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(part of social disorganization) - older kids pass down delinquency...suggesting a learning process passed down between individuals

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continuity of tradition

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researchers who noticed a culture class, dominate culture deems right and wrong - individuals are socialized into what is right and wrong, ex. southern culture of violence (stupid quant test) and the code of the streets

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sellin and wirth

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researcher - kids seeking status and belonging, adolescence isn't as clearly defined so they look to peers for guidance

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miller's focal concern

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sutherland's concept - the existence of multiple cultures in society, greater differential social organization leads to more crime

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differential social organization

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sutherland's concept - criminal behavior is learned in interaction with other persons in a process of communication (predominantly in intimate personal groups)

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differential association

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sutherland's concept - a person becomes delinquent because of an excess of definitions favorable to violation of law over definitions unfavorable to violation of law

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differential association

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differential associations may vary in ____ (what are the modalities of association?)

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frequency, duration, priority, and intensity

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differential associations may vary in frequency, duration, priority, and intensity.... what does this describe?

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modalities of association

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(social learning theory) researcher - you can learn law-abiding definitions from a law abiding or a non-law abiding citizen (it is the content of learning, not the process itself that is significant)

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cressey

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(part of Burgess and Akers 7 propositions) -deviant behavior is learned according to the principles of _____ conditioning

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operant

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the strength of deviant behavior is a direct function of the ______, ______, and _______ of its reinforcement. the modalities of association with deviant patterns are importance insofar as they affect the source, amount, and scheduling or reinforcement

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amount, frequency, probability

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whereby operant behavior are conditioned or shaped by rewards and punishments

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differential reinforcement

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behavior that includes voluntary actions on the individual

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operant behavior

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conditioning of involuntary reflex behavior

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classical/respondent conditioning

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environmental and internal stimuli that provide cues or signal for behavior

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discriminative stimuli

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the rate and ratio in which rewards and punishments follow behavioral responses

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schedules of reinforcement

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the theory that social interaction is mainly the exchange of meanings and symbols

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symbolic interactionism

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the basic assumption in social learning theory is that the same learning process in a context of social structure, interaction, and situation, produces both conforming and deviant behavior. The difference lies in the _______... the balance of influence on behavior

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direction

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what are the four main concepts of the social learning theory

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differential association, differential reinforcement, imitation, definitions

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differential association has 2 dimensions including ______ and ____

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interactional, normative

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the direct association and interaction with others who engage in certain kinds of behavior, as well as the indirect associations and identification with more distant reference groups

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interactional dimension

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is the different patterns of norms and values to which an individual is exposed through this association

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normative dimension

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one's own attitudes or meanings that one attaches to given behavior

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definitions

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include religious, moral, and other conventional values and norms that are favorable to conforming behavior and unfavorable to committing any criminal or deviant acts

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general definitions

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orient the person to particular acts or series of acts

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specific definitions

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conventional beliefs or negative definitions of criminal behavior

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negative definitions

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beliefs or attitudes that make the behavior morally desirable or wholly permissible

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positive definitions

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justify or excuse the commission of a crime

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neutralizing definitions

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operate as cues or signals to the individual as to what responses are appropriate or expected in a given situation

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discriminative stimuli

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balance of anticipated or actual rewards and punishments that follow or are consequences of behavior

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differential reinforcments

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rewarding outcomes (gaining something positive) (example: status and excitement)

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positive reinforcement

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allowed escape from an unpleasant event (losing something negative) (example- fear of ridicule)

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negative reinforcement

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gaining something negative

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positive punishment

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losing something positive

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negative punishment

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if the balance of ____ is greater than the balance of ____ you will engage in crime

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reinforcement, punishment

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the peer or other social context in which the actions take place, ones learned moral attitudes, and other social variables affect how much one experiences the intrinsic effects of substance use or committing certain acts as pleasurable and enjoyable or as frightening and unpleasant

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social reinforcement

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unconditioned physiological and physical stimuli

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nonsocial reinforcement

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the individual exercise of self-control, reinforcing or punishing one's own behavior by taking the role of others, even hen alone

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self-reinforcement

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refers to the engagement in behavior after the observation of similar behavior in others

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imitation

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(social learning theorist) identified the balance of social learning variables, including what they refer to as inverse imitation

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benoit

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(social learning theorists) found that delinquency is related to unstructured or unsupervised adolescent peer interaction....failed socialization

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osgood and anderson

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(one of the four dimensions of social structure) structural correlates of crime in the community that effect crime (age, composition, population density)

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differential social organization

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(one of the four dimensions of social structure) - characteristics that indicate your place in society such as race, gender, social status

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differential location

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(one of the four dimensions of social structure) concepts that identify criminogenic conditions of society, communities, or groups such as anomie, social disorganization, class depression, group conflict

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theoretically defined structural variables

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(one of the four dimensions of social structure) individuals membership within groups status among your peers..

