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Explain the Renaissance philosophy of how one should view the human body. Explain the Reformation philosophy of the human body.

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The ideal of the universal or Renaissance man is one who is well-rounded and includes the use of the body to develop discipline and character. The Reformation believed that the body housed the soul and could not be denigrated because it was the temple of God.

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Name the most studied philosophy of Renaissance and its influence. What was the new group of Renaissance called and explain its influence.

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Scholasticism, evidence in the emphasis placed on intellect and mind in our educational system. Humanists made PE become valued due to the idea of a universal man who was skillled in martial arts, games and sports, cultivated interest in the arts, sciences and languages and was well traveled and well mannered.

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What bias existed during Reformation that still burdens PE today? What 2 scholars continued to place a burden on PE during the Reformation?

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We have to continually justify playful activities as being educational. Martin Luther and John Calvin.

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Name 3 philosophers of science who had the goal of understanding the world, in a systematic treasoned way in common and their greastest contribution to science.

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Galileo-We observe through our senses and the copernican (sun-centered) view of the solar system. Newton-the 3 laws of motion: an object in motion stays in motion, force=mass x acceleration, and every action has an equal and opposite reaction. Bacon-Classification of the sciences in a logical order to determine their fileds of inquiry and to obtain answers to major problems.

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Name the educator philosopher who believed in a sound mind in a sound body philosophy.

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John Locke

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Name 3 philosophers of the 18th century and one idea from each about PE.

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Rousseau-Children should be outdoors and active and have recess. Basedow-Philanthropinum view that half of each 10 hour school day was to be spent of bodily activities. Gutsmuths-Believed the way to developed health was though his gymnastics program that served to harmonize the mind and body.

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What are the 3 pimary subjects idealism investigates? (Triangle)

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The existence of God, the personal self, and the acquisition of valid knowledge.

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Name apply and explain the 5 positions of idealism to PE.

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1. Student educators must ask whether they will aspire to become educators or mere technicians who simply train and mold the body without regards to personal, moral and spiritual development of their students. 2. Values-have a moral imperative that goes against sport as big business. 3. Objectives-holds that acievement of a superior life is the objective of the student. 4. Curriculum-ideal centered with emphasis on the development of self toward perfection so far as this is possible. 5. Evaluation Criteria-outcomes of PE are analyzed as to the extent they contribute to the development of the student in areas of social interaction, self confidence, physical growth, etc.

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Name 2 physical educators who devoted their efforts to promoting health and exercise for women. Name the exercise system not identified with the German or Swedish system and explain its mode, design, and purpose.

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Catherine Beecher and Dioclesian Lewis. Beecher's system of calisthenics. Has a mode of curing distortions, particularly all tendencies to curvature of the spine. Promotes grace of movement and easy manners. It is structured around 26 lessons in physiology and 2 in calisthenics, one for school classroom and one for exercise hall. Students develop beautiful and strong bodies using light exercises with the use of light weights.

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What association began to legitimize PE?

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The American Association for the Advancement of Physical Education (AAAPE) which later becomes the American Physical Education Association (APEA)

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What was the 19th century concept of health and how did it change by the 20th centuy? What specificall led to the shift away from the old concept of health and what defined a healthy human being by 1900s?

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PE was concerned with health promotion and the prevention of disease (gymnastics and calisthenics). The understanding of germs and connection to disease led to a concept of health which included social interactions and behavioral aspects. New medicine techniques such as innoculations,purification of water and milk (pastuerization) etc. Social interaction and behavioral action defined a healthy human being not just mind, body and will.

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In the early 20th century how was athletic competition in college governed? Describe 3 problems with the way athletic competition was governed. What 2 parties helped kep college athletes eligible.

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Athletic Associations controlled by students and alumni. No national governing body to effectively oversee competitions, students and coaches of questionable character enrolled to play sports, and PE departments became partners in crime with athletics to protect gifted athletes. Coaches and PE departments.

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In 1918, what formed to promote athletic competition?

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National College Athletic Association (NCAA)

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In the 1920s what did physical educators like Fredrick Cozens long desire to prove? What did Frederick Rogers' cited literature reveal?

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A positive relationship exists between physical and mental ability. A negative correlation exists between mental and physical ability.

