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Absolute Monarch

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ruler with complete control over the government and the lives of the people.

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Agrarian

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concerning farms, farmers, or the use of land

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Atheists

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People who believe that no God exists. Came about in relatively large numbers during the Scientific Revolution.

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Capitalism

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an economic system in which investment in and ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange of wealth is made and maintained chiefly by private individuals or corporations, esp. as contrasted to cooperatively or state-owned means of wealth.

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Cash Crop

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a readily salable crop that is grown and gathered for the market (as vegetables or cotton or tobacco)

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Circumnavigate

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travel all the way around the earth (e.g. Magellan)

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Colonization

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physical process whereby the colonizer takes over another place, putting its own government in charge and either moving its own people into the place or bringing in indentured outsiders to gain control of the people and the land

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Commerce

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transactions (sales and purchases) having the objective of supplying commodities (goods and services)

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Commercial

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connected with or engaged in or sponsored by or used in commerce or commercial enterprises

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Commonwealth

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a system of organizing nation-states around a democratic principle and independence; a system of organization of autonomous states that are united in allegiance to a central power but are not subordinate to it or to one another

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Consequences

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the results of some previous action

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Continuity

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the property of a continuous and connected period of time

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Convent

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a community of people in a religious order (especially nuns) living together

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Currency

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system of money

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Deists

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Influenced by the spirit of rationalism, Desists believed that God, like a celestial clock maker, had created a perfect universe and then had stepped back to let it operate according to natural laws, playing a passive role. Came about in relatively large numbers during the Scientific Revolution.

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Demography

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the branch of sociology that studies the characteristics of human populations

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Divine

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appropriate to or befitting a god

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Divine Right

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The concept that monarchs' right to govern was ordained by God, which was an idea embraced by the King of England during the Enlightenment period.

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Dominant

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exercising influence or control

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Economy

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the system of production and distribution and consumption

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Hedonism

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an ethical system that focused on worldly pleasures

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Hinder

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put at a disadvantage

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Humanism

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Cultural belief in the power and potential of Humans and that Humans can understand anything...and everything.The European focus during the Renaissance on human endeavors, shifting focus to life on Earth and celebrating human achievements in the scholarly, artistic, and political realms. This had a far-flung influence on the world, leading to a focus on individualism.

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Institution

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an establishment consisting of a building or complex of buildings where an organization for the promotion of some cause is situated; a custom that for a long time has been an important feature of some group or society

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Jurisdiction

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an area of authority or control; the right to administer justice

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Left-Wing

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those who support varying degrees of social or political or economic change designed to promote the public welfare

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Mercantilism

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A theory under which a country actively sought to trade, but tried not to import more than it exported, avoiding dependencies on other countries. Encouraged colonization.

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Monarchy

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an autocracy governed by a monarch who usually inherits the authority

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Monastic

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related to monks or monasteries; removed from worldly concerns

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Monk

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a religious man living in a cloister and devoting himself to contemplation and prayer and work

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Monopoly

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Exclusive control of a commodity or service in a particular market, or a control that makes possible the manipulation of prices.

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Monotheism

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belief in a single God

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Morality

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concern with the distinction between good and evil or right and wrong

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Nun

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a female who dedicates her life to God; avoids the things of the world

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Papacy

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the government of the Roman Catholic Church, which the pope is the head of.

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Papal

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proceeding from or ordered by or subject to a pope or the papacy regarded as the successor of the Apostles

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Parliament

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a body representing privileged groups; institutionalized feudal principle that rulers should consult with their vassals; (In Britain) an assembly of nobles who were responsible for representing the views of different parts of England on law-making and taxation issues.

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Patriarch

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the male head of family or tribe

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Pope

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the head of the Roman Catholic Church who lived in The Vatican in Rome; Bishop of Rome

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Revolution

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a drastic and far-reaching change in ways of thinking and behaving

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Right-Wing

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those who support political or social or economic conservatism; those who believe that things are better left unchanged

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Salvation

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(Christianity) the act of delivering from sin or saving from evil

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Sanctioned

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1.formally approved and invested with legal authority; 2.conforming with orthodox values, 3.established by authority

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Satire

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witty language used to convey insults or scorn, form of literature in which irony, sarcasm, and ridicule are employed to attack human vice and folly

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Subsistence

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minimal (or marginal) resources for subsisting

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Urbanization

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a natural outgrowth of the increased efficiencies in farming and agriculture...aka cities grew :D

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Utopia

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a book by Sir Thomas More of England, written in 1516, describing an idea society, in which everyone shared the wealth, and everyone's needs were met.

