question

Nomad (1)

answer

A member of a group of people who have no fixed home and who move about, usually seasonally, in pursuit of food, water and other resources.

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Ecosystem (1)

answer

A community and or region studied as a system of functioning relationships between organisms and their environments.

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Egalitarian (1)

answer

Exhibiting or asserting a belief in the equality of humans in a social, political or economic context.

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Chapter Summary (1)

answer

During the thousands of years after bands of Siberian nomads migrated across the Bering Strait to Alaska, their descendants spread throughout the Americas, creating civilizations that rivaled those of ancient Europe, Asia, and Africa.

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Chapter Summary (1)

answer

Around 1500 B.C.E. Mesoamerica emerged as the hearth of civilization in the Western Hemisphere, a process started by the Olmecs and brought to its height by the Mayans and Aztecs. These Mesoamerican people devised complex ways of organizing society, government, and religious worship and built cities remarkable for their art, architecture, and trade. Both commerce and migration spread cultural influences throughout the hemisphere, notably to the islands of the Caribbean basin and to North America, an influence that endured long after these empires declined.

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Chapter Summary (1)

answer

The adoption of agriculture gave people in the Southwest and the Eastern Woodlands the resource security necessary to develop sedentary cultures of increasing complexity. These cultures eventually enjoyed great achievements in culture, architecture and agriculture.

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Chapter Summary (1)

answer

Inhabitants of The Great Plains, The Great Basin, The Arctic, and the Subarctic evolved their own diverse cultures, relying for subsistence on fishing, hunting and gathering.

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Chapter Summary (1)

answer

People of the Pacific Northwest boasted large populations and prosperous economies as well as an elaborate social, ceremonial and artistic life.

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Chapter Summary (1)

answer

The native inhabitants of the Americans transformed their environments in a variety of ways, from pioneering crops that would eventually feed the world to terraforming mountains and jungles.

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Chapter Summary (1)

answer

Nonetheless, natural constraints would leave Native Americans at a disadvantage compared to Europe. The continent's north-south orientation inhibited the spread of agriculture and technology, and a lack of domesticatable animals compared to Europe left Native Americans with little protection against disease.

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Chapter Summary (1)

answer

For reasons that remain unclear, many of North America's most impressive early civilizations had collapsed by the end of the fifteenth century. In their wake a diverse array of cultures evolved across the continent. In the Southwest, Pueblo Indians were joined by Athapaskan speaking hunters and foragers in an arid landscape. In much of eastern North America, stratified chiefdoms of the Mississippian era gave way to more egalitarian confederacies of independent villages subsisting on farming and hunting.

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Chapter Summary (1)

answer

Although Americans in the nineteenth , twentieth and even twenty first centuries have been slow to recognize the fact, the societies of pre-contact America were remarkably populous, complex and diverse. Their influence would continue to be felt in the centuries after contact.

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1347

answer

First outbreak of the Black Death in Europe

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1420s

answer

Portuguese settlements in the Atlantic Islands

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1488

answer

Dias rounds the tip of Africa

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1492

answer

Columbus reaches America

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1498

answer

da Gama reaches India

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1517

answer

Luther posts his 95 theses

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1519-1522

answer

Magellan circumnavigates the globe

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1521

answer

Tenochtitlan surrenders to Cortes

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1528

answer

Narvaez leads expedition to Florida

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1539

answer

Coronado begins exploration of present day southwest

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1540

answer

Discovery of silver in Mexico and Peru

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1583

answer

Gilbert's quest for a North American colony

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1584-1590

answer

Roanoke voyages

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Demographic (2)

answer

Factors relating to the characteristics of populations. Demography is the study of populations, looking at such aspects as size, growth, density and age distribution.

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Reconquista (2)

answer

Military reconquest of the Iberian peninsula from Islamic Moors of Africa by European Christian rulers.

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Virginia Soil Epidemic (2)

answer

Epidemic in which the populations at risk have had no previous contact with the diseases that strike them and are therefore immunologically almost defenseless.

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Columbian Exchange (2)

answer

Transition of people, plants, insects and microbes between the two hemispheres, initiated when Columbus reached the Americas in 1492.

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Elect (2)

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In theology, those of the faithful chosen, or "elected" by God for eternal salvation.

