question

Paleolithic period

answer

Nomad; stone age/stone artifacts; twining, braiding, weaving, coiling to strengthen material. cave paintings We now know that by about 400,000 BCE early peoples were makig primitive stone tools, which has led historians to refer to this time as the Paleolithic period. During this period,which lasted until about 7000 BCE, people survived as gathers and hunters, usually dwelling in caves or temporary shelters.

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Nomads

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led roaming lives, always in search of new food sources. , People with no permanent home, who move from place to place in search of food, water, or pasture Homeless, independent people who lead roaming lives, always in search of pasturage for their flocks

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Neolithic period

answer

Settled communities began to emerge - usually dated between 7000 and 3000 BCE. This term stems from the new stone tools that came into use at that time. These tools were used to manage crops and animals - leading to fundamental changes in civilzation. Dividing line between anthropology and history; the term itself refers to the new stone tools that came ito use at this time.

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Sustained agriculture

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made it possible for a stable and secure life

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Neolithic farmers

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usually raised more food than they could consumer - so hteir surpluses permitted larger, healthier populations. This caused a need for greater reliance on settled farming. Food could be bartered for other commodities

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Neolithic era

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witness the beginnings of the large-scale exchange of goods

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Artisians

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skilled workers and mostly are Sumerians , skilled workers who make goods by hand

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Developments

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led to the further evolution of towns and a whole new way of life

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irrigation

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the solution to the problem of arid climates and scant water supplies, a system of watering land and draining to prevent buildup of salt in the soil

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Stonehenge

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Seen in regal isolation, Stonehenge sits among the stars and in April 1997 was along the path of the comet Hale-Bopp, long before Druids existed, a Neolithic society laboriously built this circle to mark the passing of seasons , a prehistoric monument on Salisbury Plain, Wiltshire, England, consisting of a large circle of megaliths surrounding a smaller circle and four massive trilithons(3 stone construction); dating to late Neolithic and early Bronze Age. The stones are made sarsen (a type of limestone) and bluestones (various volcanic rocks)

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Mesopotamia

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Greek name for the land between Euphrates and Tigris Rivers. , first civilization located between the Tigris & Eurphrates Rivers in present day Iraq; term means "land between the rivers;" Sumerian culture

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Fundamental innovation of the Sumerians

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creation of writing, which evolved from a tool for recording business transactions to the means of promoting and preserving cultural ideas

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Sumerians

answer

Their origins are mysterious, established a number of cities in the southernmost part of Mesopotamia - became known as Sumer. , The people who dominated southern Mesopotamia through the end of the third millennium B.C.E. They were responsible for the creation of many fundamental elements of Mesopotamian culture-such as irrigation technology, cuneiform, and religious conceptions.

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Sumer

answer

an area in the southern region of Babylonia in present-day Iraq, An ancient region of southern Mesopotamia which rose around 3300 B.C. The first empire that ruled in Mesopotamia and is credited with inventing writing. Page 5

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Cuneiform

answer

an ancient wedge-shaped script used in Mesopotamia and Persia , A system of writing in which wedge-shaped symbols represented words or syllables. It originated in Mesopotamia and was used initially for Sumerian and Akkadian but later was adapted to represent other languages of western Asia. Because so many symbols had to be learned, literacy was confined to a relatively small group of administrators and scribes. It is from the Latin term fro "wedge shaped" used to describe the strokes of the stylus

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Polytheism

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The worship of several gods; this was the tradition of Egyptian religion. , the belief that there are many gods who exist within the universe (are immanent to the universe) and did not create the universe, but rather, control the order in the universe Notall gods were equal. Some had very important jobs, taking care of music, law, sex and victory. While toehrs had lesser tasks, overseeing leatherworking and basketweaving

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Mesopotamian Gods

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were powerful and immortal and could make themselves invisible. They also could be irritable, vindictive, and irresponsible. Motives of Gods were not clear.

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Ziggurat

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is a stepped tower that dominated the landscape of the sumerian city. Surrounded by a walled enclosure, it stood as a monument to the gods. Monumental stairs led to the top where sacrifices were offered for the welfare of the community

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Scribes

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were the professionals who used the complicated Sumerian system of writing - only students from wealthy families that were male coudl learn it. Each school had a master, teachers and monitors. Discipline was strict and studetns were caned for sloppy work and misbehavior.

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Geometry

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there was a need for practical knowledge because of building cities, palaces, temples and canals.

