Anatomy And Physiology Study Guide Answers – Flashcards
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Anatomy
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The study of the structure or morphology of the body and how the body parts are organized.
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Physiology
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The study of the functions of body parts, what they do and how they do it.
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Pathology
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The study of the diseases of the body.
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Pathology
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The study of the diseases of the body.
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Basic reference systems of bodily organization
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Directions, planes, cavities, and structural units.
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Superior
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Uppermost or above
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Inferior (Caudal)
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Lowermost or below.
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Anterior (Ventral)
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Toward the front.
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Posterior (Dorsal)
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Towards the back.
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Cephalad (Cranial)
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Toward the head.
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Medial
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Nearest the midline of the body.
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Lateral
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Toward the side or away from the midline of the body.
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Proximal
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Nearest the point of attachment or origin.
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Distal
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Away from the point of attachment.
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Midsagittal Plane
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Vertically divides the body through the midline into two equal portions or halves.
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Sagittal Plane
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Any plane parallel to the midsagittal or median plane vertically diving the body into unequal right and left portions.
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Horizontal (Transverse) Plane
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Any plane dividing the body into superior and inferior portions.
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Frontal (Coronal) Plane
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One that divides the anterior and posterior portions of the body at right angles to the sagittal plane.
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Body has two major cavities.
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Dorsal Cavity and the ventral cavity.
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Viscera
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The organs of any cavity.
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Dorsal cavity
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Contains organs of the nervous system that coordinate the bodys functions. Cranial cavity and the Spinal cavity.
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Cranial Cavity
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Contains the brain.
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Spinal cavity
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Contains the spinal cord.
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Ventral cavity
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Contains organs that are involved in maintaining homeostasis. Thoracic cavity and Abdominopelvic cavity.
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Thoracic cavity
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Surrounded by the rib cage and contains the heart in a pericardial cavity, and the two lungs the pleural cavities.
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Mediastinum
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Found between the two pleural cavities and contains the heart, thymus gland, lymph and blood vessels, trachea, esophagus, and nerves.
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Diaphragm
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The muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity.
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Abdominopelvic cavity
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Second subdivision of the ventral cavity that contains the kidneys, stomach, liver and gallbladder, small and large intestines, spleen, pancreas, and the ovaries and uterus.
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parietal
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Refers to the walls of a cavity.
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Visceral
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Refers to the covering on an organ.
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Cells
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The smallest units of life.
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Protoplasm
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Aqueous colloidal solution of various proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and inorganic salts that are organized into structures referred to as organelles.
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Tissues
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Epithelial, connective, muscle, or nervous.
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Epithelial tissue
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Covers surfaces and protects both the outer suface like the skin and inner surfaces of organs like the intestine, forms glands, and lines cavities of the body.
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Connective tissue
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binds together and supports other tissues and organs.
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Muscle tissue
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Characterized by elongated cells that generate movement by shortening or contracting in a forcibile manner. There are three types of muscle tissue.
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Skeletal muscle tissue
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Voluntary muscle pulls on bones and causes body movements.
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Smooth muscle tissue
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Involuntary muscle is found in the intestines where it pushes food along the digestive tract. Also found in arteries and veins.
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Cardiac muscle tissue
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found only in the heart.
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Nervous muscle tissue
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composed of nerve cells forming a coordinating system of fibers connecting the numberous sensory and motor structures of the body.
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System
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Group of organs.
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Integumentary system
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Made up of two layers epidermis and dermis. It includes the skin, hair, nails, sebaceious glands, and sweat glands.
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Integumentary system function
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Insulation of the body, protection of the body from environmental hazards, and regulation of body temperature and water.
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Skieletal system
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Bones, cartilage, and membranous structures associated with bones.
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Skeletal system function
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Protectes the soft and vital parts of the body and provides support for body tissues. Its bones act as levers for movement.
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Skeletal system
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Manufactures blood cells in red bone marrow and stores fat in yellow bone marrow.
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Muscular system
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consists of muscles, fasciae, tendon sheaths, and bursae.
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Muscular system function
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Skeletal muscles pull on bones to allow movement.
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Nervous system
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Consists of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, and the sensory and motor structures of the body.
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Nervous system function
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controlling, correlating and regulatting the other systems of the body.
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Endocrine system
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Consists of the endocrine glads (ductless glands), the master gland, or pituitary, controls the other glands.