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Charter (2)

answer

Document issued by a sovereign ruler, legislature, or other authority creating a public or private corporation.

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Chapter Summary (2)

answer

During the late fifteenth century, Europeans and African made their first contact with the Americas, where native cultures were numerous and diverse.

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Chapter Summary (2)

answer

During the fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries, Western Europeans were on the fringes of an international economy drawn together by Chinese goods such as spices, ceramics and silks.

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Chapter Summary (2)

answer

A combination of technological advances, the rise of new trade networks and techniques, and increased political centralization made Europe's expansion over seas possible.

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Chapter Summary (2)

answer

Led by Portugal, European expansion began with a push southward along the West African coast, in pursuit of spices, ivory and gold. As sugar plantations were established in the islands of the Eastern Atlantic, a slave trade in Africans became a part of this expansive commerce.

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Chapter Summary (2)

answer

Spain took the lead in exploring and colonizing the Americans, consolidating a vast and profitable empire of its own in the place of Aztec and Inca empires. Divisions within Indian empires and the devastating effects of European diseases made Spanish conquest possible.

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Chapter Summary (2)

answer

The conquistadors who led the Spanish occupation were soon replaced by an elaborate, centralized royal bureaucracy, which regulated most aspects of economic and social life. The discovery of silver provided Spain with immense wealth, while leading to sharply increased mortality amount the native population.

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Chapter Summary (2)

answer

Spanish conquistadors also explored much of the present day southeastern and southwestern United States. They found no empires, silver mines, or rich empires and were thwarted by the Indian peoples they encountered.

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Chapter Summary (2)

answer

The Protestant Reformation was inaugurated by Martin Luther in 1517 and carried on by John Calvin, whose more activist theology spread from his headquarters in Geneva outward to England, Scotland, the Netherland, and the Huguenots in France.

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Chapter Summary (2)

answer

England, apprehensive of Spain's power, did not turn its attention to exploration and colonization until the 1570s and 1580s. By the time it did, European rivalries were heightened by splits arising out of the Protestant Reformation.

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Chapter Summary (2)

answer

England's merchants and gentry lent support to colonizing ventures, although early efforts, such as those at Roanoke failed.

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Monoculture (3)

answer

growth of a single crop to the virtual exclusion of all others, either on a farm or more generally within a region.

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Celibate (3)

answer

abstaining from sexual intercourse; also unmarried.

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Mercantilism (3)

answer

European economic doctrine calling for strict regulation of the economy in order to ensure a balance of exports over imports and increase the amount of gold and silver in a nation's treasury.

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Joint stock company (3)

answer

Business in which capital i help in transferable shares of stock by joint owners. The joint stock company was an innovation that allowed investors to share and spread the risks of overseas investments.

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Indentures (3)

answer

Contract signed between two parties, binding one to serve the other for a specified period of time.

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Racism (3)

answer

Discrimination based on inherited physical differences, which according to racist thought separated humans into a few distinct and unequal groups or "races."

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Chapter Summary (3)

answer

During the seventeenth century, Spain and England moved to colonize critical regions of southern North America.

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Chapter Summary (3)

answer

native peoples everywhere in the American South resisted colonization despite losses from warfare, disease and enslavement

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Chapter Summary (3)

answer

Spanish colonies in New Mexico and Florida grew slowly and faced a variety of threats. By the late seventeenth century Spanish New Mexico had been lost to the Pueblo Revolt and Florida's delicate mission system was under siege from English Carolina and its Indian Allies.

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Chapter Summary (3)

answer

Thriving monocultures were established in all of England's southern colonies--tobacco in the Chesapeake, rice in the Carolinas, and sugar in the Caribbean

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Chapter Summary (3)

answer

Despite a period of intense enslavement of native peoples, African slavery emerged as the dominant labor system throughout the regions.

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Chapter Summary (3)

answer

Instability and conflict characterized both Spanish and English colonies in the South for most of the first century of their existence.