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Utopian

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characterized by or aspiring to impracticable perfection

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Vassals

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lesser lords who pledged their service and loyalty to a greater lord -- in a military capacity

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Venerate

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to honor, admire, and regard with respect (esp. a Saint), regard with feelings of respect and reverence

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Vernacular

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Native language. Ex.The growing middle class of Europe wanted books written in their own vernacular.

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Age of Reason (The Enlightenment)

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During the 17th and 18th centuries. Focused on the role of mankind in relation to government, ideas which greatly influenced the framers of the U.S. Constitution. Concept of divine right began. Social Contract emerges, which states that governments were formed not by divine decree, but to meet the social and economical needs of the people being governed.

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Akbar the Great (Mughal India)

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Grandson of Babur(established Mughal Empire in India), who ruled from 1556 to 1605. Reunited India under religious tolerance. Eliminated the head tax on Hindus(jizya) which angered many people. Eliminated sati and tried to improve the position of women. Welcomed Hindus into government positions. ~100 years Hindus and Muslims increasingly lived side-by-side and became more geographically mixed.

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Batavia, Indonesia

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Fort established in 1619 as headquarters of Dutch East India Company operations in Indonesia; today the city of Jakarta.

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Calvin, John

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1509-1564. French theologian. Developed the Christian theology known as Calvinism - believed in predestination and a strict sense of morality. Attracted Protestant followers with his teachings.

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Columbian Exchange

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The transatlantic transfer of animals, plants, diseases, people, technology, and ideas among Europe, the Americas, and Africa. Overall population throughout northern Europe grew. Sugar and Silver were key products in the exchange. This silver was later traded with China(Silver or Single Whip System), making the world a much smaller place.

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Counter Reformation (Catholic Reformation)

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Catholic Church reforms in the sixteenth century in reaction to Protestant Reformation. Succeeding in winning back some souls they had lost to the Protestant denominations. Led by Spain(Philip II of Spain). Changes: Banned selling of indulgences, consulted with bishops and parishes more frequently, and trained its priests to live the Catholic life instead of merely preaching it, weekly mass became obligatory, pope's supreme authority was re-established and Latin was re-established as the language to be used in Latin. Society of Jesuits (Jesuit Order) was found. Council of Trent(1545-1563) dictated and defined Catholic interpretations of religious doctrine and clarified the Catholic Church's position on important religious questions, such as nature of salvation.

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Dutch East India Company

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Government-chartered joint-stock company that controlled the spice trade in the East Indies.

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Eastern Orthodox

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The Christian religion of the Byzantine Empire in the middle east that formed from Christianity's schism between the remains of the western and eastern Roman Empire. The Christian church ruled by the Byzantine emperor and the patriarchs of various historically significant Christian centers/cities.

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Edict of Nantes

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1598, decree promulgated at Nantes by King Henry IV,who was the first Bourbon king, to restore internal peace in France, which had been torn by the Wars of Religion; the edict defined the rights of the French Protestants (Huguenauts) and created an environment of toleration.

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Edict of Fountainbleu

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Henry XIV revoked Edict of Nantes- Huguenots lost right to practice Calvinism and fled

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Elizabethan Age

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1558-1603. Encouraged expansion, exploration and colonization in the New World, especially after England defeated the Spanish Armada in 1588. Muscovy Company and British East India Company founded as first joint stock companies. First English colonists settled in Roanoke colony in present day Virginia. Shakespeare wrote his masterpieces.

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Elizabeth I of England

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Daughter of Henry VIII, who oversaw a golden age in the arts in England known as the Elizabethan Age.

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Encomienda System

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A sort of feudal system in the Americas which provided the peninsulares with land and a specified number of native laborers and they were supposed to protect the Natives and convert them to Christianity. When there were more workers needed they brought in slaves from Africa.

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English Bill of Rights

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King William and Queen Mary accepted this document in 1689. It guaranteed certain rights to English citizens and declared that elections for Parliament would happen frequently. By accepting this document, they supported a limited monarchy, a system in which they shared their power with Parliament and the people and ensured that future monarchs would be Anglican.

