question

LAB 1 METRICS, RULES, AND MSDS

answer

LAB 1 METRICS, RULES, AND MSDS

question

what does MSDS stand for and what does it contain

answer

material safety data sheet; contains all MSDS for a lab; precautions for safety wear (goggles, gloves, etc.), flamability, and toxicity, etc

question

rules of the lab

answer

-use gloves when prompted; -no bags, coats, drinks, or food in lab; - confine long hair; -no baggy clothing

question

benedicts solution is used for detecting

answer

sugars

question

how do you get a reaction out of benedicts solution?

answer

you must heat it

question

biuret solution is used for detecting

answer

proteins

question

what color does biuret solution turn when a protein is present

answer

purple

question

what color does benedicts solution turn when sugars are present

answer

anywhere from yellow-green-orange-red

question

control

answer

specimen which all other experimental samples are compared

question

metric system

answer

nonvarying standard of reference

question

what is the scale of the metric system from largest to smallest

answer

mega-kilo-__-__-unit-deci-centi-milli-micro-nano

question

which direction does the decimal move when you are switching to larger degree

answer

left

question

which direction does the decimal move when you are switching to a smaller degree

answer

right

question

unit of length

answer

meter

question

unit of volume

answer

liter

question

amount of matter

answer

mass

question

unit of mass

answer

gram

question

352 cm = __________ mm

answer

3520 mm

question

12 cm = ________ mm

answer

120 mm

question

150 km = __________ m

answer

150,000 m

question

2000 microm = ___________ mm

answer

2

question

1 mm = ________ m

answer

0.001 m

question

how many 5 mL injections can be prepared from 1 L of a medicine?

answer

200

question

450 mL volume of alcohol is __________ L

answer

0.45

question

1000 mg = ________ g

answer

1 g

question

1 L = ________ mL

answer

1600 mm

question

160 cm = __________ mm

answer

0.109 kg

question

14 km = _________ m

answer

1000 ml

question

109 g = __________ kg

answer

14000 m

question

250 m = ___________ km

answer

.250 km

question

2000 mg = _______ g

answer

2 g

question

104 km = _________ m

answer

104000 m

question

480 cm = ________ m

answer

4.8 m

question

5.6 kg = ________ g

answer

5600 g

question

8 mm = __________ cm

answer

0.8 cm

question

5 L = __________ mL

answer

5000 mL

question

198 g = ___________ kg

answer

0.198 kg

question

75 mL = __________ L

answer

0.075 L

question

50 cm = ___________ m

answer

0.5 m

question

5.6 m = __________ cm

answer

560 cm

question

16 cm = _________ mm

answer

160 mm

question

2500 m = __________ km

answer

2.5 km

question

65 g = ___________ mg

answer

65000 mg

question

6.4 cm = _________ mm

answer

63 mm

question

120 mg = _________ g

answer

0.12 g

question

12.65 m = ____________ km

answer

0.01265 km

question

LAB 2 GRAPHING, ACCURACY VS. PRECISION, AND PH

answer

LAB 2 GRAPHING, ACCURACY VS. PRECISION, AND PH

question

what 7 things are the rules of graphing

answer

1. must have a title; 2. x-axis is the independent, chosen by experimenter (time, days, temp, pH, # of trials) 3. y-axis is the dependent, obtained during experiment using the x-axis criteria (usually height, weight, color, volume) 4. label 5. divide into regular intervals 6. intersection = 0 unless otherwise stated 7. first set of date points is a dot, more than one can be in a triangle, circle, square, etc.

question

accurate

answer

correct, ability of device to deliver specified volume

question

precise

answer

same/repeatable, ability of device to deliver same volume repeatedly

question

what experiment did we use to measure accuracy vs. precision

answer

we weighed 10 beakers and measured the same amount of fluid (8.4 mL) into each using two different instruments (graduated cylinder vs. pipette) to get the liquid into the beakers to determine which devise was more accurate and which was more precise

question

which delivery method was more accurate

answer

pipette

question

which delivery method was more precise

answer

graduated cylinder

question

hydrochloric acid HCl

answer

gives away hydrogen; acidic

question

sodium hydroxide (NaOH)

answer

takes hydrogen ions; basic/alkaline

question

what does pH refer to

answer

the number of hydrogen ions

question

what is neutral

answer

water with a pH of 7

question

solution with more hydrogen ions

answer

pH less than 7 = alkaline

question

solution with less hydrogen ions

answer

pH more than 7 = acidic

question

what did we do to test for pH

answer

-we used 9 test tubes and added a few mL of HCl to tube 1; tube 2,3,4 had 9 mL of distilled water in them; we used a pipette to transfer 1 mL of HCl to tube 2 from tube 1, mixed, and then transfered 1 mL of solution from tube 2 to tube 3, and the same from tube 3 to tube 4 - in tube 5 we put a few mL of NaOH; in tube 6,7,8 we put 9 mL of distilled water; we used a pipette to repeat the steps from the first procedure with the NaOH and then tested the pH of each solution

question

t/f an acidic solution has more hydrogen ions than OH⁻ ions

answer

true

question

t/f a solution with a pH of 2 is basic (alkaline)

