

college education advances critical thinking and post formal though..generally the more years of higher education; the deeper and more post formal the person's reasoning becomes.

question

describe the levels of cognitive development from being in a college atmosphere

answer

there are nine levels of complexity (during 4 yrs of college). year one: simplistic dualism (right/wrong) and progress gradually to recognize the validity of many perspectives. The 5th stage is post formal thought: a proposed adult stage of cognitive development following Piaget's 4 stages. It goes beyond adolescent thinking by being more practical, more flexible and more dialectical

question

how is cognitive development during college atmosphere advanced?

answer

due to the interaction with other peers, diversity of the student body, professors, class discussion and books ..the social interaction and intellectual advance a person's thinking

question

how does self-esteem and happiness change during emerging adulthood?

answer

there is continuity and improvement in attitudes. For example, positive attitudes stayed and negative ones improved. Tendency to be happier than in High School, especially those who moved away from home (they showed the largest gains in well-being)...Although: , the rate of emotional disorders rises,example: schizophrenia

question

what role do the parents of emerging adults play?

answer

they provide encouragement to do well in school and get good jobs. They also help financially and emotionally. And in 1/3 of the world; parents arrange marriages

question

A problem with cross-sectional research is that

answer

cohort differences can make it difficult to differentiate between developmental change and contextual differences

question

what amount of lung capacity is lost in adulthood?:

answer

vital capacity decreases about 4% per decade..breathing becomes quicker and shallower..Vital capacity is the amount of air expelled after a deep breath

question

what type of sounds are the hardest for older adults to hear?

answer

high frequencies

question

what is a disability?

answer

the usual result of morbidity is the inability to do something that people usually can do, for example: vision loss could be a serious disability or a less serious disability depending on how severe the disability is (morbidity is disease)

question

when is "implementation" most successful?

answer

when there is social support ..private efforts often fail..Examples of social support are weight watchers, AA, buddy system, and tackling one habit at a time (drinking before smoking...etc.)

question

what are problems with cross-sectional research?

answer

cross-sectional studies find that intellectual ability peaks at adolescence and then gradually declines. 50year-olds score better @ age 50 than at 25 due to Flynn effect. (rise in avg IQ scores that has occurred over the decades ) which makes it invalid to compare IQ scores of a cross section of adults of various ages. Even though, older adults score lower it doesn't mean that they have lost intellectual power, but the opposite is true (except the oldest adults)

question

what is practical intelligence?

answer

the intellectual skills used in everyday problem solving..aka: tacit intelligence. The capacity to adapt to the demands of a given situation. It is not obvious on tests..sometimes it is called "street smarts".. Practical intelligence is needed in adulthood and gradually builds over the years through experience

question

what effect does experience have on brain development?

answer

the brain grows to support selective expertise..in fact experienced adults may surpass younger adults if they specialize and harness their efforts..the accumulation of knowledge, practice and experience transforms the brain..making it intuitive, automatic, strategic and flexible...the quality and quantity of cognition is advanced...brains grow to support selective expertise

question

describe how experience makes the brain more intuitive

answer

experts rely on past experience rather than immediate contexts (example..surgeons)

question

describe how the brain becomes automatic from experience

answer

experts process incoming information more quickly and analyze more efficiently than non-experts. Sometimes this is even unconsciously done. Which is why an adult can tie their shoelaces in the dark..and why adults are better drivers. Cognitive processes are automatic from experience.

question

describe how the brain becomes more strategic from experience

answer

the ability to use more strategy with problems

question

describe how the brain becomes more flexible from experience

answer

an experienced person usually prefers a challenge

question

In what 4 ways does the brain change from experience?

answer

becomes more intuitive, automatic, strategic and flexible

question

according to most developmental theorists how do adults develop?

answer

there are no chronological boundaries for specific stages of adult development. Erikson stressed that adult stages do NOT occur in lock-step. People arrive at chronological mature positions and still continue to grow, change and develop. Erikson's early stages are tied to a particular chronological period, but this is not true for adults.

question

What stages do adults go through according to Erikson?

answer

1. Identity vs. Role confusion (adolescence to lifelong) 2. Intimacy vs. Isolation 3. Generativity vs. stagnation 4. Integrity vs. despair

question

how has the internet impacted friendships and relationships with consequential strangers?

answer

the internet has added more consequential strangers to many lives (and strengthened friendships)

question

what are consequential strangers?

answer

people who are not in a person's closest friendship circle, but nonetheless have an impact. ex. neighbors, church members, storeclerks, parents of kid's friends...

question

what is "empty nest"?

answer

the time in the lives of parents when their children have left the family home to pursue their own lives

question

who is more likely to remarry?

answer

those with more education, more income and without any children involved, race is also a factor. In the US, African American's are LESS likely to remarry

question

who is most likely to be the kinkeeper in the family?

answer

middle-aged or older mother with several adult children

question

what is a kinkeeper?

answer

a caregiver who takes responsibility for maintaining communications among family members, Ex. gathers everyone for holidays...

question

what percentage of workers are immigrants?

answer

In 2012, 35% were non-white... 16% Hispanics, 12% African American, 5%Asian, 2% other race

question

What is ageism?

answer

a prejudice whereby people are categorized and judged solely on the basis of their chronological age

question

how does ageism affect the elderly?