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math

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made significant advances in mathematics using a numerical system based on units of sixty, ten, and six. They also developed the concept of place value. The value of a number depends on where it stands in relation to other numbers

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Nobles

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the top level of Sumerian society; consisted of the king and his family, the chief priests, and high palace officials

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Clients

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Free men and women who were dependent on the nobility; in return for their labor they receivd small plots of land to work for themselves

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Patriarchal

answer

societies in which most power is held by older adult men. especially those from the elite groups

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Fact:

answer

Early hunters created a stable life by relying on sustained agriculture that in turn led to the creation of villages and small towns

question

Fact:

answer

The Mesopotamian civilization of Sumer used irrigation and created a centrally organizaed urban society

question

Fact:

answer

Sumerian scribes, trained in schools where they were subject to corporal punishment; used wedge-shaped cuneiform writing to represent words and ideas phonetically

question

Fact:

answer

Sumerians developed mathematics, medicine, and their polytheistic religion, building temples to appease their hierarchical pantheon

question

Fact

answer

The Sumerians produced the first epic poem, the Epic of Gilgamesh, about the wanderings of a king and his companion Enkidu

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Fact

answer

Sumerian society was patriarchal and divided between nobles, slaves, clients, and commoners

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Epic of Gilgamesh

answer

which evolved as a reworking of at least five earlier myths. It is an epic poem/narration of the acievements, labors and sometimes past. The Sumerians were grappling with such enduring questions as life and death, human kind and deity and immortality. (pg 10)

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Inheritance

answer

Boys became the normal inheritors of family land. Women would/could inherit if there were no sons in a family; but they didn't gain political rights that came with land ownership for men.

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Royal Status

answer

was the place, which rivaled the temple in grandeur

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Enkidu

answer

Companion and friend of Gilgamesh. Hairy-bodied and brawny, he was raised by animals. Even after he joins the civilized world, he retains many of his undomesticated characteristics. He looks much like Gilgamesh and is almost his physical equal. He aspires to be Gilgamesh's rival but instead becomes his soul mate.

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Uruk

answer

an ancient Sumerian city in Southern Iraq, near the Euphrates, important before 2000 b.c. : exclusive archaeological excavations, notably of a ziggurat and of tablets with very early Sumerian script.

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Gender Distinctions

answer

Laws governing sexual relations and marriage practices set up a very unequal relationship between spouses.

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Semites

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Played a large part in spreading Sumerian culture far beyond the boundaries of Mesopotamia. , -name of the nomadic ppl in the near east. Jews Semites b4 the became their own tribe

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Saragon

answer

Semitic Chievtain, , first person to rule the empire in mesopatamia, Emperor of sumer to created an empire Emperor led armies who crushed northern kingdom The first "world conqueror" led his armies to teh Mediterranean Sea. His empire lasted only a few generations, it spread the Mesopotamian culture throughout the fertile Crescent, the belt of rich farmland that extends from Mesopotamia in teh east up through syria the north and down to egypt in the west.

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Crescent

answer

the belt of rich farmland that extends from Mesopotamia in teh east up through syria the north and down to egypt in the west.

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Empire of Saragon

answer

Was extensive but short lived

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Babylonians

answer

united Mesoptamia politcally and culturally. They were Amorites.

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Amorites

answer

The old Babylonians, they were a people the ended the Sumerian Civilization and created a new empire. they were a Semitic people who had migrated from Arabia and settled on the site of Babylon along the middle Euphrates where that river runs close to the Tigris

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Babylon

answer

was well suited to be the capital of Mesopotamia - because of its geographical position

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Hammurabi

answer

Babylons king - (1792-1750 bce) set otu to do three thigns - make Babylong secure, unify Mesopotamia and win for the Babylonians a place in Mesopotamian civilization. The first two he accomplished by conquering Assyria in the north and Sumner and Akkad in the south. Through his genius the Babylonians mad etheir own contribution to Mesopotamian culture - a culture vibrant enough to maintain its indentity while assimilating new influences. Merchants spread their culture north to Anatolia and West to syria and Palestine

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Marduk

answer

Babylonian god - had been elected king of the gods by other Mesopotamian deities, thus making Babylong the religious center of Mesopotamia.