answer

false; acidic

question

LAB 3 - THE MICROSCOPE

answer

LAB 3 - THE MICROSCOPE

question

base

answer

supports the microscope

question

substage light

answer

located in the base; light passes directly upward through the micrscope

question

stage

answer

platform the slide rests on while being viewed

question

condensor

answer

concentrates the light on the specimen

question

iris diagphragm level

answer

arm attached to the condenser that regulates the amount of light passing through the condenser

question

coarse adjustment knob

answer

used to focus on the specimen

question

fine adjustment knob

answer

used for precise focusing once coarse focusing has been completed

question

head or body tube

answer

supports the objective lens system

question

arm

answer

vertical portion of the microscope connecting the base and head

question

ocular

answer

eyepiece; one or two lenses are the superior end of the head or body tube; observations are made through the oculars; magnification is 10x.

question

pointer

answer

attached to one ocular and can be positioned by rotating the ocular lens

question

nosepiece

answer

carries three or four objective lenses and permits sequential positioning of these lenses over the light beam passing through the hole in the stage

question

objective lenses

answer

adjustable lens system that permits the use of a scanning lens, a low power lens, and a high power lens or an oil immersion lens

question

low power lens

answer

10x magnification

question

scanning lens

answer

4x magnification

question

high power lens

answer

40x magnification

question

oil immersion lens

answer

100x magnification

question

real image

answer

produced by the objectify lens to magnify the specimen

question

virtual image

answer

produced by the real image and magnified by the ocular lens; this is what is seen by the eye

question

TM

answer

total magnification; power of the ocular lens x power of objective lens

question

resolution

answer

ability to discriminate two close objects as separate

question

resolving power

answer

determined by the amount and physical properties of the visible light that enters the microscope

question

field

answer

area you see through the microscope

question

diameter of field B

answer

( diameter of field A x TM of field A) / TM of field B

question

depth of field

answer

depth of the specimen clearing in focus

question

TM of scanning lens

answer

40x

question

TM of low power lens

answer

100x

question

TM of high power lens

answer

400x

question

which microscope parts contribute to the magnification of the specimen? a. objectives only b. condenser and oculars c. oculars and objectives d. condenser and base

answer

C. oculars and objectives

question

t/f as you increase magnification the diameter of the field of view decreases

answer

true

question

when first focusing on a specimen, which objective would you use? a. 4x b. 10x c. 40x d. 100x

answer

A. 4x

question

what did we view under the microscope?

answer

cheek cells; thread; letter e

question

LAB 4- TRANSPORT MECHANISMS AND CELL PERMEABILITY

answer

LAB 4- TRANSPORT MECHANISMS AND CELL PERMEABILITY

question

differential, or selective, permeability

answer

certain proteins are kept within the cell and others are passed to the exterior

question

active processes

answer

cell provides energy (ATP) to power the transport process

question

passive processes

answer

concentration or pressure differences drive the movement

question

two divisions of passive processes

answer

diffusion and filtration

question

diffusion

answer

important transport process for every cell in the body

question

filtration

answer

occurs only across capillary walls

question

concentration gradient

answer

difference in concentration; movement of molecules from a region of their higher concentration to a region of their lower concentration

question

simple diffusion

answer

diffusion of solutes through a differentially permeable membrane

question

osmosis

answer

diffusion of water through a differentially permeable membrane

question

facilitated diffusion

answer

certain molecules are able to combine with protein carrier molecules in the plasma membrane and move from one side of the membrane to the other down a concentration gradient; does not require ATP

question

what experiment did we use to compare diffusion rates?

answer

we used an agar petri dish and put methylene blue in one well and potassium permanganate in another well and measured how far it spread every 15 minutes

question

agar gel

answer

appears quite solid, primarily 98.5% water; allows free movement of the diffusion dye molecules through it

question

methylene blue

answer

molecular weight of 320; deep blue in color; small particles

question

potassium permanganate

answer

purple dye with a molecular weight of 158; larger crystals

question

What is the relationship between molecular weight and rate of molecular movement (diffusion):

answer

the MB had smaller, lighter crystals, which diffused rapidly. The PP had larger, heavier crystals, which diffused slower.

question

why did the dye molecules move?

answer

the dye molecules vibrate, bump, bounce off each other

question

what experiment did we use to observe diffusion through nonliving membranes?

answer

we used dialysis sacs filled with different solutions soaking in distilled water to determine the permeability of the dialysis sacs and what is able to pass through those pores

question

what are the dialysis sacs comparable to

answer

plasma membrane

question

describe the dialysis sacs and what they were filled with as well as what solutions they were soaked in

answer

-sac 1: 40% glucose solution into a solution of distilled water -sac 2: 40% glucose solution into a solution of 40% glucose -sac 3: 10% NaCl solution into a solution of distilled water -sac 4: boiled starch solution into a solution of distilled water

question

what did we use benedicts solution for

answer

to test for the presence of sugars

question

which sac did we use benedicts solution for

answer

sac 1 to test for the presence of glucose in both the beaker fluid and sac fluid

question

what solution or reaction were we looking for to tell us if sugar was present and what did we have to do to the beakers after we added the benedicts solution

answer

boil for a few minutes SOLUTION: if a green, yellow, or red color forms, the test is positive and glucose is present If it remains the same: the test is negative and no glucose has soaked through

question

how did we test osmotic diffusion

answer

weigh the initial weight of dialysis sac 2 against the final weight of the dialysis sac to determine whether there was osmosis of the glucose molecules

question

what did silver nitrate test for?

