question

The social process of determining who does what work and for what reward is called

answer

division of labor

question

The process of families deciding who will do various chores and duties is an example of

answer

division of labor

question

The existence of social inequality indicates that it serves some beneficial purpose for society, according to what point of view?

answer

functionalism

question

The process by which labor produces wealth that is not controlled by the laborers but by others, is called

answer

exploitation

question

Employees of a retail restaurant chain work to generate profit for the corporation, and that wealth is controlled by executives. Conflict theorists call this

answer

exploitation

question

Max Weber originated the concept of life chances, which refers to

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the practical opportunity to achieve material success

question

A young adult whose parents can provide funds for college, reliable health care, and emotional support stands a better chance of achieving her material goals in life. This is an example of

answer

life chances

question

Being a member of a family or other exclusive group gives individual members access to all of the resources of that group. Sociologists call these resources

answer

social capital

question

A young adult who can provide letters of recommendation from respected community leaders who are friends with his parents is often more likely to get a desired position or admission. This is an example of

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social capital

question

Members of the upper class often marry each other, maintaining the deep pool of social capital available to them. This mate selection practice is called

answer

endogamy

question

For members of a social class, the everyday interactions, shared economic circumstances, distinctive ways of life, and an awareness of those patterns is known as

answer

class identity

question

Which of the following is NOT true about class identity?

answer

it is stronger in societies with more social mobility

question

Which of the following is true about the study of social class?

answer

most sociologists have given up on precisely defining social classes

question

The disparity in economic status and security between upper and lower classes is called

answer

inequality

question

Income inequality has increased continuously since the 1960s, for all of the following reasons EXCEPT:

answer

decrease in personal responsibility and work ethic

question

The Gini index is

answer

a measure of inequality

question

Which of the following describes the change in the Gini index scores for the United States in the past 60 years?

answer

it has steadily increased since 1970

question

Which of the following is NOT true about the poverty line?

answer

its intention is to identify families who cannot meet their basic needs

question

Which of the following is NOT a problem with the poverty line as a measure of poverty?

answer

it is not updated frequently enough

question

The practice of setting tax rates so that wealth is redistributed toward the poor is called

answer

progressive taxation

question

Poverty increased dramatically during the 2000s because of all of the following, EXCEPT

answer

poor work ethic

question

Which of the following is NOT a trend in poverty in the United States?

answer

the rate of poverty is higher among single-parent families

question

The difference between one's class origin and class destination is known as

answer

social mobility

question

Which of the following facts is true about social mobility?

answer

Members of the middle class tend to have more social mobility than those at the ends of the spectrum

question

The tendency of people to be in the same social class throughout their lives is called

answer

class persistence

question

In the text's discussion of poverty in single-parent households, which of the following is NOT one of the types of scarcity mentioned?

answer

education

question

Many children of single parents have a smaller extended family network on which to rely. This causes a reduction in

answer

social capital

question

Parents who work in jobs that require creativity and divergent thinking are more likely to raise their children to value

answer

creativity and divergent thinking

question

Which of the following is true about social class and parenting?

answer

Parents usually guide their children to value the traits that will prepare them to stay at the same social class level

question

Annette Lareau followed a handful of families in their daily lives in order to understand their

answer

parenting practices

question

The aggressive approach to parenting that stresses assertiveness and interactions with adults, and involves filling children's schedules is called

answer

concerted cultivation

question

The parenting practice of many poor and working-class families, which allows for informal play and a focus on protection and care is called

answer

accomplishment of natural growth

question

Which of the following is NOT true about the government's role in our social class system?

answer

The amount of government intervention with the poor is higher in the United States than in other developed countries

question

The text describes the social class system in the United States as a "common description," because it is

answer

impossible to define classes specifically

question

In the General Social Survey, 3.2 percent of Americans identify as

answer

upper class

question

In the General Social Survey, 8 percent of Americans identify as

answer

lower class

question

Most sociologists conceptualize social class as

answer

a ladder

question

The social class gap between those with Internet access and those without is known as

answer

digital divide

question

Which of the following is NOT a reason discussed in the text for the gap in "media time" between upper-income families and lower-income families?

answer

financial limitations to buying electronics

question

Which of the following concepts is illustrated by parents purchasing mostly pink items for their daughters (as shown in the opening photo of Chapter 5)?