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Late 1500s

answer

Formation of Powhatan's paramount chiefdom

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1598

answer

Onate colonizes New Mexico

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1610

answer

Founding of Santa Fe in New Mexico

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1620

answer

Tobacco boom in Virginia; epidemics in New Mexico reduce Pueblo population by nearly 70%

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1632

answer

Calvert founds Maryland

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1660

answer

Parliament passes the first of the Navigation Acts

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1675

answer

Height of Spanish mission system in Florida

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1676

answer

Bacon's Rebellion in Virginia

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1680

answer

Pueblo Revolt in New Mexico

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CA. 1700

answer

Rice boom begins in South Carolina

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Early 1700s

answer

Indians slave wars devastate much of the Southeast, especially Florida

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1700s

answer

Average of 60,000 enslaved Africans cross the Atlantic annually

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1732

answer

Chartering of Georgia

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Counter Reformation (4)

answer

Reform movement within the Roman Catholic Church in response to the Protestant Reformation, seeking to reform and reinvigorate the Church.

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Iroquois League (4)

answer

Indian confederacy consisting of the Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, and Senecas. The League exerted enormous influence throughout Colonial Eastern North America

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Pays d'en haut (4)

answer

In the seventeenth century, the lands referred to by the French as the "upper country," the land upriver from Montreal as French fur traders passed into the Great Lakes beyond the southern shores of Lake Ontario.

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Puritans (4)

answer

Reformers within the Church of England during the sixteenth century, who ultimately formed the Congregationalist and Presbyterian churches, Puritans strove to reform English religion ,society, and politics by restricting church membership to the pious and godly and by enlisting the state to enforce a strict moral code.

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Presbyterian (4)

answer

Members of a Protestant denomination that originated in sixteenth century Britain as part of the Puritan Movement. Presbyterians embraced Calvinist beliefs and favored a more hierarchical church organization in which individual congregations were guided by presbyteries and synods comprising both laymen and ministers.

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Congregationalists (4)

answer

Members of a Protestant denomination that originated in sixteenth century Britain as part of the Puritan movement. Congregation should conduct its own religious affairs, answering to no higher authority.

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Predestination (4)

answer

Basis of Calvinist theology and a belief that holds that God has ordained the outcome of all human history before the beginning of time, including he eternal fate of every human being.

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Separation of the Church and State (4)

answer

Principle that religious institutions and their representatives should exercise no civil or judicial powers and the civil governments should give no official sanction, privileges or finanical support to any religious denomination or organization.

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Quakers (4)

answer

Protestant sect, also known as the Society of Friends, founded in mid- seventeenth century England. The quakers believed that the Holy Spirit dwelt within each human being and that religious conviction was the source of their egalitarian social practices, which included allowing women to speak in churches and to preach in public gatherings.

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Chapter Summary (4)

answer

While the French colonized Canada, The Protestant Reformation in England spurred the colonization of New England and Pennsylvania.

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Chapter Summary (4)

answer

During the seventeenth century, the French slowly established a fur trade, agricultural communities, and religious institutions in Canada while building Indian alliances throughout the Mississippi drainage.

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Chapter Summary (4)

answer

Competition over the fur trade in New France and New Netherlands contributed to a devastating series of wars between Iroquois, Hurons and dozens of other India groups.

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Chapter Summary (4)

answer

Over the same period, English Puritans planted more populous settlements between Maine and Long Island.

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Chapter Summary (4)

answer

The migration of family groups and a rough equality of wealth lent stability to early New England society, reinforced by the settlers' shared commitment to Puritanism and a strong tradition of self government.

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Chapter Summary (4)

answer

The mid-Atlantic colonies also enjoyed a rapid growth of people and wealth, but political wrangling a well as ethnic and religious diversity made for a high level of social conflict.

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Chapter Summary (4)

answer

Whereas New Englanders attempted to subdue native peoples, colonist in the mid-atlantic enjoyed more harmonious relations with the region's original inhabitants, thanks in part to Willian Penn's Quaker principles.

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Chapter Summary (4)

answer

The efforts of the later Stuart Kings to centralize England's empire ended with the Glorious Revolution in 1688, which greatly reduced tensions between the colonies and the parent country.

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Late 1500s

answer

Formation of the Iroquois League

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1535

answer

Cartier makes first voyage to the Gulf of St. Lawrence

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1608

answer

Champlain founds Quebec

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1616-1618

answer

Epidemic devastates native peoples of the coastal Northeast

question

1620

answer

Puritans settle at abandoned village of Patuxet and rename it Plymouth

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1624

answer

Dutch found New Netherlands

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1630

answer

Winthrop fleet arrives to Massachusetts Bay, Boston established.