answer

it tests for the presence of NaCl

question

what reaction would happen if NaCl was present when we added AgCl

answer

it would turn cloudy and white

question

what did we use lugol's iodine solution to test for

answer

starch

question

what would happen to the fluid if starch was present after adding lugol's iodine solution

answer

it would turn black

question

was starch able to flow through the dialysis sac?

answer

no, the molecules were too large to pass through

question

name the substances that were able to pass through the dialysis bag

answer

NaCl and glucose

question

t/f molecules, on their own and without the use of energy, move from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration

answer

false

question

t/f molecules move through a gel at different rates based on their molecular weight

answer

true

question

LAB 5- PROPERTIES OF ENZYMES

answer

LAB 5- PROPERTIES OF ENZYMES

question

catalysts

answer

chemical substances which control the rates at which reactions occur by lowering the energy of activation; can be used repeatedly to bring about the same reaction

question

substrate

answer

chemical substance (reactant) for which the catalyst has an affinity, meaning that the substrate physically fits a particular part of the catalyst called the active site

question

most enzymes are ___________

answer

proteins

question

what experiment did we use to test the properties of enzymes?

answer

we used a mashed up potato with buffer added to it that we centrifuged and then put in the spectrophotometer which measured the absorbance of the reaction, which we measured every 20 seconds and recorded

question

substrate in this experiment was

answer

catechol which is white or clear and comes from a bottle

question

the enzyme (aka extract) in this experiment was

answer

catechol oxidase from the potato

question

the product in this experiment was

answer

oxidized catechol

question

the buffer in this experiment was (in the beginning)

answer

pH 5, used to help the enzymes dissolve into it

question

what did we do in our first set of reactions with the extract?

answer

we had a control and then dilute, medium, and concentrated enzyme extract to measure the absorbance

question

spectrophotometer

answer

passes a beam of light through the tube and measures how much light is absorbed determining the absorbance of the reaction

question

______ reaction = ________ color = ________ absorbance

answer

more; more; more

question

we graphed our results and how did we pick which enzyme concentration to use for our next experiment?

answer

we used the amount of enzyme that gave the greatest and most linear change in absorbance from 0-1 in two minutes

question

what did we alter about our next experiment after we chose which extract concentration to use?

answer

the pH of the buffer between 3, 5, and 7

question

did we use a control at all for any of these reactions

answer

yes, for every new thing that we tested, we used a control test tube to balance the spectrophotometer

question

what did changing the pH in the enzyme show us

answer

the effects of enzyme activity in different types of pH's

question

how did we determine what buffer to use for our next experiment

answer

we used the one which gave us the highest absorbance

question

what did our next experiment include

answer

testing the effects of different temperatures on enzyme activity

question

how did we test this?

answer

we prepared our pH solution, enzyme concentration, and substrate in five different test tubes and then placed them in different temperatures

question

what temperatures did we place our test tubes in?

answer

5°C (refrigerate), 22°C (room temperature), 37°C (body temperature), 50°C (hot)

question

what was the name of the enzyme used? a. catechol b. catechol oxidase c. oxidized catechol d. catecholesterase

answer

b. catechol oxidase

question

waht was the name of the substrate a. catechol b. catechol oxidase c. oxidized catechol d. catecholesterase

answer

a. catechol

question

how might non optimal pH or temperature affect an enzyme?

answer

it affects the activity of the enzyme by denaturing it and changing its shape; which affects the outcome of the product

question

in every set of tubes you made, there was a tube with all ingredients except the enzyme. what was the purpose of this tube?

answer

it was the 'blank' or control that we used to balance the spectrometer and compare our results to

question

t/f the higher the number on the spectrophotometer absorbance display, the more the reaction has occured

answer

true

question

LAB 6- REFLEXES

answer

LAB 6- REFLEXES

question

intrafusal muscle fibers

answer

detect stretch

question

extrafusal muscle fibers

answer

contract muscle

question

ipsilateral

answer

info enters and exits spinal cord on same side

question

contralateral

answer

info enters and exits spinal cord on opposite side

question

monosynaptic

answer

1 synapse in reflex arc

question

polysynaptic

answer

two or more synapses in reflex arc

question

reflex

answer

stimulus response sequence (reflex arc)

question

reflexes can be either

answer

innate or adaptive

question

spinal reflex

answer

skeletal muscle reflex involves the spinal cord

question

integrating center

answer

spinal cord

question

spinal reflexes

answer

involuntary skeletal muscle responses

question

stimulus

answer

triggering event

question

information about the ________ is detected by special skeletal muscle fibers called _______________

