question

seeks to understand how and why people of all ages and circumstances change or remain the same over time

answer

scientific study of human development

question

the traits, capacities, and limitations that each individual inherits genetically from his or her parents at the moment of conception

answer

nature

question

all the environmental influences that affect development after an individual is conceived

answer

nurture

question

in the nature-nurture debate scientists and researchers argue about ___ ____ is nurture or nature?

answer

how much

question

a time when a particular type of developmental growth (in body or behavior) must happen if it is ever going to happen (ex: between 1957 and 1961 women took thalidomide for morning sickness which was during the 26 day period for limb development, the babies born then didn't have some or all limbs and they never would grow them)

answer

critical period

question

a time when a certain type of development is most likely to happen or happens most easily, although it may still happen later with more difficulty (ex: early childhood is considered the period for language development, however, older people can learn languages later in life)

answer

sensitive period

question

a view of human development as an ongoing, ever-changing, interaction between the physical, cognitive, and psychosocial influences. The crucial understanding is that development is never static but is always affected by, and affects, many systems of development

answer

dynamic systems theory

question

the view that in the study of human development, the person should be considered in all the contexts and interactions that constitute a life (including microsystem, exosystem, macrosystem, mesosystem, chronosystem)

answer

ecological systems approach

question

social context in which you spend your time (friends, family, dorm, church, social institution)

answer

microsystem

question

local institutions (church, school)

answer

exosystem

question

larger contexts (cultural values, economic and political processes)

answer

macrosystem

question

connections between all the systems (when economy is down, people lose jobs and child abuse rate increases in homes)

answer

mesosystem

question

characteristic of human development in which multiple changes, in every direction characterizes and influences the life span; sometimes change is discontinuous and is dramatic and rapid and sometimes change is continuous and gradual over time

answer

multidirectional

question

characteristic of human development in which development occurs in many contexts: physical (climate noise, population, density), family (marital status, family size, members' age and sex), community (urban, suburban, rural, multiethnic), an so on with each context affecting everyone

answer

multicontextual

question

characteristic of human development that studies the culture of people from all over at every age; culture is the system of shared beliefs, norms, behaviors, and expectations that persist over time and prescribe social behavior and assumptions

answer

multicultural

question

characteristic of human development that says that human development requires insights and information from many scientists, past and present, in many disciplines; our understanding of every topic are substantiated by several disciplines with specialization

answer

multidisciplinary

question

characteristic of human development that says that human development can be molded and yet people maintain a certain durability of identity; provides both hope and realism-hope because change is possible but realism because development builds on what has come before

answer

plastic

question

context that involves when you were born and the experiences you had because you were born at a certain time that affects your beliefs (ex: people born now are much more accepting of gay marriage than people born 60 years ago)

answer

historical context

question

context that involves a person's position in society as determined by income, wealth, occupation, education, and place of residence

answer

socioeconomic context

question

context that involves a person's system of shared beliefs, norms, behaviors, and expectations that persist over time and prescribe social behavior and assumptions

answer

cultural context

question

a group defined by the shared age of its members, who, because they were born at about the same time, move through life together, experiencing the same historical events and cultural shifts

answer

cohort

question

a person's _______________ _______ is determined by income, wealth, occupation, education, and place of residence

answer

socioeconomic status

question

a systematic statement of general principles that provides a framework for understanding how and why people change as they grow older

answer

developmental theory

question

the two men associated with psychoanalytic theory are Freud and Erickson: Freud is associated with ________ theory and Erickson is associated with __________ theory

answer

psychosexual, psychosocial

question

theory that states that development occurs in stages, each characterized by sexual interest and pleasure arising from a particular body part: oral stage, anal stage, phallic stage, latency, genital stage through adulthood

answer

Freud's psychosexual theory

question

theory that has eight stages, each characterized by a particular challenge or developmental crisis: trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. shame and doubt, initiative vs. guilt, industry vs. inferiority, identity vs. role confusion, intimacy vs. isolation, generativity vs. stagnation, integrity vs. despair; this theory extends throughout the lifespan

answer

Erickson's psychosocial theory

question

who is associated with the behaviorism theory?

answer

John B. Watson

question

theory that states that psychologists should examine only behavior not irrational thoughts or hidden urges, also called learning theory because it describes how people learn, describing what they see and measure

answer

behaviorism theory

question

learning process in which a meaningful stimulus is connected with a neutral stimulus that had no special meaning before conditioning

answer

classical conditioning

question

learning process by which a particular action is followed by something desired or by something unwanted

answer

operant conditioning

question

theory that emphasizes the influence that other people have over a person's behavior; people learn through observation and imitation of other people

answer

social learning theory

question

when people copy what they see other's do

answer

modeling

question

who is associated with cognitive theory?