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1637

answer

Pequot War

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1664

answer

New Netherlands becomes English New York; founding of New Jersey

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1675-1676

answer

Metacom's War

question

1681

answer

Founding of Pennsylvania

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1682

answer

La Salle becomes first European to descend the Mississippi to its mouth

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1688

answer

Glorious Revolution; William and Mary become monarchs of England

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1692

answer

Witchcraft trails in Salem

question

Artisan (5)

answer

Skilled craftworker, such as a blacksmith, a cooper, a miller, or a tailor.

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Task system (5)

answer

way of organizing slave labor. Masters and overseers of rice and indigo plantations generally assigned individual slaves a daily task, and after its completion, slaves could spend the rest of the day engaged in pursuits of their own choosing.

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"Maroon" communities (5)

answer

groups of escaped slaves, often newly arrived Africans, who fled to the frontiers of colonial settlements in the American South, the Caribbean and South America.

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Enlightenment (5)

answer

intellectual movement that flourished in Europe from the mid -1600s through the eighteenth century and stressed the power of human reason to promote social progress by discovering the laws that governed both nature and society.

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Great Awakening (5)

answer

term used to describe periods of intense religious piety and commitment among Americans that fueled the expansion of Protestant churches.

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Itinerant (5)

answer

traveling preacher attached to no settled congregation.

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Balanced constitution (5)

answer

view that England's constitution gave every part of English society some voice in the workings of its government.

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Benign neglect (5)

answer

policy also known as "salutary neglect," pursued by the British empire in governing its American colonies until the end of the Seven Years War.

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Autonomy (5)

answer

Condition of being independent or, in the case of a political structure, the right to self government.

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Chapter Summary (5)

answer

Over the course of the eighteenth century, British North Americans grew increasingly diverse, which made the prospect of any future colonial political union appear remote.

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Chapter Summary (5)

answer

Differences became more pronounced among whites because of the immigration of larger numbers of non English settlers, the spread of settlement to the back country, and the growth of major seaports.

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Chapter Summary (5)

answer

Although disorder was not uncommon either on the frontier or in cities, the most serious social and political conflict drew its strength from sectional controversies between East and West.

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Chapter Summary (5)

answer

The South became more embattled, too, as a result of the massive importation of slaves directly from Africa during the first half of the eighteenth century and a rising tide of black resistance to slavery.

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Chapter Summary (5)

answer

After about 1750 the growth of a native-born population strengthened black communal and family life.

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Chapter Summary (5)

answer

Religious conflict among colonials was intensified by the spread of Enlightenment ideas and the influence of the first Great Awakening.

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Chapter Summary (5)

answer

Despite their many differences, a majority of white colonials took pride in their common English ancestry and in belonging to a powerful empire.

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1689-1697

answer

King William's War (War of the League of Augsburg)

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1702-1713

answer

Queen Anne's War (War of Spanish Succession)

question

1714

answer

George I becomes king of England, beginning Hanover dynasty.

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1730s-1740s

answer

Rise in importation of black slaves in northern colonies.

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1739

answer

George Whitefield's first preaching tour in America; Stono Rebellion in South Carolina.

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1744-1748

answer

King George's War (War of the Austrian Succession)

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1754

answer

The Albany Congress; Washington surrenders at Fort Necessity

question

1763

answer

Paxton Boys march in Pennsylvania

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1760-1769

answer

South Carolina Regulation

question

1766

answer

Tenant rebellion in New York

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1766-1771

answer

North Carolina Regulation (Battle of Alamance, 1771)

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Tariff (6)

answer

Duty on trade, the purpose of which is primarily to regulate the flow of commerce rather than to raise a revenue.

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Taxes (6)

answer

Duty on trade (known as external taxation) or a duty on items circulating within a nation or a colony (known as internal taxation) intended primarily to raise a revenue rather than to regulate the flow of commerce.

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Opposition (6)

answer

Diverse group of political thinkers and writers in Great Britain, also known as the Country Party and the Commonwealth-men, who elaborated the tradition of classical republicanism from the late seventeenth century through the eighteenth century.

