Memory Chapter 6 vocabulary – Ryan Marshall
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
is an active system that receives information from the senses.
answer
memory
question
Although there are several different models of how memory works, all of them involve the same three processes: getting the information into the memory system, storing it there, and getting it back out.
answer
three processes of memory
question
encoding is the set of mental operations that people perform on sensory information to convert that information into a form that is usable in the brain's storage systems.
answer
encoding
question
to hold on to the information for some period of time in a process called _____________.
answer
storage
question
the biggest problem many people have. Getting the information they know they have out of storage.
answer
retrieval
question
the model that many researchers feel is the most comprehensive and has perhaps been the most influential over the last several is the __________________.
answer
information-processing model
question
This model of memory, derived from work in the development of artificial intelligence (AI), is called the __________________________________ .
answer
parallel distributed processing (PDP) model
question
In the AI world, PDP is related to _________________, the use of artificial neural networks to explain the mental abilities of humans.
answer
connectionism
question
is the first stage of memory, the point at which information enters the nervous system through the sensory systems --- eyes, ears, and so on.
answer
sensory memory
question
visual sensory memory is often called ______________. And only lasts for a fraction of a second.
answer
iconic memory
question
Although its rare, some people do have what is properly called ______________, or the ability to access a visual memory over a long period of time.
answer
eidetic imagery
question
the brief memory of something a person has heard.
answer
echoic memory
question
If an incoming sensory message is important enough to enter consciousness, that message will move from sensory memory to the next stage of memory, called _______________.
answer
short term memory (STM)
question
is more correctly thought of as an active system that processes the information present in short-term memory.
answer
working memory
question
in which a series of numbers is read to subjects in the study who are then asked to recall the numbers in order.
answer
digit span teset
question
a number that shows up more often than other numbers.
answer
the magic number 7
question
If someone were to re code the list sequence of numbers as "654-789-3217", for example, instead of 10 separate bits of information, there would only be three "chunks" that read like a phone number.
answer
chunking
question
Most people realize that saying something they want to remember over and over again in their heads can help them remember a phone number.
answer
maintenance rehearsal
question
The third stage of memory. The system into which all the information is placed to be kept more or less permanently.
answer
long term memory
question
rotating the information in ones head saying it over and over again.
answer
rote memory
question
is a way of transferring information from STM into LTM by making that information meaningful in some way.
answer
elaborative rehearsal
question
Memories for things that people know how to do, like tying shoes and riding a bicycle, are a kind of LTM called __________________.
answer
non declarative (implicit) memory
question
non declarative memories are not only demonstrated in the performance of a task, such as _______________.
answer
procedural memory
question
the improvement in identifying or processing concepts, words, or objects after having prior experience with them, but also in memory associations learned through classical or operant conditioning that may not be in conscious awareness.
answer
priming
question
in which new long-term declarative memories cannot be formed.
answer
anterograde amnesia
question
is about all the things that people can know the facts and the information that make up knowledge.
answer
declarative (explicit) memory
question
Most of this information is what is learned in school or by reading.
answer
semantic memory
question
memories of what has happened to people each day, certain birthdays, anniversaries that were particularly special, childhood events, and so on are called ___________________.
answer
episodic memory
question
leading the researchers to develop the __________, which assumes that information is stored in the brain in a connected fashion with concepts that are related to each other stored physically closer to each other than concepts that are not highly related.
answer
semantic network model
question
which enables us to remember that we need to perform a task at a later time.
answer
prospective memory
question
saying something over and over gives only one kind of _________________, the sound of the word or phrase.
answer
retrieval cue
question
This connection between surroundings and remembered information is called _____________.
answer
encoding specificity
question
may refer to the physical surroundings a person is in when they are learning specific information.
answer
context-dependent learning
question
memories formed during a particular physiological or psychological state will be easier to remember while in a similar state.
answer
state-dependent learning
question
memories are retrieved with few or no external cues, such as filling in the blanks on an application form.
answer
recall
question
on the other hand, involves looking at or hearing information and matching it to what is already in memory.
answer
recognition
question
Sometimes the answer seems so very close tot he surface of conscious thought that it feels like it's on the tip of the tongue.
answer
tip of the tongue (TOT) phenomen
question
Another interesting feature of recall is that it is often subject to a kind of "prejudice" of memory retrieval, in which information at the beginning and the end of a list, such as a poem or song, tends to be remembered more easily and accurately.
answer
serial position effect
question
Words at the very beginning of the list tend to be remembered better than those in the middle of the list.
answer
primacy effect
question
at the end of the graph there is another increase in recall.
answer
recency effect
question
are a special kind of transformational strategy because they apply specific language to learning, and connect information to be learned with key words or letters.
answer
mnemonic strategies
question
many other kinds of long term memories seem to enter permanent storage with little or no effort at all, in a kind of ____________________.
answer
automatic encoding
question
as if the person's mind took a flash picture of the moment in time.
answer
flashblub memories
question
memories are literally built, or reconstructed, from the information stored away during encoding.
answer
constructive processing
question
This tendency of people to falsely believe that they would have accurately predicted an outcome without been told about it in advance is called ___________.
answer
hindsight bias
question
That misleading information can become part of the actual memory, affecting its accuracy.
answer
misinformation effect
question
refers to the creation of inaccurate or false memories through the suggestion of others, often while the person is under hypnosis.
answer
false-memory syndrome
question
is a memory expert or someone with exceptional memory ability.
answer
mnemonist
question
The graph clearly shows that forgetting happens quickly within the first hour after learning the list and then tapers off gradually.
answer
curve of forgetting
question
spacing out ones study sessions.
answer
distributed practice
question
the failure to process information into memory
answer
encoding falure
question
A _____________bis some physical change in the brain.`
answer
memory trace
question
fading into nothing
answer
decay
question
decay theory is usually called ________, and the phrase use it or lose it takes on a great meaning.
answer
disuse
question
the tendancy for older or previously learned material to interfere with the learning
answer
proactive interference
question
When newer information interferes with the retrieval of older information.
answer
retroactive interference
question
This alteration and the other changes that tke place as a memory is forming are called ___________.
answer
consolidation
question
which is loss of memory from the point of injury backward.
answer
retrograde amnesia
question
in which new long-term declarative memories cannot be formed.
answer
anterograde amnesia
question
The primary memory problem, at least in the beginning, is anterograde amnesia. Memory loss may be rather mild at first but becomes more severe over time, causing the person to become more and more forgetful about everyday tasks.
answer
Alzheimer's disease
question
involves the type of memory that exists in the first few years of life, when a child is still considered an infant.
answer
infantile amnesia
question
or the memory for events and facts related to one's personal life story.
answer
autobiographical memory