answer

stimulus intrafusal muscle fibers

question

information is then carried to the spinal cord via ___________ that enter the spinal cord via its dorsal roots

answer

afferent neurons

question

in the spinal cord, information can move through one or more segments and can involve __________

answer

interneurons

question

if there are no interneurons involved

answer

monosynaptic

question

if there is one or more interneurons

answer

polysynaptic

question

information leaves the spinal cord through the ventral roots and is carried to the skeletal muscle by way of

answer

efferent neurons

question

__________________ respond to this information by contracting

answer

extrafusal skeletal muscle fibers

question

If info exits and enters on the same side of the spinal cord:

answer

ipsilateral

question

If info exits and enters on opposite sides of the spinal cord

answer

contralateral

question

Knee jerk or patellar reflex

answer

patellar reflex: monosynaptic reflex -tests the function of spinal cord segments L2, L3, and L4 and the femoral nerve -normal response: contraction of the qaudriceps femoris -important reflex for balance and posture -abnormal response: known as westphal's sign

question

ankle jerk of achilles reflex

answer

-tests the function of spinal cord segments S1 and S2 and the medial popliteal nerve -normal response involves jerking of the foot towards its plantar surface

question

biceps jerk

answer

-tests the function of spinal cord segments C5 and C6 and the musculocutaneous nerve -normal response involves contraction of the biceps muscle and flexation of the elbow -can be detected beneath the examiner's thumb

question

triceps jerk

answer

-tests the function of spinal cord segments C6 and C7 and the radial nerve -normal response involves contraction of triceps muscle and extension of the elbow

question

plantar's reflex, babinski sign

answer

-nociceptive response -triggered by stimulation of pain receptors -polysynaptic -involves several segments of the spinal cord -involves tibial nerve and segments L4, L5, S1, S2 of the spinal cord -normal reflex has the toes curving inward while the foot everts -abnormal reflex is known as babinski sign -demonstrated by dorsiflexion of the toes -babinski is normal in infants due to incomplete myelination of nerves

question

t/f abnormal or absent reflexes may be indicative of nervous system dysfunction

answer

true

question

t/f spinal reflexes are involuntary skeletal muscle responses which occur without involving the brain

answer

true

question

which of the following tests the radial nerve? a. ankle jerk/ achilles reflex b. knee jerk/ patellar reflex c. triceps jerk d. plantar's reflex

answer

c. triceps jerk

question

t/f in an infant, the normal plantar reflex is to curve the toes toward the sole of the foot (plantar flex)

answer

false

question

how many neurons are involved in a monosynaptic reflex arc? a. 0 b. 2 c. 1 d. it differs

answer

b. 2

question

stimulus → ______________________________ receptor → ______________________________ afferent pathway → ____________________________ integrating center → ___________________________ efferent pathway → ____________________________ effector → ___________________________ response → _________________________

answer

receptor intrafusal muscle fiber afferent sensory neurons spinal cord efferent motor neuron extrafusal muscle fibers movement of limb

question

are responses positive or negative when someone reacts?

answer

negative

question

what nerve does the biceps jerk test

answer

musculocutaneous

question

what nerve does the triceps jerk test

answer

radial nerve

question

what nerve does the knee jerk test

answer

femoral nerve

question

what nerve does the ankle jerk test

answer

medial popliteal nerve

question

LAB 7- REACTION TIME

answer

LAB 7- REACTION TIME

question

reaction time

answer

time it takes to respond to a stimulus -related to the time it takes for information about the stimulus to get to the integrating center involved in analyzing the stimulus

question

________________ → _________________ → __________________→ ___________________→ _________________→ _________________→ __________________

answer

stimulus→ receptor→ afferent pathway→ integrating center→ efferent pathway→ effector→ response

question

where are receptors located

answer

in muscles

question

what does the afferent pathway do

answer

sends messages to the integrating center

question

what does our efferent pathway do

answer

carry messages from CNS to nerve

question

what does the effector do and where is it located

answer

in the organ and it produces the response

question

what did we do to test the reaction time?

answer

we tested distracted and undistracted reaction times by having a student wear headphones and everytime a click was heard, they press a button. we analyzed their results at the end

question

what did we do for test one in undistracted reaction times?

answer

1. pseudo-random stimuli at pseudorandom intervals 10 clicks 2. pseudo-random stimuli-clicks at pseudorandom internals 3. fixed interval trial, clicks will come at intervals 4. fixed interval trial; clicks come with fixed intervals

question

what did we do for test two in distracted reaction times

answer

1. pseudo-random stimuli at pseudorandom intervals 10 clicks 2. pseudo-random stimuli-clicks at pseudorandom internals 3. fixed interval trial, clicks will come at intervals 4. fixed interval trial; clicks come with fixed intervals

question

what is the t-test used for

answer

to compare different sets of data using excel

question

what do the results look like from a t-test

answer

between 0-1 the answer is a percentage

question

if a result from a t test was below 0.05 that means the results were

answer

significantly different 95% sure they are not similar

question

if a result from a t test was above 0.05 that means the results were

answer

not significantly different; meaning that the tests were overlapping

question

what is the effector

answer

the skeletal muscle which performs the response action

question

t/f hearing the noise in the headphones and reacting by pushing the button is an example of a spinal reflex