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Virtual Representation (6)

answer

View that representation is not linked to election but rather to common interests. During the imperial crisis, the British argued that Americans were virtually represented in Parliament, even though colonials elected none of its members.

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Actual Representation (6)

answer

view that the people can be represented only by a person whom they have actually elected to office.

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Committees of correspondence (6)

answer

strategy devised by Samuel Adams in 1722 to rally popular support among American colonials against British imperial policies.

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Republicanism (6)

answer

Belief that representative government safeguards popular liberties more reliably than does either monarchy or oligarchy and that all citizens must practice vigilance and self-denying virtue to prevent their rulers from succumbing to the temptations of power and becoming tyrants.

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Chapter Summary (6)

answer

Resistance to British Authority grew slowly but steadily in the American colonies during the period following the Seven Years War

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Chapter Summary (6)

answer

The new measures passed by Parliament in the early 1760s - the Proclamation of 1763, the Sugar Act, the Stamp Act, the Currency Act, and the Quartering Act were all designed to bind the colonies more closely to the empire.

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Chapter Summary (6)

answer

These new measures deflated American expectations of a more equal status in the empire and also violated what Americans understood to be their constitutional and political liberties- the right to consent to taxation, the right to trial by jury and the freedom from standing armies.

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Chapter Summary (6)

answer

Although Parliament repealed the Stamp Act, it reasserted its authority to tax Americans by passing the Townshend Act in 1767. With the passage of the Coercive Act in 1774, many Americans concluded that all British actions in the past decade were part of a deliberate plot to enslave Americans by depriving them or property and liberty.

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Chapter Summary (6)

answer

When the First Continental Congress convened in September 1774, delegates resisted both radical demands to mobilize for war and conservative appeals to reach an accommodation.

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Chapter Summary (6)

answer

The First Continental Congress denied Parliament any authority in the colonies except the right to regulate trade; it also drew up the Continental Association, an agreement to cease all trade with Britain until the Coercive Acts were repealed.

question

Chapter Summary (6)

answer

When General Thomas Gage sent troops from Boston in April 1755 to seize arms being stored at Concord, the first battle of the Revolution took place.

question

1755

answer

Braddock defeated by French and Indians

question

1756

answer

England and France declare war

question

1759

answer

Decisive English victory at Quebec

question

1763

answer

Treaty of Paris ends the Seven Years' War; Pontiac's Rebellion

question

1764

answer

Sugar Act; Currency Act

question

1765

answer

Stamp Act; Quartering Act

question

1766

answer

Repeal of the Stamp Act; Declaratory Act

question

1767

answer

Townshend duties; Parliament suspends New York assembly

question

1770

answer

Boston Massacre; repeal of most Townshend duties.

question

1772

answer

Gaspee Commission

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1773

answer

Boston Tea Party

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1774

answer

Coercive Acts; First Continental Congress meets at Philadelphia

question

1775

answer

Battle of Lexington and Concord

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1776

answer

Thomas Paine's Common Sense published

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Continental Army (7)

answer

Main rebel military force, created by the Second Continental Congress in July 1775 and commanded by George Washington.

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Loyalists (7)

answer

supporters of the king and Parliament and known to the rebels as "tories."

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Hessians (7)

answer

German soldiers who fought with the British Army during the American Revolution.

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Militia (7)

answer

Local defense band of civilians comprising men between the ages of 16 and 65 whose military training consisted only of occasional gatherings known as musters.

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Mutiny (7)

answer

Refusal of rank and file soldiers to follow the commands of their superior officers.

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Partisan Warfare (7)

answer

Armed clashes among political rivals, typically involving guerilla fighting and the violent intimidation of civilians by militias.

