question

Amendment ratified in 1967, VP will become president in case of presidential disability with the assent of the principal officers of congress and the majority of the cabinet (18)

answer

25th Amendment

question

what/how the public thinks about given issues, difficult to determine, federal government doesn't always listen. framers did not intend gov't to be fully responsive to this.

answer

public opinion

question

process by which background traits influence one's political views - family, religion, gender, schooling, and information

answer

political socialization

question

right to vote shall not be abridged on account of race

answer

15th amendment

question

a constitutional amendment giving full rights of citizenship to all people born or naturalized in the United States, except for American Indians --> due process and equal protection under the law, meaning that civil liberties that had existed on the federal level had to be protected on the state level as well

answer

14th amendment

question

abolishes slavery - servitude not allowed unless to punish crime, but doesn't extend citizenship to slaves, nor does it enfranchise them (right to vote)

answer

13th amendment

question

this is guaranteed by article 1, section two - citizens have right to do this for the house of representatives. this is barred from individuals under 18 and convicted felons

answer

right to vote

question

created by state legislatures, proctored by the states, tests designed to bar african-americans or minorities from being able to vote through an arbitrary system. these were made illegal by the voting right act of 1965

answer

literacy tests

question

provision that said that if your father or grandfather or ancestors had voted before 1867, you would inherit the right to vote. this allowed white voters to be exempted from literacy tests. this was declared unconstitutional in 1915

answer

grandfather clause

question

citizens paid a tax to register to vote, barring most former slaves from voting because of their impoverished state. these were abolished by the 24th amendment.

answer

poll tax

question

kept blacks from voting through arbitrary use of registration requirements and intimidation

answer

white primary

question

enfranchises women, who had previously been kept from voting because a) people assumed families would vote the same way and b) sexism. this came about because of the huge role women played in wwii

answer

19th amendment

question

gave 18+ the right to vote - people had objected to people being drafted before they could vote.

answer

26th amendment

question

people could register to vote at the DMV

answer

motor voter law

question

people who are registered to vote - don't have to register unless you move.

answer

registered voters

question

1913, direct election of the populace. ended the role state legislatures had in choosing senators, since reformers felt the senate was too much of a millionaire's club, and wasn't held accountable to the people.

answer

17th amendment

question

1960, about gerrymandering contained in alabama's 1957 local act 140. changes precedent set in colgrove. racial gerrymandering is unconstitutional

answer

golmillion v. lightfoot

question

restructuring of the district boundaries of a town or municipality for political gain

answer

gerrymandering

question

1962 in tennessee, federal government has the ability to intervene in a state's redistricting to ensure fairness because redistricting is not just a political question

answer

baker v. carr

question

1964 in georgia, about voting rights -districts should be around the same population

answer

wesberry v. sanders

question

1946, legislatures, not courts, have the final authority to draw electoral districts. overturned in golmillion

answer

colgrove v. green

question

people who rarely vote and are not part of political organizations. these people make up 20-25% of the electorate

answer

inactives

question

people who vote but don't do mutch else

answer

specialists

question

individuals who are very educated and wealthy, are typically white and middle aged, and participate in all forms of government.

answer

complete activist

question

individuals who are active on campaigns and vote

answer

campaigners

question

individuals who are bipartisans, and participate in community affairs

answer

communalists

question

people who are uninvolved in campaigns and voting but call local officials with issues that are often personal.

answer

parochial

question

madison - factions are unavoidable due to divisions inherent in human nature. thus, government must be designed in such a way that the excesses of faction will be checked. the gov't of the us is best suited to do so because of the system of checks and balances and because of the large geography of the country.

answer

Federalist 10

question

interest groups are controlled by a variety of constitutional provisions, including the separation of powers and checks and balances. moreover, groups are checked because of their inability to claim the total loyalty of their members. government cannot function without parties because without, it's extremely difficult to represent everyone.

answer

Party Government - E. E. Schattschneider

question

british author, democratic government suports discussion that begins with political parties, proceeds to the electorate, and moves to the legislature and executive. political parties facilitate rational electoral choice and bridge the gap between people and government. plurality necessary for discussion, 2 party system limits discussion

answer

The Party Model of Government - Sir Ernest Barker

question

from wattenberg - mobilize majorities, foster stability in government, attract political interest, override dangers of sectionalism, legitimize decisions of government, accrue political leadership, institutionalize, socialize, and channel conflict, provide symbols for ID/loyalty, play to need of human being part of a group, implement policy objectives, organize dissent, articulate political perspectives, maintain a popular majority

answer

functions/uses of political parties

question

pattern of partisan attachments persist, majority of elections fall in this category. --> political continuity bc of the lack of serious upheavals and continuation of the major political party. these elections do not represent major changes in parties or the electorate - 1972, 1988