answer

gender expression

question

When it comes to sex selection of children, American parents

answer

most commonly prefer one child of each sex

question

All are accurate statements about identity EXCEPT

answer

sexual and gender identities always match in adulthood

question

The social expression of biological sex is

answer

gender

question

The term for the biological category of male and female, based on anatomy and physiology, is

answer

sex

question

Sex and gender are different in that

answer

gender refers to the social role based on one's categorical sex

question

Restroom symbols and the British stamp illustrate the ways in which males and females are depicted

answer

in ways that show man as superior

question

Which of the following strategies makes women appear to be the weaker sex?

answer

portraying husbands as taller than the wives

question

When it comes to biological sex differences

answer

the physical sex differences in humans are small when compared with other species

question

The most popular cosmetic surgery procedure for women in 2012 was

answer

breast augmentation

question

The ways in which parents dress their children are important because

answer

it helps to turn biological sexual identities into social gender idenities

question

When a person's chromosomal composition does not correspond with his or her sexual anatomy, it is known as

answer

intersex

question

The situation in which one's gender identity and assigned sex do not match, perhaps leading to a feeling of being trapped in the wrong body, is known as

answer

transgender

question

Transgender identities

answer

present a problem for societies like the United States that have a strictly two-gender system

question

A sexual identity

answer

is assigned to all children at birth

question

A gender approach in which one is neither exclusively masculine nor exclusively feminine is

answer

referred to as an androgynous approach

question

Which of the following countries does NOT include the category of "Other" on questions about gender, thereby preventing transgendered people from being granted rights?

answer

United States

question

A key goal of the organization "Pink Stinks" is to

answer

decrease stereotyping of girls that focuses on being pretty, passive, and obsessed with shopping

question

Because sex and gender are so closely linked, genetic predisposition affects the behaviors of men and women. This statement is most consistent with which perspective on gender?

answer

biological

question

The argument that current gender differences arose over time through evolution is most consistent with which perspective on gender?

answer

biological

question

Gender differences are the product of social interaction that reflects men's dominant position relative to women. This statement is most consistent with which perspective on gender?

answer

feminist

question

The study of maleness mirrors that of whiteness in that

answer

males and whites were neglected in early research on structured oppression

question

Expectations for men's behavior compared to women's behavior

answer

support a narrow cultural view of masculinity

question

People "do gender" when they enact the social roles that conform to the commonly expected image for their sex. This statement is most consistent with which perspective on gender?

answer

symbolic interactionist

question

When researchers say that masculinity is socially constructed, they mean that

answer

there are different perspectives for what it means to be a man, depending on the setting

question

All of the following are key agents in socializing people to the expected gender roles EXCEPT

answer

legal systems

question

Which of the following is true about the ways that parents treat boys and girls differently?

answer

mothers spend more time talking to daughters than they do their sons

question

The process by which individuals internalize elements of the social structure, making them part of their own personality, is

answer

socialization

question

Gender socialization occurs

answer

within the family through contact with family members

question

Clothing that children wear to school reinforces gendered behavior in which of the following ways?

answer

When girls wear dresses they are limited in the physical activities in which they can participate

question

Which of the following is NOT supported by religious conservatives?

answer

women having greater authority than men in the home

question

When it comes to feminism within religion

answer

the Islamic practice of hijab has been a source of controversy for some women

question

Which of the following is true about the school performance of boys and girls?

answer

girls are less likely than boys to pursue careers in math and science

question

People in a similar social situation and of similar status with whom an individual interacts are known as

answer

peers

question

Which of the following is NOT considered a "boy-typical" activity?

answer

making jewelry

question

A primary explanation for the difference between female and male graduation rates in low-income neighborhoods is

answer

girls' close social connections encourage them to stay in school

question

When it comes to occupational sex segregation

answer

job screeners might bring their preconceived ideas of gender to the applicant selection process

question

One of the reasons the number of employed women increased rapidly after World War II was because

answer

women obtained more education and wanted to use their degrees

question

Despite women's increasing participation in work, on average they earn just _____________ percent of what men earn

answer

81

question

Compared to jobs dominated by men, jobs dominated by women

answer

have lower status and lower pay

question

The study in which children were asked to rate the status and pay of the fictional job of "tenic" demonstrates that

answer

gender expectations lead to more favorable evaluations of jobs associated with men

question

Sexual identity is important in today's society because of the

answer

freedom of sexual choice

question

Fundamental self-description often depends on gendered categories that are tied to

answer

sexual identities

question

Sexual identity includes all of the following, EXCEPT

answer

frequency of sexual activity

question

Sexual orientation refers to a pattern of sexual ________ with regard to one's gender identity