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English Commonwealth

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The new form of government in England established by Oliver Cromwell after overthrowing Charles I(Long Parliament). The period of time when the Parliament was the head of England. Things accomplished during this time: Stuart Restoration(1660-1688)- Charles II restores a limited monarchy Habeas Corpus Act(1697)- protects people from arrests without due proccess. Glorious Revolution- Charles II driven from power and replaced by William and Mary English Bill of Rights-restatement of Declaration of Independence presented by Parliament to William and Mary

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European Exploration

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reasons: trade, a chance to get rich, chance to spread Christianity, find new lands and trade routes, glory for the country, and individual fame

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Floating Empires

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The Portuguese and the Spanish. Eager to eliminate Muslim middlemen and find more efficient trade routes, the Portuguese and the Spanish set out to sea; they soon controlled many major shipping routes in the Indian Ocean, Indonesia and the Atlantic Ocean. First ones of European Exploration and Expansion.

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Goa, India

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Island off the coast of India that was the base of Portuguese trade, which could store spices and other goods until they were shipped to Europe.

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Gutenberg's Printing Press

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invented in Europe by Johann Gutenberg in 1454; prior to this few books made because the task was long and laborious, so those made were usually in Latin (language of scholars and RCC), so most people didn't read...but this printing press made books easier to produce, more affordable and in different vernaculars. Middle class desired books, making them better educated and literate, then desiring books, then getting smarter and so on.

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Hacienda System

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similar to the feudal system, Natives got money and had to buy their products from their owners. Replaced Encomienda system

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Hapsburg Family

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A family that originated in Austria who, through a series of carefully arranged marriages, created a huge empire that stretched from Austria and Germany to Spain. Charles V, Ferdinand I,and Philip II of Spain were some of them

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Hapsburg Spain

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Hapsburg Spain refers to the history of Spain over the 16th and 17th centuries (1506-1700), when Spain was ruled by the major branch of the Habsburg dynasty. Under Habsburg rule (chiefly under Charles V and Philip II of Spain), Spain reached the zenith of its influence and power, controlling territory. For well over a century, was the world's greatest power.

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Henry Tudor(King Henry VIII)

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King of England who needed a male heir to his throne, and sought to leave his wife, but the Pope didn't let him. He would react to this by presiding over the Church of England(Anglican Church), which would allow him such a privilege and crossing the line between church and state. He did this under the 1534 Act of Supremacy.

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Heliocentric Theory

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the idea that the earth and the other planets revolve around the sun (Nicolaus Copernicus). Scientific Revolution

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Holy Roman Empire

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Loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor elected by the princes. It lasted from 962 to 1806.

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Huguenots

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French Protestants who became a sizeable and influential minority during the Protestnat Reformation. They constantly fought with the Catholics until The Edict of Nantes (1598) freed them from persecution in France, but when that was revoked in the early 1700's by Louis XIV, hundreds of thousands of Huguenots fled to other countries, including America.

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Indulgences

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A piece of paper,that a person could buy to reduce time in purgatory, through the Catholic Church. It was common practice when the church needed to raise money. The practice led to the Protestant Reformation and then in turn to the Catholic Reformation.

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Inquistion

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a formalized interrogation and persecution process of heretics set into motion by Pope Gregory IX.

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Janissary Corps(Janissaries)

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The Christian slaves of the Ottomans who were not eligible for government positions and served instead as a part of the Ottoman military. Ottomans expanded greatly because of the janissaries, who quickly became the most powerful component in the Ottoman military machine.

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Jesuit Order

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a Roman Catholic order founded by Saint Ignatius of Loyola in 1534 to defend Catholicism against the Reformation and to do missionary work among the heathen

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Jesuits

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A Catholic order that rose during the Catholic Reformation, became active in politics, education and missionary work. They practiced self-control and moderation, believing that prayer and good works led to salvation. Many were appointed to high palace positions due to their oratorical and political skills. Their example led to a stricter training system higher expectations of morality for the clergy.

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Law of Heavenly Bodies

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Copernicus' mathematical theory that asserted that the earth and the other celestial bodies revolved around the sun and that the earth also rotated on its axis daily. During the Catholic Reformation in Europe.