answer

maintaining election

question

permanent realignments of the electorate representing basic changes in political attitudes. these can be predicted in state/midterm elections. ex: 1928 -> 1932 election, 1980

answer

critical elections

question

temporary shifts within the electorate due to personality or other characteristics of a candidate. ex: eisenhower 1952 1956, 1992

answer

deviating elections

question

return to normal voting patterns as a result of the demise of the temporary forces that caused the deviating election. ex: 1960 jfk

answer

reinstating elections

question

held at the end of the summer for each major party, meeting of party delegates held every four years

answer

party convention

question

member of a party who is sent to the convention, typically party pures/activists, selection processes differ by states

answer

party delegates

question

democratic primaries, elected officials made delegates - 14% of delegates, so that there's more influence and control for elected officials/interests of party elites are represented

answer

superdelegates

question

money raised by a party; Political Contributions earmarked for party-building expenses at the grass-roots level or for generic party advertising. Unlike money that goes to the campaign of a particular candidate, such party donations are not subject to contribution limits. For a time, such contributions were unlimited, until they were banned by the McCain-Feingold Act.

answer

soft money

question

Political contributions given to a party, candidate, or interest group that are limited in amount and fully disclosed.

answer

hard money

question

committees to raise money for congressional or senatorial committees

answer

congressional/senatorial campaign committees

question

NON-CONSTITUTIONAL version, essentially preemptive strike, popularized by Bush in Iraq

answer

preemption doctrine

question

The concept that federal law takes precedent over state or local law. The issue is decided by evaluating whether the federal government has 'occupied the field' of regulation; happening to go further than the fed does not mean state action is constitutional

answer

preemption doctrine

question

idea that the democrats have more diverse delegates - more heterogenous, as opposed to the Republicans, because of differences in methods of selecting differences (favor minorities, diversity)

answer

american mosaic

question

feeling of belonging to a group. ex: league of women voters

answer

solidary incentives

question

patronage, more prevalent w/ political machines, 'perks - for immigrants, jobs, $, social welfare

answer

tangible incentives

question

prompts to join because of principle above all else

answer

ideological incentives

question

organization's ideals join with a political party, party supports the interest of your group. ex: UAW in detroit

answer

sponsorial incentive

question

prompted to join because of your/a candidate's characteristics

answer

personal incentives

question

1950, Report of the Committee on Political Parties - essay is pro political parties, believe they're necessary for the efficacy of government. argues a 2 party system should aggregate disparate political interests and present programmatic choices to the electorate (a platform). failure to do so creates a danger of overextending the presidency, making the president the sole voice of the party.

answer

Toward a More Responsible Two Party System

question

method of electing the President, makes it difficult for third parties to catch hold (are often incorporated into the two major parties), states decided on a plurality/winner-take-all system (some proportional states)

answer

electoral college

question

voters who are very involved and more vocal, typically party delegates/people who vote in primaries, making the incumbent move further right/left to win the nomination again

answer

activists

question

voters who ID with party but are not as extreme as activists. represent the bulk of the party and tend to vote in the general election, bringing the race's platforms/view/ideas closer to the center

answer

rank and file

question

principled, issues-oriented delegates who are often young activists

answer

new delegates

question

first phase of an election, candidates run against others in their party to receive the party's nomination. because mostly more extreme voters turn out for this, the candidate must appeal to these voters to win nomination, potentially causing problems in the next phase.

answer

primary

question

second phase of an election, the candidates of the two parties run against one another in an election that the electorate votes on. activists, rank-and-file, and independents turn out for this, meaning that positions candidates take in this phase of the race are more centrist than positions taken in primaries

answer

general election

question

issues on which the public is ivided and candidates have opposing views on the issue itself. ex - abortion

answer

position issue

question

issues on which there is a common view about whether action on a topic is good or bad - differences come in methods for solving/handling the issue or how strongly a party stands on an issue. ex - economy, law and order

answer

valence

question

advantages of this include - ease of reelection, name recognition, experience, networks and relationships, record, committed, electorate, services to constituents, and MONEY. a pres has command of the media, a representative has the sophomore surge

answer

power of incumbency

question

different population sizes in a district, imbalance in apportionment

answer

malapportionment

question

1964, alabama, establishes principle of one man, one vote - districts that are unrepublican and therefore violate the 14th amendment must be reapportioned

answer

reynolds v. sims

question

1993 case in NC with majority-minority districts, court ruled it was an example of racial gerrymandering and thus these districts were unconstitutional. the case was a problem of reverse discrimination.