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Chapter Summary (7)

answer

The American Revolution brought independence to Britain's former colonies after an armed struggle that began in 1775 and concluded with the Treaty of Paris in 1783

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Chapter Summary (7)

answer

When the Second Continental Congress convened in the spring of 1775, many of the delegates still hoped for reconciliation, even a they approved the creation of the Continental Army.

question

Chapter Summary (7)

answer

The Second Continental Congress adopted to the Declaration of Independence on July 4th, 1776, hoping that they could count on a majority of Americans to support the Revolution.

question

Chapter Summary (7)

answer

The British scored a string of victories in the North throughout 1776 and 1777, capturing both New York and Philadelphia.

question

Chapter Summary (7)

answer

The British suffered a disastrous defeat at the Battle of Saratoga in early 1778, which prompted France to openly ally with the American rebels soon thereafter.

question

Chapter Summary (7)

answer

By 1780, Britain aimed to win the war by claiming the South and captured both Savannah, Georgia, and Charleston, South Carolina.

question

Chapter Summary (7)

answer

The Continental Army in the South, led by Nathanael Greene, foiled the British strategy, and Cornwallis surrendered to Washington after the Battle of Yorktown in 1781.

question

Chapter Summary (7)

answer

Except for the first year of fighting, the rank and file of the Continental Army was drawn from the poorest Americans, whose needs for food, clothing and shelter were neglected by the Continental Congress.

question

1775

answer

Second Continental Congress convenes at Philadelphia; Congress creates the Continental Army; Battle of Bunker Hill.

question

1776

answer

Publication of Common Sense; British troops evacuate Boston; Declaration of Independence; British occupy New York city, forcing Washington to retreat through New Jersey into Pennsylvania; Washington Counterattacks at Battle of Trenton.

question

1777

answer

British summer drive to occupy Philadelphia; battles of Brandywine Creek, Germantown; Burgoyne surrenders at Saratoga; Continental Army encamps for winter at Valley Forge.

question

1778

answer

France allies with rebel Americans; France and Britain declare war; British shift focus to the South; Savannah falls

question

1780

answer

British occupy Charleston; partisan warfare of Marion, Sumter; rebel victory at King's Mountain, South Carolina; Nathanael Greene takes Southern command.

question

1781

answer

Engagements at Cowpens, Guilford Courthouse; Cornwallis surrenders at Yorktown.

question

1783

answer

Treaty of Paris

question

Constitution (8)

answer

Framework of government establishing the contract between rulers and ruled.

question

Landed States and Landless States (8)

answer

some of the 13 colonies that became the United States had originally been granted land whose western boundaries were vague or overlapped the land granted to other colonies. During the Confederation period, the so-called "landless" states had boundaries that were firmly drawn on all slides, such as Maryland, New Jersey and Massachusetts. "Landed: states possessed grants whose western boundaries were not fixed.

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Northwest territory (8)

answer

Present-Day states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin.

question

Peculiar Institution (8)

answer

euphemism for slavery, perhaps revealing in its use. Peculiar also suggests the contradiction with the ideals of the Declaration of Independence, that "all men are created equal."

question

Republican motherhood (8)

answer

Redefinition of the role of women promoted by many American reformers in the 1780s and 1790s, who believed that the success of republican government depended on education and independent-minded mothers who would raise children to become informed and self-reliant citizens.

question

Separation of Powers (8)

answer

Principle that each branch of government- the legislature (congress), the executive (the president) and the judiciary (the supreme court) should wield distinct powers independent from interference of infringement by other branches of government.

question

Federalism (8)

answer

Governing principle established by the Constitution in which the national government and the states divide power.

question

Checks and Balances (8)

answer

Mechanism by which each branch of government - executive, legislative and judicial keeps the others within the bounds of their constitutional authority.

question

Chapter Summary (8)

answer

Leading Americans would give more thought to federalism, the organization of a United States, as the events of the post-revolutionary period revealed the weaknesses of the state and national governments.

question

Chapter Summary (8)

answer

For a decade after independence, the revolutionaries were less committed to creating a single national republic than to organizing 13 separate state republics, each dominated by popularly elected legislatures.

question

Chapter Summary (8)

answer

The Articles of Confederation provided for a government by a national legislature by left the crucial power of the purse, as well as all final power to make and execute laws, entirely to the states.

question

Chapter Summary (8)

answer

Many conflicts in the new republic were occasioned by westward expansion which created both international difficulties with Britain and Spain and internal tensions over the democratization of state legislatures.

question

Chapter Summary (8)

answer

In the wake of the Revolution, ordinary Americans struggled to define republican society: workers began to organize; some women claimed a right to greater political, legal and educational opportunities; and religious dissenters called for disestablishment.

question

Chapter Summary (8)

answer

In the mid -1780s the political crisis of the Confederation came to a head, prompted by the controversy over the Jay- Gardoqui Treaty and Shay's Rebellion.