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Luther, Martin

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A german monk in 1517 who nailed a list of 95 theses on a church door, whose frustrations with the Catholic Church would lead to the development of Lutheranism and sparked the beginning of the Protestant Reformation.

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Louis XIV (France)

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an absolute monarch(1643-1715),through divine right,called himself the "Sun King" and "The Most Christian King". He built up France's internal strength through finance and military, strengthened army and connected France through trades routes, catholic religion and the capital Versailles and foreign expansion during his reign. He revoked the Edict of Nantes forcing Huguenots to leave and he appointed Jean Baptiste Colbert,strict mercantilist, to manage the royal funds, who wanted to increase the empire's size for more trade. So France was constantly at war.

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Manchu (Qing Dynasty) China

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the last imperial dynasty of China (from 1644 to 1912) which was overthrown by revolutionaries. Qing warriors invited by Ming rulers to quell peasant uprisings, but instead they ousted the emperor. 3% of population so needed ethnic Chinese help to rule, so civil service examination gained new heights. Under Manchu, Chinese empire expanded to included Taiwan, Mongolia, central Asia, and Tibet. Vietnam, Burma, and Nepal became vassal states to China.

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Peter the Great (Russia)

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(Peter the I) son of Alexis Romanov, who ruled Russian Empire from 1682-1725.He was convinced he needed to westernize Russia. Under Peter the Great, first navy was built and founded St. Petersburg on the Baltic Sea as his new capital, St. Petersburg became home to European engineers, scientists, architects, and artists who were recruited specifically to westernize Europe. He also traveled the West in search of Western ideas, put down revolts with great cruelty, set up secret police.

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Philip II of Spain

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Son of Charles V, who gave Philip II rule over Spain and jurisdiction over Burgundy(in France), Sicily, and the Netherlands as well as Spain's New World claims. He also gained control over Portugal. Under Philip II, rebirth of culture through the Spanish Renaissance, continuation of the Spanish Inquisition to oust heretics, led Catholic Reformation against Protestants, and missionary work in New World expanded.

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Potosi Silver Mine

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the largest silver mine in Peru, located in the city of Potosi in upper Peru (modern day Bolivia). Provided 80% of all Peruvian silver. Spanish had started to mine silver in Peru and Mexico between 1545 and 1565. Potosi became a mining center with a luxurious way of life and opulent churches, but the work was done by American Indian slaves and encomienda workers. After 1580, mercury was used to extract the silver. This silver was the same silver used in China during the Silver or Single Whip System.

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Protestant Reformation

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started by Martin Luther(1517- nailing of indulgences), Lutherans began to separate themselves from the Catholic Church, different Protestant groups arose(John Calvin). idea was that people didn't NEED the Catholic Church/Pope to interact with God, only Bibles. Luther made it acceptable to question the Church's wisdom. Bibles printed in different languages (Ex.German for Luther's hometown :D), then people became literate and better educated, then more & more questioned world around them and church;s authority. Paved ways for revolutions in education, politics, and science. Also Resulted in creation of Protestant Churches.

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Renaissance

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The great period of rebirth in art, literature, and learning in the 14th-16th centuries, which marked the transition into the modern periods of European history. Cultural and political movement. Began in Italy and spread through out Europe.

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Roman Catholic Church

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the Roman Catholic Church, together with the Eastern Orthodox Church arose out of the division of the Roman Empire; In 1054 CE Christianity was divided when the Eastern Orthodox Church, centered in Constantinople; and the Roman Catholic Church, centered in Rome, split; Headed by a pope.

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Scientific Method

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a series of steps followed to solve problems, including collecting data, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating conclusions. Fathers= Copernicus and Galileo. Born out of Scholastic Tradition.

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Scientific Revolution

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Renaissance Europe; period of empirical advances associated with the development of wider theoretical generalizations; resulted in change in traditional beliefs of Middle Ages. Some people became atheists or deists. Time of Heliocentric Theory, the scientific method and led to The Enlightenment.

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Shogun

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a hereditary military(bakufu) dictator of Japan

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Silver or Single Whip System

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The Single Whip Reforms of 1581, imposed by Chief Grand Secretary Zhang Juzheng ordered that all land taxes in China must be paid in silver. This reform monetized the Chinese tax system. the silvr was supplied from Japan. Then trade with Spanish through Philippines for silver from the Americas.