answer

shaw v. reno

question

one of Hannah Pitkin's concepts of representation - vote for someone based on descripors like race, ethnicity, religion

answer

descriptive representation

question

vote for someone based on the issues and the positions candidates take, one of Pitkin's concepts of representation

answer

substantive representation

question

political theorist who came up with two types of representation, decriptive and substantive representation

answer

hannah pitkin

question

british diplomat opposed to republican system, member of parliament in late 1700s/early 1800s. broke representation down into 2 categories, a delegate and a trustee

answer

endumnd burke

question

Burke's first category of representation, vote someone in who will represent as closely as possible the views of those in the district

answer

delegate

question

Burke's second category of representation, grant someone the ability to choose on issues and entrust them with decision-making process. burke favored this because he believed it would provide an elite, stable view because it would check mob rule.

answer

trustee

question

for campaigns, comes from government, funded through taxpayers.

answer

public money

question

money from individuals, non governmental sources including pacs, organizations, corporations, and unions

answer

private money

question

expenditures by PAC, coporation, or a super PAc in their own interest. they advocate for what they want, so these are issue-oriented rather than candidate oriented (supposedly)

answer

independent expenditures

question

money that a campaign spends for a candidate

answer

expenditure

question

money that an individual/pac gives to a candidate's campaign

answer

contribution

question

nixon scandal involving CREEP, led to discoveries of campaign finance violations (1925 law which was unenforced bc lack of FEC), leads to 1973-1974 law

answer

watergate

question

in response to Nixon, creates more campaign finance rules and creates the FEC (Federal Election Commission) to regulate and enforce campaign finance & laws

answer

1974 Campaign Finance Law

question

A six-member bipartisan agency which enforces campaign finance laws.

answer

FEC

question

1976, challenge to the 1974 campaign finance law under first amendment rights. written as a PER CURIAM case (no spec author/majority/dissent). Decision: expenditures can't be limited, but contributions can

answer

Buckley v. Valeo

question

AKA Bipartisan Campaign Finance Reform Act of 2002 (has been changed bc of Cit Utd) - banned soft money, limits individual contributions, puts 60 day before limit on independent expenditures (doesn't limit amt spent, just time frame), & regulates PAC contributions

answer

McCain-Feingold Act

question

202, challenges McCain Feingold under free speech, especially limitations on independent expenditures. mccain feingold is largely upheld.

answer

McConnell v. FEC

question

2010 decision, declared McCain-Feingold's ban on independent expenditures unconstitutional because a corporation's corporate identity was not enough grounds for the court to limit its right to free speech.

answer

Citizens United v. FEC

question

V. O. Key, Jr's essay that expresses confidence in the voters, argues that they actually act as rationally and repsonsibly as we should expect given what they're fed - images candidates, campaigns project

answer

The Responsible Electorate

question

Daniel Ortiz - campaign finance reform, in attempting to ensure equal speech/democracy, violates democracy because a) says voters are civically incompetent and b) dictates terms of electoral participation. Personally, I have a problem with this essay because despite what Key argues, we know that voters aren't actually that competent and vote off of what they're provided (see The Responsible Electorate)

answer

The Democratic Paradox of Campaign Finance Reform

question

#1 activity of lobbyists - speak directly to legislators, influential congressman

answer

Testifying at Hearings

question

Matt Bai's essay arguing that the problem with lobbying/washington is the politicians, not the lobbyists, because politicians are so determined to keep their seat and see $ as the way to do that.

answer

Laws for Sale

question

actions of a lobby in court, use this method against a particular law they dislike

answer

litigation

question

lobby giving $ to campaigns, seeking to gain political favor

answer

campaign contributions

question

AKA mass mobilization, works with individuals in the lobby to rally support - sending letters, etc.

answer

grassroots lobbying

question

cleavages in society, increasing weakness of political parties, expansion of gov't since 1960s, us v. harris upheld constitutionality of lobbying, 501c3 and 501c4, leaders with money and ideological drive (Nader)

answer

causes of the proliferation of special interest groups

question

special kind of interest group that advances its cause by bringing law suits to challenge existing practices or purposed regulations, typically liberal. ex: ACLU, NAACP Legal Defense Fund

answer

public interest law firm

question

1954 case that upheld the constitutionality of lobbying

answer

US v. Harris

question

public interest groups that do research and disseminate findings. ex - Brookings, Hoover, AEI

answer

think tanks

question

Jeffery M. Berry - if gov't doesn't allow people to pursue their self-interest, it takes away their political freedom. task of free society to structure government in a way that will filter special intersts and advance the national interest. Leap of faith - that interests would cancel each other out. madison's ideal was pluralism. Berrycites Dahl - factions in New Haven unregulated, but pluralism meant one couldn't control the system

answer

Madison's Dilemma

question

David B. Truman - watering down interest groups oppresses concurrent majorities, most important interests = interests of those affected. See Calhoun - system in which major interest groups can dominate policy process more in accord with constitutional democracy than Constitution, Fed 10's system

answer

The Governmental Process

question

should take into account the big, most affected interest groups rather than the whole nation. comes from compact theory, Calhoun

answer

Concurrent Majority

question

Pendleton Herring - interest groups work with congress to promote policy change. however, if the gov is over responsive then this may lead to inefficiency.