answer

false, these messages were sent to the brain

question

t/f the data from the psseudo-random interval segments allowed you to determine if reaction time changed due to learning

answer

false

question

how is the t-test different from the average

answer

the t-test compares two different variations of data whereas the mean is just one set of data. the t test also is able to compare against distracted and undistracted and intervals vs. pseudo-random intervals

question

LAB 8- PHYSICAL FITNESS

answer

LAB 8- PHYSICAL FITNESS

question

what tests did we do to analyze physical fitness

answer

body skin fold measurement aerobic fitness electromyography

question

what did we do to test body skin fold measurement

answer

we used skin fold calipers to test three places on the body to determine density and % fat

question

what did we do to test aerobic fitness

answer

we used a step stool and a metronome to set the pace for five minutes of exercise; after five minutes of consistent exercise, we timed the pulse for 15 seconds after the person sat for 15 seconds after exercise

question

what did we do to test electromyography

answer

we measured grip strength in order to determine fatigue and muscle unit recruitment with the biopac machine and dynomometer

question

where did we place the electrons for the electromyography of the grip test

answer

- white lead: medial superior forearm - red lead: lateral inferior forearm - black lead: medial inferior forearm closest to palm

question

what did we do on segment one where we tested motor unit recruitment

answer

-clench for 2 seconds, release and wait for two seconds -try to begin with your assigned increment of force (5, 10, 20 kg) -increase increment of force by (5, 10, 15; 10, 20, 30; or 20, 40, 60) until maximum clench force is achieved

question

what did we do on segment two where we tested fatigue

answer

- clench at maximal force until it decreases by 50% - time to fatigue will vary greatly between individuals

question

t/f we only tested one arm because the results will be the same for both arms

answer

false; we tested both arms forearm 1 is the dominant hand forearm 2 is the other hand

question

when analyzing, what does the mean display

answer

the average value in the selected area

question

when analyzing, what does the p-p display

answer

peak to peak finds the max value in the selected area and subtracts the minimum value found in the selected area

question

when analyzing, what does the i-beam do

answer

used to select certain areas

question

when analyzing, what does the value display

answer

the amplitude value for the channel at the point selected by the i-beam cursor

question

when analyzing, what does the deltaT display

answer

the amount of time in the selected segment

question

what areas did we test during the skin fold body measurement test

answer

-triceps : halfway between the acromion process of the scapula and olecranon process of the ulna on the dorsum of the arm -biceps: anterior of the arm, halfway between the greater tubercle of the humerus and the coronoid fossa -chin: under the chin above the hyoid bone

question

the accu-measure caliper was used to measure a. aerobic fitness b. body composition c. time until muscle fatigue d. max grip strength

answer

b. body comp

question

t/f ideally we should have 0% body fat

answer

false

question

t/f slow steady and longer duration exercise is anaerobic

answer

false

question

when using the biopac system, what did we measure

answer

grip strenth to determine motor unit recruitment and muscle fatigue

question

when fatigued, your muscle is unable to produce maximum force because _________ is depleted

answer

ATP

question

when holding an object, does the number of motor units remain the same? are the same motor units used for the duration of holding the object?

answer

yes, the number of motor units remain the same and when a motor unit gets tired it is able to switch with a resting motor unit in able to last the duration

question

as you fatigue, the force exerted by your muscles decreases. what physiological processes explain the decline in strength?

answer

creatine phosphate is the first energy source used and when taht burns out, your body has to make ATP which can be a length process and cause the muscle to fatigue.

question

LAB 9- BLOOD

answer

LAB 9- BLOOD

question

what determines how red blood is?

answer

the amount of oxygen it is carrying

question

average volume of blood in males and females

answer

5-6 L in males 4-5 L in females

question

blood is a type of ___________

answer

connective tissue

question

what is blood composed of

answer

nonliving fluid matrix (plasma) in which living cells (formed elements) are suspended

question

what are the three types of formed elements

answer

erythrocytes, white blood cells, platelets

question

erythrocytes

answer

RBC; sacs of hemoglobin molecules that transport the bulk of oxygen carried in the blood Biconcave, anucleate disc, salmon colored

question

how long does it take for erythrocytes to develop

answer

5-7 days

question

what is the life span of erythrocytes

answer

100-120 days

question

leukocytes

answer

WBC's; part of the body's nonspecific defenses and the immune system spherical, nucleated cells divided into granulocytes and agranulocytes

question

platelets

answer

function in hemostasis constitute 45% of whole blood -discoid cytoplasmic fragments containing granules -250,000- 500,000 in blood population -4-5 days to develop -5-10 days life span -seal small tears in blood vessels; instrumental in blood clotting -formed in bone marrow

question

what percentage of blood does plasma take up

answer

55%

question

what are the types of granulocytes

answer

neutrophils eosinophils basophils

question

neutrophils

answer

-nucleus multilobed; inconspicuous cytoplasmic granules -3,000 -7,000 in blood -6-9 days to develop -6 hours to a few days in life span -phagocytize bacteria -40-70% of leukocyte population