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Renaissance

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1300-1550, characterized by secular influences on thought and culture, the development of nations, and urban economies based on trade and commerce; intellectual reawakening confined primarily to upper class and nobility

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Reformation

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religious reawakening that affected all of western civilation; effort to reform the church and return it to the ways of the original christians; formed many of our curent attitudes towads sport and education

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Scholasticism

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tried to prove that reason and faith were consistent with each other; highly intellectual

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Humanists

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the ideal of the universal or renaissance man; focused on humans as opposed to other worldly or heavenly concerns; valued knowledge for its ability to expand awareness of the world

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Petrus Paulus Vergerius

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Renaissance italian humanist; true founder of the new education-his book De Ingenuis Moribus descirbed the basic ideas in which humanist education was built; purpose of PE was to prepare for military

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Vittorino da Feltre

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Renaissance italian humanist; developed the 1st school to blend the spirit of christianity with both the classics and greek concepts of PE, Gymnasium Palatinum; 1st modern schoolmaster. 1st to incorpoate PE as an important part of the educational curriculum during renaissance

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Aeneas Silvio Piccolomini

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Renaissance italian humanist; later became Pope Pius II, wrote De Liberorum Educatione: children should be taught to use the bow and sling , thow spears, ride horses, and swim to be good soldiers; believed in the general well-being of students

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Baldassare Castiglione

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wrote The courtier to teach young aristocrats how to behave at court, emphasized the well-rounded individual

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William of Ockham

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Reformist philosopher: Ockham's Razor-the simplest explanation may the best or correct answer; argued use of the body and sensation as a way of knowing reality

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Desiderius Erasmus

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famous for use of humanistic scholarship and literature to ciriticize the catholic church as a political institution; wrote The Praise of Folly which argued that the human race owed its existence to folly rather than the methods of reason. Also wrote Education of a Christian Prince which argued for lower taxes, less war, fewer monastaries and more schools

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Martin Luther

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Reformationist; wrote 95 theses condemning the selling of indulgences, put religion directly of the shoulders of the individual-choose their own beliefs; saw PE as a waste of time

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John Calvin

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great impact on modern sport; The Principles of Christian Religion-rejected the humanist concern with earthy excellence and turned men's thought to the afterworld: spend time on the spirit not on the body; believed in Predestination; if you were not working you were wasting god's time

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Thomas Elyot

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Wrote Book of the Governor which argued that gentlemen should be versed in literature, science and philosophy, writing and fighting, and read greek and speak modern languages, dance and make music, and read and write poetry; society was composed of inherited degrees; pleasure is not at the heart of PE and sport: claimed exercise aided digestion, increased one;s appetite, helped one live longer, warmed the body, raised one's metabolism, and cleansed the body of its waste

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Roger Ascham

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English Humanist, wrote the schoolmaster which advocated for the study of latin and greek as a means of obtaining a liberal arts education; appreciated the value of exercise as a means of resting the mind so that it may be sharper at a later time

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Leonardo Da Vinci

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quintessential renaissance man, studied human anatomy by dissecting corpses and educated those interested in exercise and kinesiology

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Michelangelo

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gifted genius also studied anatomy and sculpted David, the most perfect form of the human body

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The Age of Science

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1560-1688 the use of science to create new laws; used new ways of thinking to understand our bodies and explain how they function

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The Enlightenment

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1688-1789; a new way of thinking would enlighten the thoughts and behaviors of the civilized world; positive impact on PE and sport

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Galileo Galilei

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italian astronomer and physicist: sun is at center of solar system, legitimized the use of the senses instead of the church to acquire knowledge

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Francis Bacon

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used the methods of philosophy to justify and legitimize the use of science, developed an organizational scheme of what could be learned by science; believed in developing general rules and standards from particular experiences

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Isaac Newton

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english mathematician and phsysicist: Principia explained his 3 laws of motion

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Thomas Hobbes

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english philosopher argued that philosophy is what can be observed and reality is composed solely of matter in motion-separated philosophy and religion and mind was only a product of chemicals and atoms interacting with each other

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Rene Descartes

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french mathematician and philosopher; knowledge can be created from simple ideas and developed into more complex ideas and knowledge is not valid unless we are certain it is aunthentic. "I think therefore I am"

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George Berkeley

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irish philosopher and anglican bishop known for idealism. all that exists is that which is perceived or perceives; sensible qualities of objects are nothing but ideas of the mind, physical objects are nothing more than their sensible qualities, and therefore physical objects are nothing but ideas in the mind

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realism

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being human is natural and not necessarily evil ana an individual can change his o he life on earth for the better; 3 schools: humanist, social and sense

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Francois Rabelais

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french educational theorist emphasizes development of the whole person-education should integrate social, moral, spiritual and physical aspects of life

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Richard Mulcaster

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English schoolmaster who believed the purpose of education was to develop both the mind and the body and the senses were the best means of doing so-experience was more important; teaching should be adapted to the learner, father of including sport in the curriculum

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Michel de Montiagne

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french essayist who believed our experiences are valid and senses are an important means by which we learn, we have a mind that can be experienced when we think; mind and body were one unit