answer

The Role of Interest Groups in Government

question

prominent Republican who used fax machines to oppose President Clinton's healthcare proposal

answer

William Kristol

question

raise $ through mail - teasers, personal, importance of document

answer

direct-mail solicitation

question

private grants from foundations that approve of an interest group's cause or purpose

answer

foundation grants

question

contracts or grants given by government to projects undertaken by groups that are typically private or religious

answer

federal grants

question

move to cut money from nonprofits (fed grants) that conservatives called liberal. part of devolution.

answer

"Defund the Left"

question

government workers make behind the scene deal with private lobbies to get jobs and in return favor the private group. this is restricted - must wait 2 years. ex: Jody Powell

answer

revolving door

question

1931, dealt with the issue of prior restraint - removed right of government to restrict what's published (imposition of prior restraint)

answer

Near v. Minnesota

question

this reason to limit the media's free speech rights can only be proven if malicious intent in publishing can be found.

answer

libel

question

1964 - montgomery, Al - reports of police brutality related to Alabama State College and student demonstrations w/ Civil Rights movement --> demonstrators publish an ad in the NYT relaying the events of demonstrations (exag) w/ vague pronouns. Sullivan (police commissioner) says he's being defamed and sues under libel & trial judge + alabama supreme court both rule in his favor, accepting the argument that "they" implied sullivan. however, the court reverses and remands (sends back to lower court), ruling that a) there was no explicit malice (aforethought) and b) essentially, public figures can be criticized because if you call some speech libel it deters constructive speech - assume some degree of abuse (madison), voices of many are essential (learned hand). written by brennan on the warren court. IMPORTANT BC ESTABLISHES MALICE STANDARD.

answer

new york times v. sullivan

question

role of national media to control what information people know and facilitate discussion

answer

gatekeeper

question

role of national media to keep track of political reputations

answer

scorekeeper

question

role of national media to keep watch on political figures/national figures, affairs. ex - muckrakers

answer

watchdog

question

info leaked to the media to see how people will react. ex: leak of a condi pick for the romney campaign

answer

trial baloon

question

Hedrick Smith's 1988 book about government in washington - highlights change in power politics ain washington and the enormous role of lobbyists, staff, and the reporters

answer

power game

question

23rd President of the United States (1833-1901), presidents from him to reagan (power game) had attended the press dinner at the gridiron club

answer

benjamin harrison

question

body that governs the TV/Radio

answer

FCC

question

rule governing advertisement - if you provide one candidate time, you must provide the other candidate the same opportunity/rates

answer

equal time rule

question

rule - report on one side, must provide opposing viewpoint. FCC no longer uses an instead relies on competition of news to provide for dissemination of multiple viewpoints. this has led to the rise of controversial talkshows (shoutout to rush)

answer

fairness doctrine

question

a survey of public opinion

answer

poll

question

method of selecting from a population in which each person has an equal probability of being selected

answer

random sample

question

the difference between the results of random samples taken at the same time

answer

sampling error

question

polls based on interviews conducted on election day with randomly selected voters

answer

exit polls

question

some people care more about certain issues than other people do

answer

opinion saliency

question

on some issues or choices, opinions are pretty steady, while on others, they are volatile

answer

opinion stability

question

one some issues gov in sync with popular views, while on others, out of sync

answer

opinion-policy congruence

question

difference in political views between men and women

answer

gender gap

question

a more or less consistent set of beliefs about what policies government ought to pursue

answer

political ideology

question

a standard of right or proper conduct

answer

norm

question

citizens who are eligible to vote after reaching the minimum age requirement

answer

voting-age population

question

people who are registered to vote

answer

registered voters

question

gov printed ballot of uniform dimensions to be cast in private adopted around 1890 to reduce problems with voting fraud and public voting

answer

australian ballot

question

voting for candidates of different parties for various offices in the same election

answer

split ticket

question

voting for candidates who are all of the same party

answer

straight ticket

question

ballot listing candidates of a given office under the name of that office, AKA a massachusetts ballot

answer

office-bloc ballot

question

ballot listing all candidates of a given party together under the name of that party, aka an indiana ballot

answer

party-column ballot

question

delgates who run party affairs between national conventions

answer

national committee

question

day-to-day party manager elected by the national committee

answer

national chairman

question

party that values principled stands on issues above all else

answer

ideological party

question

a local or state political party that is largely supported by another organization in the community

answer

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