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Straits of Malacca, Indonesia

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well-traveled stretch of water between Malaysia and Indonesia used for trade along the Spice Route

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Suleiman the Magnificent(Ottoman)

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(Suleiman I) Ruler of the Ottman Empire(r.1520-1566) who rose to power after Selim I. He built up the Military, but also actively encouraged the development of the arts. Golden age under his rule (1520- 1566). Expanded to include Turkey and if defeated Vienna, Austria then to Western Europe to defeat the HRE which was already weak. If Austria was defeated, Western Europe would be very different.

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Thirty Years War (1618-1648)

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began when Protestant territories in Bohemia (Catholic Hapsburg rule) challenged Holy Roman Emperor's authority, a situation that was frequent prior Peace of Augsburg. BUT this time, developed into major religious and political war. France(under Richelieu), Denmark, Sweden and others joined. 30 years fighting in Germany= depopulated and devastated. HRE lost 1/3 of population(7 mil)

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Tokugawa Bakufu System

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(Tokugawa Shogunate) a feudal regime of Japan established by the Japanese emperor's decision to make Tokugawa Ieyasu a shogun(1603-1868), also known as Edo Period due to the moving of the capital to Edo(tokyo); ended civil war and bought political unity to Japan. Controlled most of the lands in central Honshu, directly or by closely allied damiyos. Outlying damiyos pleaded allegiance to the Tokugawa. A rigid social class program was established, and social mobility was forbidden.

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Treaty of Westphalia (1648)

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Also known as the Peace of Westphalia; Ended Thirty Years War in 1648; affirmed independence of small German states, Prussia became strongest; reduced territories of Holy Roman Empire and reduced its emperor's power, along with the Hapsburg family;granted right to individual rulers within the Holy Roman Empire to choose their own religion-either Protestant or Catholic

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The Vatican

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the palace in Rome in which the Pope lives; the control center of the Roman Catholic Church

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Zheng He(Ming, China)

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A Chinese Muslim navigator, also an imperial eunuch, who commanded trade expeditions of gigantic ships throughout the Indian Ocean, Persian Sea and Red Sea all the way to East Africa under 3rd Ming emperor Yongle (Yonglo) from 1405 -1433. If not abruptly stopped, China could have became a colonial power.

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Medici Family

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family in Florence that now only ruled the great city and beyond(with several family members becoming popes), but turned it into a showcase of architecture and beauty by acting as patrons for some of the greatest artists of the time, including Michelangelo and Brunelleschi.

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Michelangelo

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(1475-1564) An Italian Renaissance painter, sculptor, and architect. Michelangelo sculpted the David (before the fight) in 1501-1504, several versions of the Pietà, painted the ceiling and rear wall of the Sistine Chapel, and served as one of the architects of Saint Peter's Basilica, designing its famous dome.

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Leonardo da Vinci

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(1452- 1519) Italian Renaissance painter who depicted the human figure as realistically as possible with the careful use of light and shadow.Famous works include The Last Supper (1498), Mona Lisa (1506), Vitruvian Man, Virgin of the Rocks(1486), The Battle on Anghiari(1505).

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Donatello

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(1386-1466) Italian Renaissance sculptor from Florence, who depicted the human figure as realistically as possible with the careful use of light and shadow. Famous for his lifelike sculptors like the David(after the fight) in 1425 - 1430, Judith and Holofernes, Magdalene Penitent, The Crucifixion, Virgin and Child.

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Raphael

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(1483-1520) Renaissance painter and architect from Italy. His work is admired for its clarity of form, ease of composition and for its visual achievement of the humanistic ideal of human impressiveness. His more famous works were The School of Athens(1511), The Marriage of the Virgin(1504) and Sistine Madonna(1513).

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Brunelleschi

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(1377-1446) Florentine architect who was the first great architect of the Italian Renaissance. His architectural style was based on mathematics, proportions and perspective. He is famous for his work on the Florence Cathedral dome and the Palazzo Pitti.

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Van Eyck

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(1395-1441) Dutch/ Flemish painter who adopted the naturalism of the Italian painters and gained fame as portraitists and is considered one of most significant Northern European painters of the 15th century. His famous works include the Arnolfini portrait and the Ghent Altarpiece.