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Endocrine system function
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Chemically regulate the bodys functions.
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Cardiovascular system
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consists of the heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries.
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Cardiovascular system function
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Pump, distribute blood which carries oxygen, nutrients and wastes to and from the cells.
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Lymphatic system
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lymph nodes, thymus gland, the spleen, and the lymph vessels.
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Lymphatic system function
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drain tissue spaces of excess interstitial fluids and absorb fats from the intestine and carry them to the blood. Protects the body from disease.
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Respiratory system
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Nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.
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Respiratory system function
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Bring oxygen to and eliminates carbon dioxide from the blood.
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Digestive system
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Alimentary canal(mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum, and anus) with assoc. glands(salivary, liver, and pancreas.)
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Digestive system function
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Convert food into simpler substances.
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Urinary system
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Two kidneys, two ureters, the bladder, and the urethra.
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Urinary system function
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Chemical regulation of the blood, the formation and elimination of urine, and the maintenance of homeostasis.
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Reproductive system
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Consists of the ovaries uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina in females. Testes, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, penis, and urethra in males.
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Reproductive system function
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Maintenance of sexual characteristics and the perpetuation of our species.
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Homeostasis
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The maintenance of the internal environment of the body.
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Homeostasis i.e.
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Blood sugar levels, body temperature, heart rate, and the fluid environment of the celss.
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Organs
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composed of cells integrated into tissues serving a common function.
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System
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a group of organs that perform a common function.
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Claude Bernard
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First scientist to discuss the significance of homeostasis.
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ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
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Chemical fuel that allows the body cells to do work and function.
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Atom
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The smallest particles of an element that maintain all the characteristics of that element.
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Protons
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Carries a positive charge.
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neutrons
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No charge
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Electrons
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Lighter particles that orbit the nucleus at some distance. Negative charge.
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Element
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Substance whose atoms all contain the same number of protons and neutrons which makes them electically neutral.
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John Dalton
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proposed the atomic theory
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Carbon
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element found in all living things.
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Isotopes
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different kinds of atoms of the same element
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atomic number
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number of protons or electrons.
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Periodic table
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arranges the elements by increasing atomic number.
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Bonds
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Atoms combine chemically with one another to form bonds.
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Ionic bond
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Formed when one atom gains electrons while the other atom loses electrons from its outermost level or orbit.
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Ions
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Charged atoms.
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Mineral salts
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sodium chloride, potassium, calcium, and phosphate.
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covalent bond
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Atoms share electons to fill their outermost levels.
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this kind of bond dissociates in water
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ionic bond
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four of the most important elements found in cells form covalent bonds
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C, O, H, N
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Electron donors
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elements or molecules furnishing electrons during a reaction.
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electron acceptors
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Those that gain electrons during a chemical reaction.
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electron carriers
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special molecules will gain electrons only to lose them to another in a very short time.
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solvent
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a medium allowing reactions to occur
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Molecular oxygen
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formed when two oxygen atoms are covalently bonded together.
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Calcium
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necessary for muscle contraction and nervous transmission, building stron bones.
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Phosphate
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necessary to produce the high-energy molecule atp
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Chloride
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necessary for nervous transmission
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Sodium and potassium
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muscle cell contraction and nervous transmission.
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Peptide bond
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covalent bond formed between amino acids to form proteins
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DNA
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Genetic material of cells located in the nucleus of the cell.
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RNA
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Single chains of nucleotides.
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Isotonic solution
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concentration outside the red blood cell equals the concentration inside the red blood cell.
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hypotonic solution
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water molecules are in a higher concentration outside the red blood cell, water will move into the blood cell, causing it to swell and rupture.
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hypertonic solution
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more water inside the red blood cell than in the solution.
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pH
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negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution
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buffer
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acts as a reservoir for hydrogen ions.
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anabolism
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energy requiring process that builds larger molecules
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catobolism
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energy releasing process that breaks down large molecules.
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cellular respiration
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energy changes that occur in cells.
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metabolism
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total chemical changes that occur inde a cell.
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Krebs cycle
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step after glycolysis in which pyruvic acid gets broken down in to carbon dioxide gas and water.
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Cancer cell
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carcinogen
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metastisis
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Move to other parts of the body.
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metastisis
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Move to other parts of the body.
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metastisis
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Move to other parts of the body.
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metastisis
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Move to other parts of the body.