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John Comenius

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Czech theologian; exercise served as a respite from other parts of the learning process; PE exists to refresh the body and enable students to be more efficient

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John Locke

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social realist; influenced "life, liberty and property" in constitution; mind was a blank slate on which the senses of the body acted, sound mind sound body

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Jean-Jacques Rousseau

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the will of the people constituted a kind of social contract that was the basis of society, each person needed to be educated in a way that would make him/her a good citizen; the ideal educational system should follow the whims of nature and make the educational process as natural as possible-mind and body work in harmony-body was a primary importance in learning and needed to be developed and made healthy before the mind could develop; promoted education of women

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Johann Bernhard Basedow

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german educational innovator; emphasized the use of the senses in the learning process and used nature as a guide-treat children as children not small adults; half of each ten hour school day was to be spent on bodily activities

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Johann Friedrich GutsMuths

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legitimized the profession of physical education; believed many educational institutions were unaware of the value of gymnastics or PE. nation should promote health of its people to become a stronger nation

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idealism

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the existence of god, the self, and acquistion of knowledge. reality is mind-the entire universe is that which is conceived by mind

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metaphysical idealism

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analyzes the universe as a pyschic or mental reality: can be logically deduced

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epistemological idealism

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approaches the study and actual identification of reality with mentally knowable data: limited to relaity determined by the mind

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Immanuel Kant

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German idealist who believed our conscious experience provides unity and order and the world is represented to us by our physical senses and the sensory input we receive. 5 main ideas: moral law, categorical imperative, freedom, immortality, and God.

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Niccolo Machiavelli

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italian philosopher, statesman and author who believed the end justifies the means

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Johann Fichte

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reality is a moral purposeful will and the phenomenal world in which we live in was designed to nuture that will; mind would be at a disadvantage without a healthy and fit body

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Georg Hegel

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man has the capacity to reason the nature of ultimate reality through thesis, antithesis, and synthesis; unity throughout the universe

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Johann Heinrich Pastlozzi

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3 elements compose education of the young: intellectual education, moral education and practical education (PE)

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Friedrich Wilhelm August Froebel

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stressed that his students appreciate the unity or oneness in all things through self-activity that sought to encourage: observation, discovery and creativity; play reduces stress and builds character and moral development

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Friedrich Ludwig Jahn

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Berlin gymnastics teacher that lead prussian revolt against Napoleon; created the German league providing patriots with a means for expressing their anger with french; organized 1st turnfest (outdoor gymnastics festival) and soon after created Turners-gymnastics/PE society with a political/patriotic agenda

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Charles Follen

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was a member of Jahn's army and fled to Switzerland and then the us after the war to spread gymnastics. taught at harvard where he was granted permission to teach gymnastics; later taught at Boston Gymnasium

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Charles Beck

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follower of Jahn who also moved to switzerland and then the US after the war for fear of danger to teach in Northhampton, MA at Round Hill School; credited as 1st PE teacher in America

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Francis Lieber

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third provider for the basis of PE in America and follower of Jahn, escaped to london and then accepted an offer to replace Follen at Boston Gymnasium

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Franz Nachtegall

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father of PE in Denmark, established the 1st institution for physical training to be opened in modern times. got gymnastics to be a requirement in school systems in Denmark. created the Normal School to educate teachers

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Per Henrik Ling

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developed swedish system of gymnastics grounded in aesthetic, military, pedagogical and medical aspects of exercise. simpler verion of gymnastics and equipment; boring and did not catch on well

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germ theory

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everything has germs: Pasteur-pastuerized things to get rid of germs but then lost the nutrients

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technological advance of the 1900s

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medical technology. vaccinations/innoculations start, pastuerization starts, exercise is beneficial but they don't know how. if we sleep more, exercise and eat better it makes us healthier.

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1885 Boston Conference

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"Battle of the Systems" What PE system should be put into our schools? American Way-hasn't changed much since then. do not need military gymnastics, instead do calisthenics.

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Dio Lewis

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claimed to be a medical doctor that can cure (lie) targeted domestic women who would need bone/muscle mass. advocated women's suffrage and selling alcohol. hired Catherine Beecher-1st person to do calisthenics in schools

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1900s traingle becomes...

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mind, self-control and will. poor behavior and social interaction still allowed us to get sick

question

sport in 20th century

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1900-1916 sport comes into play and dominates. coach becomes the most important person to talk to who are generally uneducated

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play theory

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PE contributed to the health of the individual, physical activity was a major component of character development, and PE was committed to the development of research theory and methodology; reinforced the idea that gross motor exercise through play developed those positive qualities called character

question

holistic view of PE

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developed in 1930 by Hetherington; PE was committed to the whole being yet had to separate and fragment the various aspects of the individual for analysis and measurement

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