Confucianism and Taoism – Flashcards
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eager to learn, respectful, wise
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Using evidence from the analects, name three adjectives that describe Confucius' character
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His family was poor
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Describe Confucius' family background
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Political official
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At what profession was Confucius an apparent failure
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Legalism-stern rule of law enforced by severe punishment Taoism-emphasis on the individual rather than the society, be in harmony with nature Mohism-universal love even of one's enemy
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Identify and briefly describe the three schools of thought that responded to ancient China's problems with solutions different from those of Confucius
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Tradition over innovation, rulers should look to past rulers' example for success
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What did Confucius believe about the power or tradition?
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Mencius
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Who considered himself the founder of Confucianism?
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Powerful figure in the neo-confucianism movement
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Who was Chu Hsi
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Great Learning, Analects, Doctrine of the Mean, Book of Mencius
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Four major books of Confucianism
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What it is to be human
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According to Confucius, what can one discover through learning?
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The Way
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What does Tao mean?
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Gentleman, mature man
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What is a chun-tzu?
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Jen- treat others as you would want to be treated, supreme human virtue
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Identify and briefly describe Confucianism's supreme virtue?
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Shu is reciprocity, says not to do to others what you would not want them to do to you
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Explain the notion of shu, or reciprocity?
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propriety- Proper behavior in any given social situation, as if performing a sacred ritual
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What is li?
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You should act according to your title
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What does the rectification of names mean to Confucians?
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archery, charioteering, calligraphy, mathematics, poetry, music
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Name at least four of the Confucian cultural arts, or wen
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"Virtue"- virtue as shown through the power of example, an attribute of the mature person.
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What is te?
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Love between father and son, ruler and subject, old over young, man and wife, faithfulness between friends
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Summarize the doctrine of the 5 Constant Relationships, naming all 5 relationships
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The self is at the heart of relationships
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How does Confucianism regard the self
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Family
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What is the primary virtue in relating to one's elders? Explain the meaning of that virtue.
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Gentleman
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Describe the Confucian ruler
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Universal moral force, everyone is acting morally
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What does Heaven seem to represent for Confucius?
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Lao-Tzu, Chuang Tzu
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Name the two founders of Taoism
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Lao-Tzu
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Who wrote the Tao Te Ching?
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contradiction; those who know do not speak, those who speak do not know
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Define the word paradox: give an example of a paradox from the Tao Te Ching
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book
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What is the Chuang Tzu?
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book of the way and its virtue
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What is the literal meaning of the title Tao Te Ching?
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the ultimate source, reality, way of nature
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According to the Tao Te Ching, what is the Tao?
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Yin- negative feminine, passive Yang- positive masculine, active
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Define yin and yang
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It creates a balance, you cannot know one without the other, nothing can exist without an opposite
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Why does Taoism insist that values are relative and not absolute?
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cyclical, no afterlife
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What does Taoism teach regarding an afterlife?
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simplicity, natural
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What is the manner of living perfected by the Taoist sage?
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nonaction; be perfectly in harmony with nature so that nature's energy empowers the individual
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Define and describe wu-wei. Use an analogy
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humility, noncompetition, naturalism, naturalness, nonaggresssion, passive rule
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List six Taoist virtues that demonstrate the basic virtue wu-wei.
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never meddle with nature vs conservation which controls
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What characteristic of Taoist naturalism distinguishes it from some forms of environmentalism?
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To not govern, passive rule
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What does Taoism advocate as being the best way to govern?