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Albrecht Durer

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(1471-1528) German painter who adopted the naturalism of the Italian painters and gained fame as a portraitist. His watercolors marked him as one of the first European landscape artists while his woodcuts modernized the potential of that medium. Famous works include the Apocalypse series (1498), the Knight, Death, and the Devil (1513), and Saint Jerome in his Study (1514).

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Erasmus

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(1466-1536) Dutch Christian humanist. One of the most well known learned men of the time, who counseled kings and popes. Writer of In Praise of Folly, which satirized what he thought were the most foolish political moves to date.

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Sir Thomas More

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(1478-1535) Englishman, lawyer, politician, humanist and Lord Chancellor for Henry VIII.Wrote Utopia which presented a revolutionary view of society, in which the problems of society were caused by greed. Executed by Henry VIII for not accepting the king as head of the church and for opposing the King's separation from the Catholic Church.

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William Shakespeare

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Renaissance European writer. Works reflected the period well because they exemplified humanism in its extreme- focusing on character strengths and flaws, comedy, and tragedy-and illustrated the era's obsession with the politics and mythology of classic civilizations. Julius Caesar & Venus and Adonis.

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Machiavelli

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(1517) Published The Prince which was a how-to-book for monarchs who wanted to maintain their power. It stated that monarchy should be distnct from the church and that a leader should act for the state's interest instead of selfish interest. Since then, a selfish, ruthless, manipulative ruler was called a Machiavellian.

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Pope Leo X

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Began to sell indulgences to raise money to rebuild St. Peter's Basilica in Rome; tried to get Luther to recant his criticisms of the church; condemned him an outlaw and a heretic when he would not do so; banned his ideas and excommunicated him from the church. Called for Luther's arrest, but Luther was protected by a nobleman from his hometown.

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Galileo Galilei

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(1632) Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher who played a major role in the Scientific Revolution. Published Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief Systems of the World. Showed how Earth's rotation on its axis produced the "rotation of the heavens" and how the stars' great distance from the earth prevented man from being able to see their changed position as the earth moved around the sun, which made it hard to argue against the heliocentric theory. Discovered the moons of Jupiter. Put on trial for heresy.

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The Index

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a list of banned heretical works. Galileo's book placed on this list by the RCC.

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Thomas Hobbes

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writer of the Leviathan. English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings (1588-1679)

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John Locke

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(1632-1704) an English philosopher and physician regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers and writer of Two Treatises in Government, believed people were good and had unalienable rights of life, liberty and property and that the government was there to guarantee these rights.

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Jean- Jacques Rousseau

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(1712-1778)a Genevan philosopher and writer of The Social Contract(1762), believed that all men were equal and that society should be governed by the general will(majority rule). Efffected revolutionary movements in the colonies of European empires and inspired the anti-slavery movement.

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Voltaire

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(1694-1778) French Enlightenment writer, who espoused the idea of religious toleration. Enlightenment writers didn't presume the government had divine right and that the government should serve the interest of the people by protecting individual rights and liberties.

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Sir Montesquieu

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(1689-1755) French Enlightenment writer who argued for the theory of the separation of powers among branches of government. Enlightened writes didn't presume the government had divine right and that the government should serve the interest of the people by protecting individual rights and liberties.

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Enlightened Monarchs (Enlightened Despot)

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Rulers that, to be sure they still ruled absolutely, internalized the Enlightenment philosophy and made attempts to tolerate diversity, increase opportunities for serfs, and take on the responsibilities that their rule required. Joseph II Austria, Frederick of Purssia, Empress Catherine(The Great) Russia.

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Vasco de Gama

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(1497) rounded the Cape of Good Hope, explored the east African kingdoms, and then went all the way to India, where he establish trade relations.

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Treaty of Tordesillas

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Treaty between fighting countries Spain and Portugal, which established a line of demarcation, in the Americas where the newly found land they were fighting over was, on a longitudinal line that tuns through the western Atlantic Ocean . Everything to the east of the line belonged to Portugal and everything to the West belonged to Spain. Spain became a mega-power quickly because it had so much land. This is why modern-day Brazil speaks Portuguese.