question

Fact:

answer

Early hunters created a stable life by relying on sustained agriculture that in him led to the creation of villages and small towns

question

Fact:

answer

The mesopotamina civilization of Sumer used irrigation and created a centrally organized urban society

question

Fact;

answer

Sumerian scribes, trained in schools where they were subject to corporal punishment, used wedge-shaped cuneiform writing to represent words and ideas phonetically

question

Fact

answer

Sumerians developed mathematics, medicine, and their polytheistic religion, building temples to appease their hierarchical pantheon

question

Fact

answer

The Sumerians produced the fist epic poem, the Epic of Gilgamesh, about hte wandering of a king and his companion Enkidu

question

Fact

answer

Sumerian society was patriarchal and divided between nobles, slaves, clients, and commoners

question

Fact

answer

King and the lesser nobility held extensive tracts of land that were like the estates of temple - worked by slaves and clients

question

Nobles

answer

the top level of Sumerian society; consisted of the king and his family, the cief priests and high palace officials

question

Clients

answer

free menand women who were dependent on the nobility; in return for their labor htey received small plots of land to work for themselves, but it was still the possession fo the nobility or the temple

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patricarchal

answer

societies in which most power is held by older adult men. especially those from the elite groups

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Law Code

answer

a procolmation issued by the babylonian king Hammorabli to establish law and justice in the language of the land, thereby prompting the welfare of the people; it iflicted harsh punishments, but dspite its severity, was prevaded with a spirit of justice and sense of responsibility

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Legal Procedure

answer

no public prosecutors or district attorneys - so indivdiuals brought hteir own complaints before the court. An Eye for an eye. Consumer protection - started withthem. a merchant who tried to increase the itnerest rate on a loan forfeited the entire amount.

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Marriage

answer

Hammurabi grew careful attention to marriage and family. Marriage has aspects of buisness - groom gave a father a gift usually money - the father provided the bride wiht a dowry. The dowry belong to the woman even after marriage. mrriage was a contract decided by the father of the bride and the groom

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Law Code of Hammurabi

answer

Hammurabi ordered his code to be inscribe on a stone pillar and set up in public. at the top of the pillar Hammurabi is depicted receiving the scepter of authority from the god Shamash. This code restricted married women from commercial pursuits, but finanical documetns prove that many women engage din business without hindrance

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Husband

answer

had absolute power over his household. If a son slaped his father he could have his hand cut off.

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Herodotus

answer

Greek historian and traveler - in teh fifth century BCE - calle dEgypt the gift of ht eNile. The egyptians never feared teh relatively tame Nile in the same way the Mesopotamian feared the Tigris

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Nile

answer

was the supreme renewer fo the land. The NIle floods transformed the area to marsh or lagoon in September - by November the water retreated leaving behind a thin covering of fertile mud ready to be planted with crops. The Nile also uinfied Egypt - the river was the regions principal highway pormoting communication thorughout the valley

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Stone

answer

egypt posses enormous quantities of stone, whcih served as the raw material of architecture adn sculpture. Abundant clay was available for pottery, as was gold for jewelry and ornaments.

question

Sinai

answer

the Egyptians could obtain copper from Sinai

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Lebanon

answer

The Egyptians got timber from Lebanon

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Fact

answer

Semitic amorites of Babylon under King Hammurabi conquered Assyria, sumer and Akkad, unifying Mesopotamian civilization othe Tirgris and Euphrates Riversf

question

Fact

answer

Babylon represented the interaction between the newer Semitc influence and the older Sumerian culture, symobolized in teh election of the Babylonian deity Marduk as king of the other Mesopotamian gods

question

Fact

answer

The Law code of Hammurabi differed according to social status and gender of the offender, and demeanded that the punishment fit the crime

question

Fact

answer

the strict law code of Hamurabi dealt with agriculture, trade, marriage, and the family

question

Fact

answer

In all, Mesopotamians also enjoyed a vibrant culture that celebrated holidays and religious festivals

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Amon-Ra

answer

An egyptian god, consisting of Amon, a primeval sky-god, and Ra the sun-god

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Book of the Dead

answer

an Egyptian book that preserved their ideas about death and the afterlife; it explains that after death the soul leaves the body to become the divine

question

Nile Divided

answer

The Nile divided ancient Egypt into two entities; Upper egypt and Lower egypt

question

Upper Egypt

answer

the upstream valley in the south

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Lower Egypt

answer

the land of the delta where the nile branches into smaller waterways andthen empties into the Mediterranean Sea

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Menes

answer

Great King that the egyptians talked about who united Upper and Lower Egypt into a single kingdom around 3100 BCE.

question

dynasties

answer

or families of kings - Egyptians divided their history into sections - , A series of rulers from the same family.

question

periods

answer

Modern historians call dynasties periods.(pg 15)

question

Old Kingdom

answer

this is the political unification of egypt ushered in the period known as ath eOld Kingdom an era remarkable for prosperity, artistic flowering and the evolution of religious beliefs

question

Amon

answer

created the entire cosmos by his thoughts - he cuased the NIle to flood and the northern wind to blow.