answer

it causes needless fear, waste, illness and misery, it causes self-doubt which leads to anxiety, morbidity and leads to death, it becomes a self-fulfilling prophesy, but causes those who don't "feel their age" to have better health, prevents older people from seeking help because they resign to illness, causes health providers to be less aggressive against elderly illnesses,

question

what is "wear & tear" theory?

answer

a view of aging as a process by which the human body wears out because of the passage of time and exposure to human stressors

question

what evidence is there against the wear-and-tear theory of aging?

answer

many body functions benefit from use, such as exercise improves heart and lung function, weight training increases muscles, fiber aids in digestion. People are more likely to suffer from disuse of muscles...than overuse

question

small sensory losses in the elderly affect cognition how?

answer

cognition declines as the senses become less acute

question

how do intelligence test scores in late adulthood change?

answer

Older adults are less proficient on difficult tasks, multi-tasking becomes harder, memory remembering names is affected, working memory shrinks with age, older adults take longer to perceive and process sensations which reduces working memory, speed of processing slows down, parts of the brain shrink and more areas of the brain are activated, speed of thought and spatial abilities decrease (although vocabulary does not), the brain slows down which impairs cognition, the output of mental abilities decline specifically the following 5: verbal, meaning, spatial orientation, inductive reasoning, number ability and word fluency, with all the declines...the positive is that the elderly are more adept at problem solving and emotional regulation

question

what is vascular dementia?

answer

a form of dementia characterized by sporadic and progressive loss of intellectual functioning caused by repeated infarcts or temporary obstructions of blood vessels, which prevent sufficient blood from reaching the brain

question

what causes vascular dementia

answer

caused by a stroke or a tia..a tia is a series of strokes which interrupts blood flow to the brain---which destroys part of the brain

question

what are characteristics of self-actualization?

answer

self-actualization is the final stage in Maslow's hierarchy which is is characterized by aesthetic, creative, philosophical and spiritual understanding...deeper spirituality, deep appreciation of nature, great sense of humor

question

what are the differences between centenarians and octogenarians in a Swedish study?

answer

centenarians were less likely to take antidepressants, but more likely to use pain medication. Centenarians tend to be upbeat about life

question

The term ageism refers to

answer

judging people on the basis of chronological age

question

the primary reason older people receive less input into their brains is that

answer

their senses decline, reducing the sensory input

question

What is the emphasis of self-theories?

answer

these are theories of late adulthood that emphasize the search to maintain one's integrity and identity (core self), they also emphasize ways people negotiate challenges to the self focus on individuals perceptions of themselves and their ability to meet challenges to their identity, each person ultimately depends on themself..an example of a self theory is Erikson's "integrity vs. despair" stage

question

What is activity theory?

answer

the view that elderly people want to remain active in social spheres w/ relatives, friends and community groups and become withdrawn only unwillingly as a result of ageism. This theory suggests that if the aged disengage -- it is NOT by choice. The opposite of this theory is the "disengagement theory" that suggests that they withdraw willingly.

question

Who does more housework after retirement than before?

answer

both men and women

question

what are the characteristics of happiest, healthiest 70 yr olds?

answer

they volunteer, garden, they are surrounded by friends and acquaintances, they are religious, have active engagement in society and are married

question

what is the most common grandparenting style in the US?

answer

compaionate grandparents..AKA fun-loving grandparents..they entertain and spoil their grandkids especially in ways or for reasons that the parents would not. Contemporary elders are usually proud of their grandkids and care about their well-being but also enjoy their own independence. They provide babysitting and financial help but not advice or disciple

question

Who is most likely to be the healthiest and happiest at age 70?

answer

Annette, who lives with her husband of 40 years

question

what is ADL?

answer

activities of daily life..typically identified as 5 tasks of self-care that are important to independent living...eating, bathing, toileting, dressing and transferring from a bed to a chair

question

what is IADL's?

answer

Instrumental activities of daily living ...actions such as budgeting and preparing food that are important to independent living and that require some intellectual competence and forethought. The ability to perform these tasks may be even more critical to self-sufficency than ADL ability

question

what are the main differences in death today vs 100 years ago?

answer

1. death occurs later: (100..avg age was 40yo/ now: it is 79.)2. death takes longer: (100: death was fast and unstoppable/now: death can be postponed) 3. place of death (100: death was at home/now: in hospitals) 4. Cause of death different (100: infectious disease & childbirth/now: diseased deaths not until after age 50 and childbirth death is rare 5. Views after death different (100: certainty about afterlife/ now: uncertainty)

question

effects of near-death experinces

answer

survivors often adopt a more spiritual, less materialistic view of life and are more loving and hopeful than they were before. People end up with the same realizations: 1. the limitations of social status 2. the insignificance of material possessions 3. the narrowness of self centeredness

question

what is "double-effect" of medication?

answer

morphine and other opiates have a double effect by having a positive effect--relieving pain--and a negative effect--speeding up death by suppressing respiration

question

what are the requirements of Oregon's assisted suicide law?

answer

1. the dying person must be an adult and an Oregon resident 2. the dying person must request the lethal drugs twice orally and once in writing 3. 15 days must elapse between the 1st request and the prescription 4. Two physicians must confirm that the person is terminally ill, has less than 6 months to live and is competent...this law also requires record-keeping of annual reporting

question

what is mourning?

answer

the ceremonies and behaviors that a religion or culture prescribes for people to employ in expressing their bereavement after death...the public and ritualistic expression of bereavement, the ceremonies and behaviors that a religion or culture prescribes to honor the dead

Lifespan Psych/Midterm 2

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