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Other Explorers

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Amerigo Vespucci- Realized America was not Asia. Americas named after him. Ponce de Leon- 1513, explored Florida for Spain Vasco de Balboa- 1513, explored much of Central America for Spain Ferdinand Magellan-1519, first to circumnavigate the world Giovanni de Verrazzano-1524, explored North American coast for France Sir Francis Drake- 1578, 1st Englishman to circumnavigate the world John Cabot-1597, explored North American coast for England Henry Hudson- 1609, explored Hudson River for Dutch

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Inventions of the Age of Exploration

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Sternpost Rudder-Chinese(Han) invention. allowed for better navigation & control of ships of increasing size Lateen Sails- Roman sails that allowed ships to sail in any direction, regardless of wind Astrolabe-Hellenic invention(150 BCE) portable navigation device Magnetic Compass-(Chinese/Han) allowed sailors to determine direction without sight of land 3-Masted Caravels-large ships with large lateen sails for longer journeys with large cargo rooms

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Herman Cortez & Montezuma

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Herman Cortes-(1519) landed on Mexican coast with 600 men. Landed in Aztec empire. Many neighboring communities hated the Aztecs(used humans[enemies] as sacrifices) so they joined Cortez against the Aztec. Montezuma(Aztec Ruler) thought Cortes was a god. Cortes' men seized Montezuma and began a siege of Tenochtitlan. Spaniards seized control around 1525.

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Francisco Pizarro & Inca

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(1531) Pizarro w/ his 200 men set out to find Inca. Disease, superior weapons, and help from enemies led to Pizarro controlling the region by 1535.

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Colonial Hiearchy

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1.Peninsulares- select group of Spanish officials sent to govern the colonies 2.Crillos/Creoles-people born in the colonies to Spanish parents. barred from high positions, but educated and wealthy and later were able to organize and demand recognition. Later, became leaders of Independence movements. 3.mestizos- people with European and Native american ancestry 4.mulattos- people with European and African ancestry 5.Native Americans Other Positions: Viceroys- those appointed governors of each of the 5 regions of New Spain

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joint-stock company

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an organization created to pool the resources of many merchants, thereby distributing the costs and risks of colonization and reducing the danger for individual investors.

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King Ferdinand & Queen Isabella

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(1469) Ferdinand was from the Christian Kingdoms in northern Spain & Isabella was from the more Muslim regions of southern Spain. They consolidated Spain under one house, thereby creating a nation-state that would become one of the world's most powerful forces.

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James I

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Came to power in 1607 after the death of Elizabeth. Brought together crowns of England and Scotland, attempted reforms to accommodate the Catholics and Puritans, but problems persisted. James claimed divine right, and the Puritans cross the Atlantic to Plymouth colony(1620).

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Charles I

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son of James, rose to power in 1625. Singed Petition of Right, which limited taxes and forbid unlawful imprisonment. He ignored it, claimed divine right and ruled without calling another Parliament meeting for 11 years.

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Cardinal Richelieu & Cardinal Mazarin

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Richelieu,Catholic, was Bourbons' chief adviser. Role was to strengthen French crown. Compromised with Protestants, even to destroy Catholic Hapasburgs of HRE, so France could be one of the stronger empires. he established new bureaucratic class( noblesse de la robe). Mazarin was his successor and they prepared France to hold the strong position it would achieve in Europe under Louis XIV.

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Philip V

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(1701) grandson of Louis XIV, inherited the Spanish throne(intermarrying of European royalty). This alarmed the rest of Europe because under Philip V France and Spain would form an unstoppable combo-power, especially given their American holdings. England, the HRE, and German princes united and after 13 years the question of Spanish succession was settled. Philip V ruled Spain, but couldn't rule France, who had to give up some of its territory to England.

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Peace of Augusburg

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(1555) treaty intended to bring an end to the constant conflicts between Catholics and Protestants.

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Ivan III

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(1480) Ivan III of Moscow refused to pay tribute to the Mongols and declared Russia free of Mongol rule.

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Ivan IV

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(Ivan the Terrible) Ivan III & Ivan IV established absolute rule in Russia, uniting it and expanding it ever eastward. Recruited peasants to settle in new lands to the East(Cossacks), but they had to do it themselves. Cossacks expanded Russia from the 16th-18th centuries well into Serbia and southward to Caspian Sea.

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Times of Trouble

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(1604-1613) Time period in Russia, where feudal lords battled over who should rule after Ivan IV died(1584). Madness subsided when Michael Romanov was elected czar(Russian for "Caesar") by the feudal lords. Romanov Dynasty added stability & ruled until 1917.