question

eosinophils

answer

-nucleus bilobed; red cytoplasmic granules -100-400 in blood -6-9 days to develop -8-12 days life span -kills parasitic worms; destroys antigen-antibody complexes; inactivate some inflammatory chemicals of allergy -1-4% of leukocyte population

question

basophils

answer

-nucleus lobed; large blue-purple cytoplasmic granules -20-50 inb lood -3-7 days of development -life span of a few hours to a few days -release histamine and other mediators of inflammation' contain heparin, an anticoagulant -least abundant less than 1%

question

what are the types of agranulocytes

answer

lymphocyte monocyte

question

lymphocyte

answer

-nucleus spherical or indented; pale blue cytoplasm -1,500 - 3,000 -days to weeks to develop -hours to years life span -mount immune response by direct cell attack or via antibodies -smallest; abundant in lymphoid tissue -20-45% of te WBC population

question

monocyte

answer

-nucleus U or kidney shaped; gray blue cytoplasm -100-700 in blood -2-3 days to develop -months life span -phagocytosis; develop into macrophages in tissues -bigger; more abundant in lymphoid tissues -4-8% of the population

question

how did we do a white blood cell count

answer

-obtain a microscope and a blood slide -scan the slide under low power and find the area with the largest number of nucleated WBC -begin at the edge of the smear and move the slide systematically -record 100 WBC as they are observed -percent % = (# observed/total # counted) x 100 -record results as a %

question

diapedesis

answer

ability to move in and out of blood vessels

question

amoeboid motion

answer

wander through body tissues to reach sites of inflammation or tissue destruction

question

what did we do to test hematocrit

answer

we used an alcohol swab to clean a finger, a lancet to prick the finger, and a heparinized capillary tube to collect blood into, clay to seal the end. once filled 3/4 of the way full, we spun in the microhematocrit centrifuge

question

what did the hematocrit test determine

answer

the percentage of RBC, WBC, and plasma by using a ruler and measuring the length of the RBC/full length x 100

question

how did we figure out hemoglobin concentration

answer

we used talquist paper and a blood smear to compare it to a chart in order to determine the amount of hemoglobin in the blood

question

what is blood typing

answer

system of blood classification based on the presence of specific glycoprotein's (antigens) on the otuer surface of the RBC plasma membrane

question

describe the process for using the blood typing cards

answer

-card is marked A, B, and Rh; anti-A serum, anti-B serum, anti-Rh serum -drop of blood into each area -add a drop of anti-A serum into the A spot -add a drop of anti-B serum into the B spot -add a drop of anti-Rh serum into the Rh spot -rock back and forth to combine -wait a few minutes to see if agglutination occurs -if clotting appears in an area that means that that area is the blood type you are -ex. Clotting in B and Rh determines that the person is B+

question

if all the wells are agglutinated, then the person's blood type must be

answer

AB+

question

if none of the wells are agglutinated, then the person's blood type must be

answer

O-

question

agglutination occurs when

answer

antibodies meet their antigens

question

how can you identify what type of WBC one is?

answer

1. does it have granules or is it smooth? 2. what does the nucleus look like?

question

what is the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration determine

answer

the concentration of RBC

question

what is the mean corpuscular volume determine

answer

the average size of the RBC

question

t/f the hematocrit result tells you the percent of the blood which is made up of erythrocytes

answer

true

question

t/f blood that is type AB will contain both A and B antigens

answer

true

question

when performing a blood typing experiment, agglutination occurs in the B well only and that makes the blood: a. B- b. A+ c. A- d. O+

answer

a. B-

question

LAB 10 - CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY

answer

LAB 10 - CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY

question

what is used to record the ECG

answer

biopac

question

when did we record the student's heart rate

answer

-lying down -after sitting up -breathing deeply -after exercise

question

where did we apply the electrodes

answer

-white lead: right anterior forearm -black lead: right leg, medial surface, right above ankle -red lead: left leg, medial surface, just above ankle

question

normally, how many electrodes are used on a real ECG

answer

12

question

describe what we had the student doing while we recorded their heart rate for 120 seconds

answer

-record for 20 seconds while the subject is lying down -record for 20 seconds after the subject quickly sits up and takes five deep breaths -record for 20 seconds as the subject takes five deep breaths -record for 20 seconds after the student has exercised and then sits down

question

what does ∆T (delta time) measure

answer

the difference in time between start and end select area

question

what does BPM stand for

answer

beats per minute

question

what did we analyze

answer

-intervals between R waves (recorded BPM) -duration of the PR intervals (recorded ∆T) -duration of ventricular systole (QT wave) (recorded ∆T) -duration of ventricular diastole (end of T wave to beginning of next R wave) (recorded ∆T)

question

what does the pump on a blood pressure pump?

answer

inflates the cuff to stop the blood flow in your artery for a few seconds

question

what does the dial on a blood pressure pump?

answer

numbered dial or a column of mercury can be used to record the bp reading

question

what does the cuff on a blood pressure pump?