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RA

answer

The egyptians considered RA the creator of life - he commanded the sky, eartha nd underworld. He gave life, but could also take it away.

question

Fact

answer

The Egyptians never fashioned a formal theology to resolve these differences. Instead they worshiped these gods ad different aspects fo the same celestial phenomena

question

Afterlife

answer

the Egyptians developed views that reflected the world around them. The dry air of Egypt preserves much that woudl decay in other climates. There was a sense of permanence about Egypt; the past was never far from teh present

question

Rhythm of the Seasons

answer

shaped the fate of the dead for unchanged, they regulated the afterlife, which continued in accordance with the same regularity.

question

Osiris

answer

the king of the dead in teh Book of the dead - weighed each person's heart to determine if he or she had lived justly enough to deserve everlasting life. After death, the soul left the body to become part of the divine. It entered gladly thorugh the gate of heaven and remained int he presence of Aton

question

Aton

answer

is a sun god

question

Ra and Horus

answer

the god RA appears on the left in a form associated with Horus, the falcon-god the associated with Horus, the falcon-god the red circle over RA's head identifieds him as teh sun-god. In the scene on page 15 also assumes characteristics of Osiris, god fo the underworld. He stands in judgment of the dead woman on the right. She meets the god with respect but without fear, as he will guide her safely to a celestial heaven

question

Pharaoh

answer

the leader of religious and political life in the Old Kingdom, he commanded the wealth, resources, and people of Egyp. He was not simply the mediator between the gods and the Egyptian people. Above all, he was the power that achieved the integration between gods and huamn beings, between nature and society that ensured peace and prsoperity for the land of the Nile. The pharaoh was thus a guarantee to his people, a pledge that hte gods of Egypt (unlike those of Mesopotamia) cared for their people

question

Pyramid

answer

the burial place of pharaohs, it was a massive tomb that contained all things needed for the afterlife; also symbolized the kings power and his connection with the sun-god

question

Isis

answer

the queen was associated with this goddess. Issis was the wife of Osiris and both the queen and the goddess were viewed as protectors.

question

Walls of burial chamber

answer

were inscribed with religious texts and spells relating to the pharaohs journeys after death. entrance ws blocked after death to ensure his undisturbed peace

question

Periods of Egyptian History

answer

Archaic - 3100-2660 BCE - unification of Egypt Oldk Kingdom - 2660-2180 BCE - construction of the pyramids First Intermediate - 2180-2080 BCE - Political chaos Middle Kingdom - 2080-1640 BCE - recovery adn political stability Second Intermediate - 1640-1570 BCE - Hyksos "invasion" New Kingdom - 1570-1075 BCE - creation fo an Egyptian empire. Akhenaten's religious policy

question

Hyksos

answer

Called rulers of the Uplands by teh Egyptians, tehse people began to settle in the Nile Delta shortly after 1800 BCE

question

Paraohs people

answer

Common folk - stood at the bottom of the social and economic scale Officials were controlling over common folk tax collector - register and have harvest-tax - taxes amounted to 20 percent of the harvest

question

Egyptian Society

answer

a combination fo freedom and constraint.

question

slavery (egyptian)

answer

not widespread until the New Kingdom (1570-1075 BCE)

question

King Menkaure and queen

answer

the pharaoh and his wife represent all the maginficence, serenity and grandeur of Egypt , Old Kingdom Egypt, Giza

question

pyramids

answer

at Giza near Cairo bear silent but magnificent testimoney to the god-kings of Egypt

question

semites

answer

Original home was perhaps the Arabian peninsula. Some tribes moved into Northern Mesopotamia - and others into Syria and Palestine - and others into egypt

question

Hyksos movement

answer

was part of a larger pattern of migration of peoples during this period. the movement was so large that they were able to take political control creating a capital city at Avaris in the northeastern Nile Delta- entry was peaceful - even though refered to as a conquering horde. they brought withthem the makign of bronze and casting - tools and weapons. Brought Egypt into the Bronze age

question

Bronze Age

answer

- the period in which the production and use of bronze implemetns became basic to society; bronze made farming more efficient and revolutionized warefare

question

Monotehism

answer

the belief in one god, when appleid to Egypt it means that only Aton among the traditioanl Egyptian deities was god

question

New Kingdom - revival and empire

answer

the pharaohs of the 18th dynasty arose tho challenge the Hyksos they pusehd the Hyksos out of the NIle Delta and subdued Nubia in teh south and conquered Palestine and parts of Syria in the norhteast.