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Catherine the Great

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(1762-1796) under her more enlightened policies of education and western culture were implemented, but Russia suffered because she enforced repressive serfdom & limited the growth of the merchant class. Expanded Russia, gaining Poland and territory on the Black Sea.

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Osman Bey

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founded of the Muslim ottoman Empire, which rose in Anatolia(eastern Turkey) to unify the region and challenge the Byzantine Empire. Grew in 14th century and dominated most of modern-day Turkey. Invaded Constantinople in 1453, thereby ending the Byzantine Empire.

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Selim I

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(1512) Much of Ottoman expansion occurred under his rule. He claimed he was rightful heir to Islamic tradition under the Arab caliphs. Istanbul became the center of Islamic civilization.

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Babur

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(1526) claimed to be descendant of Genghis Khan but was Muslim. Invaded northern India, defeating the Delhi Sultanate( also Muslim) and establishing the Mughal Empire.

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Mughal Empire

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Ruled Indian subcontinent for 300 years. United almost all of the subcontinent.

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Shah Jahan

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grandson of Akbar. Under his rule the Taj Mahal was built.

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Kongo

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kingdom in Africa, that developed out of trade(like Angola and others). Grew as early as 1480's, due to Portuguese merchants. Kongo kings established close eco. and pol. relationships with the king. Kongo kings converted to Roman Catholicism and King Alfonso I was especially successful at converting his people.

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Songhai

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sub-Saharan empire. Islamic state w/ economic ties to the Muslim worlds through the trans-Saharan trade of salt and gold.

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Angola

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(1575) Portuguese port established for expansion of slave trade. Angola grew and when Portuguese exerted further authority Queen Nzinga resisted. For 40 years, the warrior queen led her troops in battle studied European military tactics, and made alliances with Portugal's rivals, but still never overcame Portugal.

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Kangxi & Qianlong

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Machu rulers who were also Confucian scholars. Both support arts and expanded the empire. Kangxi(1661-1722) conquered Taiwan and extended the empire into Mongolia, central Asia and Tibet. Qialong(1735-1796) was Kangxi's chief successor and he added Vietnam, Burma and Nepal to the vassal states of China.

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National Seclusion Policy

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Japanese policy in 1635 under the Tokugawa Shogunate, which prohibited Japanese from traveling abroad, and prohibited most foreigners from vising Japan(limited relations were kept w/ China, Korea and the Netherlands. Japan became very secluded and the policy remained in place for nearly 200 years. The seclusion resulted in Kabuki theater and haiku becoming very popular.

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The "Little Ice Age"

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The cooling of the climate during the Renaissance period. Many crops died off increasing prices and causing famines.

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Tycho Brahe

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(1546-1601)Danish nobleman known for his accurate and comprehensive astronomical and planetary observations. Furthered the Scientific Method by building an observatory and recording his observations.

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Johannes Kepler

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(1571-1630) German mathematician, astronomer and astrologer who developed the laws of planetary motion based on observation and mathematics, which helped further the Scientific Method.

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Nicolaus Copernicus

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A Polish astronomer who proved that the Ptolemaic system was inaccurate, he proposed the theory that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the solar system, Heliocentric Theory.

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Empiricism/Empirical reasoning

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Reasoning based on sensory experience. da Vinci says, based on Empiricism, that "If you find from your own experience that something is a fact and it contradicts what some authority has written down, then you must abandon the authority and base your reasoning on your own findings."

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Francis Bacon

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(1561-1626) English philosopher, statesman, scientist, jurist, and author. He served both as Attorney General and Lord Chancellor of England. Influential as philosophical advocate and practitioner of the scientific method during the scientific revolution. Called the creator of Empiricism and popularized inductive methodologies for scientific inquiry.

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Isaac Newton

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(1642-1727) English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher, alchemist and theologian. In The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy(1697), he invented calculus to help prove the theories of Copernicus, Galileo, Bacon, and others.Developed the law of gravity and the three laws of motion.

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Thomas Paine

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(1737-1809) an English-American political activist, author, political theorist and revolutionary. Inspired American Patriots in 1776 to declare independence from Britain, using the pamphlet Common Sense which presented the colonists an argument for freedom. The Age of Reason (1793-94), his book advocates deism, promotes reason and freethinking, and argues against institutionalized religion in general and Christian doctrine in particular.

AP World History Princeton Review 1450-1750 – Flashcards

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