answer

wrapped around the upper arm

question

what does the valve on a blood pressure pump?

answer

lets some air out of the cuff, which allows the blood flow to start again

question

what does the stethoscope on a blood pressure pump?

answer

used to hear the sound of blood rushing back through the artery

question

what is happening when you first hear a thumping noise

answer

it is the sound of systolic blood pressure

question

what is happening when you no longer hear a noise

answer

that is the diastolic pressure

question

bp= sp= dp= MAP= pp=

answer

blood pressure systolic pressure diastolic pressure mean arterial pressure pulse pressure

question

what equation do we use to determine BP

answer

SP/DP

question

what equation do we use to determine PP

answer

SP-DP

question

what equation do we use to determine MAP

answer

DP + (1/3xPP)

question

what is tachycardia

answer

when the QRS complex is really fast and close together, about or over 100 bpm

question

what cardiac event is occurring when you see the p wave in the ECG?

answer

atrial depolarization

question

when the heart is resting between heartbeats, the pressure experienced by blood vessels is the __________ pressure

answer

diastolic

question

what does an ECG do

answer

measures the electrical activity from the heart records activity which as spread into body fluids and reaches the surface reports the total activity from the heart

question

what are the waves of an ECG

answer

- p wave: atrial depolarization - QRS wave complex: ventricular depolarization - T wave: ventricular repolarization

question

where is atrial depolarization show on the waves

answer

it does not show because it is masked by the QRS complex P wave is much smaller than the QRS wave complex because the atria are smaller and weaker than the ventricles

question

how are abnormalities in cardiac activity determined

answer

by the distance between consecutive QRS complexes

question

bradycardia

answer

less than 60 bpm

question

tachycardia

answer

over 100 bpm

question

describe the heart sounds

answer

-can be heart with a stethoscope -1st sound = lub = ave valves closing -occurs at the onset of ventricular contraction -2nd sound = dub = semilunar valves closing -occurs at the onset of ventricular relaxation

question

what is the difference between smooth and turbulent blood flow?

answer

-smooth uninterrupted blood flow does not produce sound -turbulent blood flow produces sound which can be detected as murmurs

question

CO= HV= SV=

answer

cardiac output heart rate stroke volume

question

what is CO

answer

amount of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute

question

CO depends on

answer

HR and SV

question

what is the average CO

answer

5L/min

question

CO= __________x__________

answer

HV; SV

question

what is blood pressure

answer

the force exerted by the blood against vessel walls

question

what does blood pressure depend on and refer to

answer

depends upon the volume of blood and the compliance of the vessel (stretch) -always refers to pressure in arteries

question

systolic pressure

answer

max pressure in arteries occurs as blood is ejected from the heart normally 110-120 mm Hg

question

diastolic pressure

answer

min pressure in arteries occurs as heart relaxes about 70-80 mm Hg

question

what is pulse pressure

answer

dif. between systolic and diastolic pressures

question

what is MAP

answer

mean arterial pressure average pressure driving blood forward through the vessels

question

if normal blood pressure is not maintained in the heart and blood vessels experience extra stress, such as when BP is too high in _______________

answer

hypertension

question

if normal blood pressure is not maintained in the heart and blood vessels experience extra stress, such as when BP is too low in _______________

answer

hypotension

question

if normal blood pressure is not maintained in the heart and blood vessels experience extra stress, such as when extreme hypotension occurs _______________

answer

circulatory shock

question

what cardiac event is occuring when you see the P wave in the ECG?

answer

atrial depolarization

question

when the heart is resting between heartbeats, the pressure experienced by blood vessels is the ___________ pressure

answer

diastolic

question

t/f turbulent blood flow is audible through a stethoscope

answer

true

question

LAB 11 - RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY

answer

LAB 11 - RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY

question

at what percentage do lungs operate

answer

50%

question

t/f gas exchange is continuous

answer

true

question

TV

answer

tidal volume volume of air entering/exiting lungs during normal, unforced breathing

question

IRV

answer

inspiratory reserve max volume of air able to be inspired after the end of a normal inspiration

question

ERV

answer

expiratory reserve max volume of air able to be expired after the end of a normal expiration

question

RV

answer

residual volume volume of air remaining in lungs after a max expiration

question

IC

answer

inspiratory capacity total amount of air able to be inhaled after a normal expiration

question

FRC

answer

functional residual capacity total amount of air left in lungs after a normal expiration

question

what is the formula for IC

answer

IRV + TV

question

what is the formula for FRC

answer

ERV + RV

question

VC

answer

vital capacity total amount of air able to be inhaled after a max expiration

question

TLC

answer

total lung capacity volume of air in lungs after a maximal inspiration

question

what is the formula for VC

answer

ERV + VT + IRV

question

what is the formula for TLC

answer

VC + RV

question

FVC

answer

forced vital capacity forced exhalation of as much air as possible after maximal inhalation

question

FEV

answer

forced expiratory volume measures a percent of FVC in a length of time

question

FEV₁

answer

first second of an exhale should be 80% or more

question

obstructive disorders

answer

increased airway resistance harder to inspire and expire FEV₁ is less than 80% asthma, COPD, emphysema