question

New Kingdom inaugurated

answer

Egyptian warrior-pharaohs - called this a period in Egyptian history characterized by enormous wealth and conscious imperialism - widespread slavery became a feature of Egyptian life. - new labor force for imperial building projects

question

akhenaten

answer

pharaoh (1367-135- BCE) was more concerned with religion than with conquest they were monotheists - they considered all other gods/goddesses frauds and disregarded their worship.

question

Nefertiti

answer

Neferiti (was Akhenaten)s wife and queen, encouraged his religous bent. they were monotheists - they considered all other gods/goddessses frauds and disregarded their worship.

question

Indo-European

answer

a large family of languages that includes English, most of hte languages of Modern europe, Greek, Latin, Persian and Sanskrit, the sacred tongue of ancient India

question

Hittites

answer

introduced a new element intothe development of the ancient Near East - were the first INdo-eurpopeans to beocme broadly important throughout the region. They left a lasting imprint on the Near Est efore the empires of the whoel region suffered the shock of new peoples and widespread disruption

question

Fact:

answer

the predictable floods of the NIle and the resulting reliable agriculture made Egyptians unified and self-sufficient, even insular

question

Fact:

answer

Until their death and entombment in a pyramid, the god-king pharaohs ruled over the polytheistic Egyptians who worshiped Amon the sky god. Ra the sun god, Osirus the king of the dead and his wife Isis.

question

FAct:

answer

Although Egyptians had to pay taxes and lacked modern concepts of freedom, performing forced labor buildig pyramids, reparing cnaals, and serving ht emilitary, they ddid enjoy justice, order, and harmony

question

Fact

answer

The movement of the bronze- wielding, chariot riding Semitic Hyksos into Lower Egypt makred an intermediate period of the breakdown of order in Egypt

question

Fact

answer

The pharaohs of the 18th dynasty established the New Kingdom, ousting the Hyksos, conquering Nubia and Palestine,and bringing home slaves

question

Fact

answer

the heretic pharaoh Akhenaten and his wife Neferiti introduced monotheism in their worship of the sun-god Aton, although it didn't last past their reign

question

Nefertiti

answer

the perfect woman , Wife of Akhenaton.Supported his break with traditional religion, worshiped Aton.

question

Pharaohs

answer

often took thier sister or half sister as one of his own wives. this concentrated divine blood which set them apart from others - this allowed them to mimic their gods who in Egyptian mythhology often married their siblings

question

Great Royal Wife

answer

or a principal queen - sometimes it was a relative - other times she was from a foreign land which allowed tehm to create political alliances

question

Four female Pharaohs

answer

most famous - Hatshepsut - she was the sister and wife of Thutmose II after he died, she served as regent for he ryouhg stepson Thutmose III who was actually teh son of another woman. She sent trading expeditions and sponsored artists and architects, ushering in a period of artistic creativity and economic prosperity. She built one of the world's great buildings - tempel at Deir el Bahri - whic eventually served as her tomb. - she is depicted in male dress and beared - When she died Thutmose III treid to destroy all evidence that she ruled. Nefertit - her naem meas the perfect or beautiful woman has come. she spread hte new religion of the sungod Aton. Seh and Akhenaten built a new palace at Akhetaten teh presente Amarna away from the old centers of power. they develoepd the cult of Aton to the exclusion fo the traditional deities. their belief is the Hymn to ATon - declares ATon to be the only one god. describes Nerfertiti as the great royal consert whme he.

question

Hittite Solar Disc

answer

this cut standard represents Hittitie concepts of fertility and prsoperity (a standard is a flag or emblematic object raised on a pole) the circle surrounding the animals is the sun, beneath which stands a stag flanked by two bulls. Stylized bulls horns spread from the ase of the disc. The symbol is also one of might and protection from outside harm.