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differential social location

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what is the magnitude of the majority of empirical studies between the social learning variables and delinquent behavior that is depicted in the social learning theory

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strong to moderate

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(social learning theorists) found support for all four social learning variables, but with a strong relationship between differential association and definitions and modest effects for reinforcement and imitation on crime and deviance

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pratt and cullen

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when explaining adolescent drug use and abuse social learning variables account for high amounts _____%

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31-68

question

in empirical studies, social learning variables account for high amounts of variance in using force to gain ______

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sexual assault

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in empirical studies, social learning variables predict the maintenance of _________

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smoking tobacco

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in empirical studies, social learning variables can also predict the drinking patterns of ____

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elderly

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bad peers may undermine prosocial family influences

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differential peer association

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(social learning theorists who researched peers and group context in crime and delinquency) - saw the influence of peer groups in two social networks involved in contagious nature of antisocial behavior (teenage peer groups are affected by both of the following: cohesion, structural equivalence

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jones and jones

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(concept found in the work of jones and jones) explains the network in which there is direct communication

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cohesion

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consists of people who occupy the same niche in society

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structural equivalence

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who provides the first opportunity for delinquent acts

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peer groups

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(Social learning theorist) brings about the idea of a virtual peer group- states that there is no factor in criminal and delinquent behavior as powerful as peer associations

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warr

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warr found that there is no factor in criminal and delinquent behavior as powerful as _______

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peer associations

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(social learning theorist) says that the more delinquent peers one has, the more likely one is to become delinquent, even when controlling for past delinquent behaviors

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haynie

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social learning research finds a strong influence of ____ membership on serious delinquency

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gang

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social learning theorists who found that gang membership greatly increases involvement in self reported and official delinquency

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currie, decker, and egley

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social learning theorist who found that controlling for prior delinquency, adolescents with delinquent friends are found to be delinquent and come before the juvenile court, even when not part of a gang

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battin

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found that both gang membership itself and delinquency are explained by social learning variables

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winfree

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found that social learning theory is better at distinguishing between gang and non-gang members

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esbensen and deschenes

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(socialization model) some researchers find that delinquents find delinquent friends instead of the other way around (selection model)

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gottfredson and hirschi, sampson

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social learning theorists who noted that peers are important in the initiation and continuance of substance use

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kandel and davies

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social learning theorist who found that adolescents change their behavior to bring about balance between the level of their delinquent involvement and that of their friends

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mcGloin

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social learning theorists who used longitudinal data to examine socialization and selective effects at various stages of development (middle adolescence, late adolescence, and young adulthood) - researchers found that selection effects in which antisocial behavior predicted peer delinquency were restricted only to middle adolescence, but socialization effects in which peer delinquency predicted later anti social behavior were in effect in both middle and late adolescence.

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monahan, steinberg, and cauffman

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social learning theorist who studied lower class hispanic adolescents who carried weapons, and found that friends affect decisions

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dijkstra

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social learning theorist who found that friends behavior and changes in group membership had significant effects on one's delinquency, but that one's delinquency had no significant net effects on selection of friends

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weerman

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research on social structure and social learning- differences have been found in levels of marijuana and alcohol use among adolescents in four types of communities, and for differences in overall levels of drinking behavior among the elderly in four types of communities, as well as cross national variation in homicide rates (support or no support?)

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support

question

determined that social learning theory variables mediate virtually all effects of gender, SES, age, family structure, and community size of adolescent deviance

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lee, akers, and borg

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examined binge drinking, but found no effects when controlling for age, gender, normative climate, and Greek life (THIS SUPPORTS AKERS THEORY)

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lanza-kaduce and capence

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accepts goals and means

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conformity

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accepts goals, creates own means (most frequent adaption)

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innovation

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rejects goals, reject the means and replace with new ones

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rebellion

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give up on both goals and means, become societal drop out

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retreatism

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reject the goal, and work to get by

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ritualism

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(american dream aspect of institutional anomie theory) people are valued based on what they achieve or possess or failure to achieve, failure to contribute

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achievement orientation

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(american dream aspect of institutional anomie theory) competitive rather than cooperative

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individualism

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(american dream aspect of institutional anomie theory) creates the normative expectation that all members of American society must desire and strive for the same success goals

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universalism

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(american dream aspect of institutional anomie theory) accumulation of monetary wealth as an end....money is valued over possessions or power it can weild

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fetishism of money

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(messner and rosenfield) the social protection that allows members of society to be less dependent on the economy

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decommodification

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characterized by due process and fair procedure determined by established legal principles and rules

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formal rationality

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characterized by the fairness of the actual outcome of the process judged according to the interests or ideology of particular individuals or groups

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substantive rationality

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crimes that are wrong in themselves, and that would be abhorred by society even if not condemned by the law

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mala in se

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wrong only even if not condemned by the law (ex. sexual behavior, drugs, alcohol,etc)

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mala prohibita

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capitalists

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bourgeoisie

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workers or masses who only have labor to sell

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proletariat

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any worker who does not recognize this objective interest and identifies with what the bourgeois class possesses

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false class consciousness

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if the masses ever reach the point of fully recognizing their repression by the elite, they will organize, revolt, and overthrow the system.

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crisis of legitimacy

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theory of the politcal state as only and always an instrument of the capitalist class

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instrumental marxism

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view the political state as having "relative autonomy" meaning that the state is not totally under domination of the ruling elite, and the law is not always just an instrument for the promotion of its interests

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structuralist marxism

question

the application of marxist theory through deliberate actions to bring about social change

answer

praxis

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