Chapter 4: The Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance – Flashcards
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chromosomes carry genes
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chromosomal theory of inheritance
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23 chromosomes, they carry genes
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how many chromosome and what are they
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when nuclear division is followed by cell division resulting in two daughter cells having the same number and type of chromosomes as the original parent
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mitosis
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when nuclear division is followed by cell division resulting in two daughter cells having the same number and type of chromosomes as the original parent
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mitosis
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when nuclear division is followed by cell division resulting in four haploid cells having the half the number of chromosomes found in the original cell
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meiosis
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one single chromosome for each type of chromosome, gamete
number = n
number = n
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haploid? name type of cell, number chromosomes
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a pair of two of the same chromosomes, a zygotes
number = 2n
number = 2n
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diploid? name type of cell, number chromosomes
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the two identical halves of a duplicated chromosome
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sister chromatid
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where the two sister chromatids are attached
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centromere
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centromere in the middle
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metacentric
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centromere towards an end
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acrocentric
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homologs, chromosomes that match in size, length, and banding
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homologous chromosomes, also known as
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the arrangement of all the chromosomes in pairs going from big to smallest with the sex chromosomes at the end
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karyotype
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the non-sex-determining chromosomes
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autosomes
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the state at which chromosomes are naturally, all strung out
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chromatin
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when a cell divides
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M-phase
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the period a cell lives in when not dividing, g1 (g0), s-phase, g2
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interphase, what are the parts
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where a cell can do most of its growing
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g1
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when a cell decides to arrest in g1 phase and not divide, like brain cells
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g0
example
example
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where chromosomes duplicate
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s-phase
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where cell make sure everything is ready to divide and can create additional proteins to help division
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g2-phase
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where microtubules extend from helping division
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centrosomes
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the core of a centrosome
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centriole
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chromosomes condense and become visible, chromosomes go through "condensation"
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prophase
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nuclear envelope breaks down and microtubules attach to kinetochores on the chromosomes
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prometaphase
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chromosomes are lined up along the metaphase plate
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metaphase
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sister chromatids a separated and the centromere disappears
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anaphase
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reforming of nuclear envelope, the end of mitosis
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telophase
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where the cytoplasm separates and two cells are finally formed, happens in sync with telophase
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cytokinesis
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helps division in a animal cell
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contractile ring
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helps division in a plant cell
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cell plate
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moments at which the cell stops and evaluates the results of previous steps and sees if its ready to go to the next step
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checkpoints
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cells that either arrest in G0 or divide mitotically
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somatic cells
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cells that divide via meiosis and become gametes
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germ cells
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recombination occurs here
LaZy People DIP DIApers
Leptotene, Zygotene, Pachytene, Diplotene, Diakinesis
LaZy People DIP DIApers
Leptotene, Zygotene, Pachytene, Diplotene, Diakinesis
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Prophase 1, big thing and order
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chromosomes condense but still not visible
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Leptotene
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chromosomes seek out homologous partner
synapsis occurs so homologs are zipped together, called synaptonemal complex
synapsis occurs so homologs are zipped together, called synaptonemal complex
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zygotene
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crossing over occurs at chiasmata
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Pachytene
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synaptonemal complex dissolves but homologs remain attached at chiasmata
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diplotene
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further condensation and now visible chromosomes, happens with prometaphase 1 so the nuclear envelope dissolves
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Diakinesis
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tetrads align on metaphase plate
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Metaphase 1
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homologs separate
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Anaphase 1
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nuclear envelope reforms and has two nucleus, here becomes haploid
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telophase 1, what is chromosome number
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brief period between meiosis 1 and meiosis 2
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Interkinesis
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chromosomes recondense
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prophase 2
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homologs lines up in metaphase plate
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metaphase 2
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sister chromatids split
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anaphase 2
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formation of gametes, n
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telophase 2, chromosome number?
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when the chromosome number is cut in half after division
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reduction division
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when the chromosome number stays the same after division
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equational division
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homologs sometimes dont separate, even tetrads may not separate
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nondisjunction
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male = xy : female = xx
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male chromosomes, female chromosomes
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chromosomes provide the basis of sex determination, the y chromosome is smaller, x is bigger
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sex chromosomes, which is bigger?
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the presence of y chromosome make human a male
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which chromosome determines sex in humans
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anything, x chromosome can, y can, temperature can, ratio of x to y chromosomes can, absence or presence of a chromosome
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in other species, what determines sex
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all sons of an effected father will be effected
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how to recognize y-linked
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affected males will have all daughters effected but none of his sons will be effected
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how to recognize x-linked dominant