question

Chapter Summary (8)

answer

The Constitutional Convention of 1787 produced ab entirely new frame of government that established a truly national republic and provided for a separation of powers among a judiciary, a bicameral legislature, and a strong executive.

question

Chapter Summary (8)

answer

The Anti-Federalists, opponents of the Constitution softened their objections when promised a bill of rights after ratification, which was incorporated into the Constitution by 1791.

question

1777

answer

Continental Congress approves the Articles of Confederation.

question

1781

answer

Articles of Confederation ratified.

question

1784

answer

Spain closes the Mississippi river to American navigation.

question

1785

answer

Jay- Gardoqui Treaty negotiated by not ratified.

question

1786

answer

Shays's Rebellion; Annapolis convention calls for revising the Articles.

question

1787

answer

Congress adopts the Northwest Ordinance; Constitutional Convention

question

1787-1788

answer

Publication of The Federalist Papers

question

1788

answer

New Hampshire becomes ninth state to ratify constitution

question

1791

answer

Bill of Rights adopted

question

Excise Tax (9)

answer

internal tax placed on the production or sale of a commodity, usually a luxury item or nonessential

question

Semi-subsistence Economy (9)

answer

Economy in which individuals and families produce most of what they need to live on.

question

Commercial Economy (9)

answer

economy in which individuals are involved in a network of markets and commercial transactions. Such economies are often urban, where goods and services are exchanged for money and credit; agricultural areas are also commercial when crops and livestock sold in markets rather than consumed by those who grew or raised them.

question

Barter Economy (9)

answer

Networks of trade based on the mutual exchange of goods and services with little or no use of coin or currency.

question

Suffrage (9)

answer

Right to vote

question

Naturalization (9)

answer

Act of granting full citizenship to someone born outside the country.

question

Judicial Review (9)

answer

Doctrine set out by Chief Justice John Marshall in Marbury v. Madison, that the judicial branch of the federal government possesses the power to determine whether the laws of Congress or the actions of the executive branch violate the Constitution.

question

Cede (9)

answer

To give up possession of

question

Embargo (9)

answer

Government act prohibiting trade with a foreign country or countries, usually to exert economic pressure.

question

Chapter Summary (9)

answer

Basic social divisions between the commercial and semi subsistence regions shaped the politics of the new United States. Between 1789 and the 1820s, the first parties emerged and along with them a more popular and participatory political culture. Over the same decades, Indian confederacies mounted a sustained resistance to westward expansion, while events in Europe deepened divisions among Federalists and Republicans and threatened the very existence of the fledgling American Republic.

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Chapter Summary (9)

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The first party to organize in the 1790s was the Federalists, led by Alexander Hamilton and George Washington.

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Chapter Summary (9)

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Divisions over Hamilton's Policies as secretary of the treasury led to the formation of the Republicans, led by James Madison and Thomas Jefferson.

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Chapter Summary (9)

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The commercially minded Federalists believed in order and hierarchy, supported loose construction of the Constitution, and wanted a powerful central government to promote economic growth.

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Chapter Summary (9)

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The Republican party, with it's sympathy for agrarian ideals, endorsed strict construction of the Constitution, wanted a less active federal government, and harbored a strong fear of aristocracy.

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Chapter Summary (9)

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The French Revolution, the XYZ Affair, the naval war, and the Alien and Sedition Acts also deepened the partisan division between Federalists and Republicans during the 1790s. The Federalists demonstrated that the new government could be a more active force in American society, but their controversial domestic and foreign policies, internal divisions, and open hostility to the masses eventually led to their downfall.

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Chapter Summary (9)

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Before becoming president, Jefferson advocated the principles of agrarianism, limited government, and strict construction of the Constitution. But once in power, he failed to dismantle Hamilton's Economic program and promoted western expansion by acquiring Louisiana from France.

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Chapter Summary (9)

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Chief Justice John Marshall proclaimed that the courts were to interpret the meaning of the Constitution (judicial review), a move that helped the judiciary emerge as an equal branch of government.

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Chapter Summary (9)

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Lewis and Clark produced the first reliable information and maps of the Louisiana territory. The lands they passed through had been transformed over the previous 25 years by disease, dislocation and the arrival of horses and guns.