question

Hittites

answer

contitubted the introduction of iron in the form of weapons and tools Aroudn 1300 BCE - they stopped the Egyptian Army of Rameses II at the Battle of Kaesh in Syria. They fought each other to a standstill - they first made peace, then an alliance. Alliance was followed by friendship and friehndship by active cooperation between teh two greates powers of the early Near East

question

Diplomacy of Hittites

answer

the Hittites and Egyptians next included Babylonians in their diplomacy. They developed an official etiquette in which they treated one another as brohters. exchanged ideas throughout the near east.

question

Sea Peoples

answer

invaders who destroyed the Egyptian empires in the late 13th century, they are otherwise unidentifiable because they went their own ways after their attacks on Egypt

question

Battle of Kadesh

answer

ushered in a period of peace adn stability in teh Near East that lasted until the 13th century BCE. then however, foreigners came in and destroyed them

question

Phoenicia

answer

An ancient nation of the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Its territory included what are today coastal areas of modern Israel and Lebanon. They were famed as traders and sailors. They developed an alphabet that was adapted by Greeks and Romans into the alphabet used in writing English.

question

Fact

answer

the iron-wielding Hittites were the first Indo-Europeans to become important int he Near east

question

Fact

answer

The Hittites at first fought hte Egyptians, such as at the Battle of Kadesh, but then they made peace and included the BAbylonains in their fraternal alliance, easing the flow of ideas throughout the three empires and the region

question

Fact

answer

The sea peoples disturbed this peace, resulting in the downfall of the Hittites and the wihtdrawal of Egyptians to the Nile Delta

question

Fact

answer

The Phoenicians comibned sophisticated seafaring with urban life

question

Fact

answer

a huge group of communities across the Near East maintained lcoal character while aslo sharing and helping to develop further common cultural elements from Egypt and Mesopotamia

question

Chapter Review 1.1

answer

How did early peoples evolve from bands of hunter-gatherers to settled farming communities. For thousands of years Paleolithic peoles moved from place to place in search of food. Only in the Neolithic era - with their invention of new stone tools, a reliance on sustained agriculture, and the domestication of animals - did people begin to live in permanent locations. These villages evolved into towns, where people began to create new social bonds and poltiical organizations. Stonehenge is one example of the collective effort and imagination of a Neolithic community

question

Chapter Review 1.2

answer

How did the Sumerians create a complex society in the arid climate of Mesopotamia - the earliest area where these developmetns led to genuine urban societies is Mesopotamia. Here the Sumerians and then othe rMesopotamians developed writing, which enabled their culutre to be passed on to others. Their religious beleifs reflected a pessimistic view of the world in which the gods could bring destruction without concern for human life. The great sumerian poem, the Epic of Gilgamesh, shows them grappling with questions fo life adn death that are still of importance today. The beginnings of patriarchy and social class inequalities can also be seen in their culture

question

Chapter Review 1.3

answer

Howq did the Babylonians unite Mesopotamia politically adn culturally and spread theat culture to the broader world - The usmerians established the basic social, economicand intellectual patterns fo Mesopotamia, but the Semites played a large part in spreading Mesopotamian culture to the braoder world thorugh boht conquest and commercial exchange. First the Akkadians and then the Babylonians come to power in the region. Under Hammurabi, the Babylonaians were able to unify Mesopotamia politically andculuturally. The law code of Huammurabi illustrates the kings intentions to regulate the lives of his people and promtoe social harmony

question

Chapter Review 1.4

answer

How did Egypts geography contribute to the rise of auniqe culture, adn what was the role of the pharaoh in this society - aroundthe same time in Egypt, the fertile NIle valley adntoher natural resources contributed to the rise of a wealthy and insular culture. The Egyptians too developed their own writing system and religious beleifs, and they undertook monumental buildign projects taht required sophisticated organizational and intellectual skills. Under the strong central leadershipfo the pharaoh, Egyptian life was stable and predictable The Hyksos brought Bronze age cuture to the Egyptians when they settled the Niel Delta

question

Chapter Review 1.5

answer

How did the Hittites rise to pwer and how did they faciliate the exchange of ideas throughout the near east - how di dhte egyptian and mesopotamian cultures survive the fall of empires (pg 17) - finally, the Hittites an Indo-european peole, entered the Near East from the north. Distant ancestors of the modern folk of Europe and the Americas, the HIttites intorduced iron tols and weapons to the region. Along with the Egyptians and then the Bablyonains, they deeloped an alliance that facilitated the exchagne of goods and ideas thorughotu the Near EAst,Near East people reeived hard knocks from hostile invaders beginnign aroundthe thirtheeth century BCE - but ke social, economic and cultural patterns survived to enrich future generations

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