question

restrictive diseases

answer

decreased lung expansion decreased TLC and VC asbestosis and fibrosis

question

volume of gas remaining in the lungs after a normal exhalation

answer

functional residual

question

volume of gas inspired or expired during each normal ventilation cycle

answer

tidal volume

question

total volume of gas in the lungs after a max inhalation

answer

total lung capacity

question

max amount of gas that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal inhalation

answer

inspiratory reserve volume

question

volume of gas remaining in the lungs after a max exhalation

answer

residual volume

question

max volume of gas that can be exhaled after a max inhalation

answer

vital capacity

question

max volume of gas that can be inhaled after a normal exhalation

answer

inspiratory capacity

question

max volume of a gas that can forcefully exhaled after a normal exhalation

answer

expiratory reserve capcity

question

ventilation

answer

act of breathing

question

ventilatory cycle includes

answer

inhalation or inspiration exhalation or expiration

question

in order to determine the vital capacity of a group member we used a formula that included

answer

height and age VC= 0.041(h) - 0.018(a) - 2.69

question

what equipment did we use for our experiment

answer

-airflow transducer -syringe -disposable filter and mouthpiece -biopac

question

what type of breathing did we have our group member do in order to analyze the results

answer

-5 normal breaths -deep inhale -exhale completely -5 normal breaths

question

what did we use p-p to measure?

answer

tidal volume and vital capacity

question

what did we use ∆ to analyze?

answer

inspiratory volume and expiratory volume

question

what is the formula for flow of air into the lungs

answer

F=∆P/R

question

what does F stand for

answer

flow

question

what does ∆P stand for

answer

change in pressure

question

what does R stand for

answer

resistance

question

what equipment did we use to determine the flow of air?

answer

- calibration syringe/filter - airflow transducer - mouthpiece and filter - biopac machine

question

what type of breathing did we do in to show the flow of air?

answer

- breathe normally for 3 cycles - inhale as deeply as possible - pause - exhale as quickly and completely as possible - breath normally for 3 breaths

question

what did we analyze for this set of data?

answer

the maximal exhale that is 3 seconds in length

question

what did we use ∆ and p-p for?

answer

vital capacity

question

what did we select and record?

answer

the first second and recorded the ∆T two seconds and recorded ∆T all 3 seconds and recorded ∆T

question

what is impossible to measure

answer

residual volume

question

t/f if you add your inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and expiratory reserve volume, the result is your vital capacity

answer

true

question

t/f an FEV₁ below 80% is abnormal and may indicate the presence of an obstructive respiratory disease

answer

true

question

LAB 12- DIGESTION OF CARBOHYDRATE, PROTEIN, AND FAT

answer

LAB 12- DIGESTION OF CARBOHYDRATE, PROTEIN, AND FAT

question

what does saliva contain

answer

salivary amylase

question

what does salivary amylase do?

answer

it is an enzyme that digests starch into sugars

question

what do stomach secretions contain

answer

pepsin

question

what is pepsin

answer

an enzyme that hydrolyzes specific peptide bonds of large proteins into smaller peptides

question

what does pancreatic juice contain

answer

lipase

question

what is lipase

answer

an enzyme that digests fats emulsified by bile salts into fatty acids and glycerol

question

what materials did we use for this lab?

answer

- water bath at 37 degrees celcius - graduated clyinders - starch solution - iodine solution (lugol's reagent) - benedict's reagent

question

where does digestion begin

answer

digestion of a carb like starch begins in the mouth were it is mixed with saliva containing salivary amylase or ptyalin

question

what is starch and what happens to it once it begins to be broken down

answer

starch is a long chain of repeating glucose subunits it is hydrolyzed by amylase into shorter polysaccharide chains and then into disaccharide maltose

question

describe the procedure we used

answer

we used four test tubes -tube 1: 2 mL of distilled water -tube 2: 2 mL of saliva/amylase -tube 3: 2 mL of saliva/amylase and 3 drops of concentrated HCl -tube 4: 2 mL of boiled saliva -add 4 mL of cooked starch to each of the four tubes -incubate all tubes for one hour -split the tubes into 4 additional tubes

question

how did we test for complex sugars?

answer

-test set 1 for complex sugars by adding a few drops of iodine solution (lugol's reagent) -positive test is shown by purplish black color

question

how did we test for starch?

answer

-test set 2 for starch by adding 5 mL of benedict's reagent to each of the tubes and immerse them in a water bath for 2 minutes -no change means no maltose -green, yellow, orange, red indicates presence of maltose

question

what was the name of the enzyme used?

answer

amylase

question

amylase is found in our a. stomach b. small intestine c. saliva d. all of the above

answer

c. saliva

question

t/f when testing with iodine, a black color indicates the presence of complex sugars

answer

true

question

t/f the produce of the reaction that occurred in this experiment was a polysaccharide

answer

false

question

what was the HCl and boiling supposed to show in the experiment?

answer

to see if acid or high heat would denature the enzyme and make it unable to work afterwards

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