answer

attraction

question

Asexual behavior is estimated to describe ________ percent of the population

answer

1

question

The term queer includes all of the following sexual orientations, EXCEPT

answer

heterosexual

question

Sam is not sexually attracted to either gender and shows little interest in sexual partners. This form of sexual orientation is best described as

answer

asexual

question

Shanae is sexually attracted to people of the same gender and engages primarily in same-sex sexual activities. This form of sexual orientation is best described as

answer

homosexual

question

Dante is sexually attracted to people of both genders, but is currently in a relationship with an opposite-sex partner. This form of sexual orientation is best described as

answer

bisexual

question

Sexual identity can best be described as a

answer

fluid identity that can vary

question

Which of the following is true regarding same-sex sexual behavior and the role of gender?

answer

women are more likely to engage in same-sex sexual behavior

question

Disliking someone because they identify as lesbian, bisexual, or gay is referred to as

answer

homophobia

question

John chose a new seat on the opposite side of the room after his classmate "came out" during a lecture on sexual orientation. This illustrates

answer

stigmatization

question

Queer theory suggests that scholars and scientific researchers could best understand sexual orientation as

answer

fluid and diverse

question

Currently, approximately ________ of Americans believe that homosexuality is morally wrong

answer

one-quarter

question

In terms of social support, Americans are ________ accepting of homosexuality than ________

answer

more; teen sex

question

The process of revealing one's sexual orientation to family, friends, or other significant people is referred to as

answer

coming out

question

Coming out is a significant event in the life of someone who identifies as queer because

answer

sexuality is part of self-identity

question

Current research regarding the cause of sexual orientation indicates that which of the following is UNLIKELY to play a role?

answer

religious conviction

question

According to the text, the book And Tango Makes Three illustrates that homosexual behavior occurs

answer

in many species

question

Human sexual behavior in a modern society is LEAST impacted by

answer

evolutionary adaptation

question

Which of the following has NOT contributed to a modern culture that is more accepting of sexual activity?

answer

declining religious beliefs

question

The first scientific study of sexual activity is known as the ________ report

answer

Kinsey

question

Premarital sexual activity is fairly common, with ________ percent of people reporting sex prior to marriage

answer

95

question

On average, men report about twice as many sexual partners as women. This is evidence of a

answer

double standard

question

About _____ of women report being forced to have sexual intercourse against their will

answer

one-quarter

question

On average, married couples have sex

answer

once a week

question

Married sex, as compared to sex for singles, is characterized by

answer

higher frequency

question

Evidence for the continuing role of the sexual double standard can be found in the fact that

answer

men prefer to marry women with less sexual experience

question

The text suggests that lower-class families do not control the sexual behavior of female teens because

answer

they are less able to protect their daughters from exploitation

question

Teen sex is described as being more male-oriented because

answer

males receive greater social rewards

question

The national survey that examines teen sexual behavior is known as the

answer

Youth Risk Behavior Study

question

Which of the following is true regarding teen sexual behavior?

answer

fewer than half of all teens have had sex

question

A study comparing the sexual outcomes for Dutch and American teens found that the more permissive Dutch environment is associated with

answer

more monitoring of teen sexual behavior

question

According to the text, the single biggest concern for society regarding teen sex is

answer

teen pregnancy

question

"Shotgun" weddings decreased during the middle of the

answer

1960s

question

"Shotgun" weddings decreased as

answer

acceptance of single parenthood increased

question

Decreased teen pregnancy rates have resulted primarily from

answer

improved use of contraceptions

question

Of the negative outcomes commonly associated with teen sexual activity, research supports that

answer

teen pregnancy is associated with lower educational attainment

question

The STD that had the most impact on partners' communication about sex and sexual health is

answer

HIV/AIDS

question

The most common STD is

answer

HPV

question

The relationship between an individual's education, family structure, health care, and behavior with regard to sexual activity is studied as ________ by sociologists

answer

social networks

question

Access to education and health care, the role of poverty, and the impact of social distance help explain the higher STD rate of which racial group?

answer

blacks

question

Sexually transmitted diseases affect a higher percentage of the population of which social group?

answer

poor

question

Sexually transmitted diseases affect a higher percentage of the population of which racial group?

answer

black

question

Research shows that the most common cause of erectile dysfunction is

answer

age

question

Sexual disorders, which prevent people from experiencing their sexuality as they would like, are caused by a variety of

answer

all of the above

marriage & fam #2

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