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Chapter Summary (9)

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The Shawnee prophet Tenskwatawa and his brother Tecumseh organized the most important Indian resistance to the expansion of the new republic, but the movement collapsed with the death of Tecumseh during the War of 1812

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Chapter Summary (9)

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France and Britain both interfered with neutral rights, and the United States went to war against Britain in 1812.

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Chapter Summary (9)

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In the years after 1815 there was a surge in American nationalism, reflected and reinforced by Britain's recognition of American sovereignty and the Monroe Doctrine's prohibition of European intervention in the Western Hemisphere. But the Missouri crisis was an early indication of growing sectional rivalries.

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1789

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Washington inaugurated president; French Revolution begins

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1793

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War breaks out between France and England; Washington proclaims American neutrality

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1794

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Battle of Fallen Timbers; Whiskey Rebellion

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1796

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First contested presidential election- Adams defeats Jefferson

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1798

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XYZ Affair; Alien and Sedition Acts passed, Virginia and Kentucky resolutions.

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1801

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House elects Jefferson president; Cane Ridge religious revival.

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1803

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Marbury v. Madison; Louisiana Purchase

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1804-1806

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Lewis and Clark Expedition

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1807

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Embargo Act Passed

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1809

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Tecumseh's confederacy organized

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1812

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War declared against Great Britain

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1814

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Washington Burned; Hartford Convention; Treaty of Ghent signed

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1815

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Battle of New Orleans

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1820

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Missouri Compromise enacted

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1823

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Monroe doctrine proclaimed.

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Corporation (10)

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Business entity that has been granted a charter granting it legal rights, privileges, and liabilities distinct from the individual members that are part of it.

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Journeyman (10)

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Person who has served an apprenticeship in a trade or craft and who is qualified worker employed by another person.

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Paternalism (10)

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Attitude or policy of treating individuals or groups in a fatherly manner, by providing for their needs without granting them rights of responsibility.

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Social Mobility (10)

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Movement of individuals from one social class to another.

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Boom-bust cycle (10)

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periods of expansions and recessions or depression that an economy goes through. Also referred to as business cycle.

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Chapter Summary (10)

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By uniting the country in a single market, the market revolution transformed the United States during the quarter century after 1815.

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Chapter Summary (10)

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The federal government promoted the creation of market through a protective tariff, a national bank and internal improvements.

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Chapter Summary (10)

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the development of new forms of transportation, including canals, steamboats, and eventually railroads, allowed goods to be transported cheaply on land.

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Chapter Summary (10)

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The Supreme Court adopted a pro business stance that encouraged investment and risk taking.

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Chapter Summary (10)

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Economic expansion generated greater national wealth, but it also brought social and intellectual change. Americans pursued opportunity, embraced a new concept of progress, viewed change as normal, developed a strong materialist ethic, and considered wealth the primary means to determine status. Entrepreneurs reorganized their operations to increase production and sell in a wide market.

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Chapter Summary (10)

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The earliest factories were built to serve the textile industry, and the first laborers in them were young women from rural families. Factory work imposed on workers a new discipline based on time and strict routine. Workers declining status led them to form unions and resort to strikes, but the depression that began in 1837 destroyed these organizations.

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Chapter Summary (10)

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The market revolution distributed wealth much more unevenly and left Americans feeling alternatively buoyant and anxious about their social and economic status. Social Mobility existed, but it was more limited than popular belief claimed. The economy lurched up and down in a boom-bust cycle. In hard times, Americans looked to the government to relieve economic distress.

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1793

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Eli Witney invents the cotton gin

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1810

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Fletcher v. Peck

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1810-1820

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Cotton boom begins in the South

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1811

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First steamboat trip from Pittsburgh to New Orleans

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1816

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Second Bank of the United States chartered; protective tariff enacted.

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1819

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Dartmouth College v. Woodward; McCulloch v. Maryland.

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1819-1823

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Panic and Depression

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1820

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Lowell mills established

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1824

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Gibbons v. Ogden

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1825

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Erie Canal opened

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1834

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National Trades' Union Founded

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1837

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Panic

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1839-1843

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Depression

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1844

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Samuel F. B. Morse sends first intercity telegraphic message

Chapter 1 – 10

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