answer

Jean Piaget

question

theory that focuses on changes in how people think over time; out thoughts shape our attitudes, beliefs, and behavior; 4 stages: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational

answer

cognitive theory

question

theory that compares human thinking processes by analogy to computer analysis of data, including sensory input, connections, stored memories and output

answer

information processing theory

question

theory presented by Vygotsky that states that human development results from the dynamic interaction between developing persons and their surrounding society

answer

sociocultural theory

question

people learn from others who guide their experiences and explorations

answer

guided participation

question

the skills, knowledge, and concepts that the learner is close to acquiring but cannot yet master without help

answer

zone of proximal development

question

humanism and evolutionary theory are associated with the ____________ ___________

answer

universal perspective

question

the potential of all humans for good and the belief that all people have the same basic needs, regardless of culture, gender, or background

answer

humanism

question

contemporary humans inherit genetic tendencies that have fostered survival and reproduction of the human species for tens of thousands of years

answer

evolutionary theory

question

_________ begins when sperm penetrates ovum

answer

conception

question

the single cell formed from the union of two gametes, a sperm and an ovum

answer

zygote

question

in a process called ___________ and ___________, the 23 pairs of chromosomes carrying all the genes duplicated, forming two complete sets of the genome. These two sets move toward the opposite sides of the zygote, and the single cell splits nearly down the middle into two cells, each containing the original genetic code. These two cells duplicate and divide, becoming four, which duplicate and divide, becoming eight and so on...

answer

duplication, division

question

a small section of a chromosome, the basic unit for the transmission of heredity; it consists of a string of chemicals that provide instructions for the cell to manufacture certain proteins

answer

genes

question

one of the 46 molecules of DNA (in 23 pairs) that virtually each cell of the human body contains and that, together, contain all the genes; other species have more or fewer chromosomes

answer

chromosomes

question

chromosomes are arranged in 23 _____

answer

pairs

question

the __rd pair is the sex chromosome

answer

23

question

__ is the pair that results in a female, __ is the pair that results in a male

answer

XX, XY

question

twins who originate from one zygote that splits apart very early in development (also called identical twins); this can occur in other multiple births, like triplets and quadruplets as well

answer

monozygotic twins

question

twins who are formed when two separate ova are fertilized by two separate sperm at roughly the same time (also called fraternal twins)

answer

dizygotic twins

question

fertilization that takes place outside a woman's body; the procedure involves mixing sperm with ova that have been surgically removed from the woman's ovary; if a zygote is produced, it is inserted into a woman's uterus, where it may implant and develop into a baby

answer

in-vitro fertilization

question

examples include: taking drugs to stimulate ovulation, ova can be surgically removed and fertilized outside before being placed back into the woman's uterus (IVF)

answer

assisted reproductive technology

question

alcoholism is __________ meaning it is influenced by many genes, and is _______________ meaning it is influenced by many factors like the environment

answer

polygenic, multifactorial

question

an organism's entire genetic inheritance, or genetic potential

answer

genotype

question

the observable characteristics of a person, including appearance, personality, intelligence, and all other traits

answer

phenotype

question

the phenotype (visible characteristics) reflects one allele (the dominant gene) more than the other (the recessive gene)

answer

dominant recessive pattern

question

a gene carried on the X chromosome; if a male inherits an X-linked recessive trait from his mother, he will have the trait because the Y from his father has no counteracting gene; females are more likely to be carriers of X-linked traits but are less likely to actually show the traits

answer

x-linked recessive genes

question

involving alcoholism, genetic tendencies toward anger, aggression and addiction are _____ interactions, but going to church or parties is an ___________ interaction

answer

gene, environmental

question

most fetuses that have too few or too many chromosomes are usually: (name 3)

answer

spontaneously aborted, stillborn, die within hours/days of birth

question

an extra chromosome at the 21st pair results in a disease called:

answer

down syndrome

question

babies who are born with one or more than 3 chromosomes at the 23rd pair (the sex chromosome) are usually ___________ ____________, or they have problems with ________ or sexual ________, or they can be unaffected yet they may be __________.

answer

spontaneously aborted, cognition, maturity, infertile

question

the sex chromosome disorder in which there are XXY is called __________ syndrome and it occurs in males: males don't develop at puberty, penis does not grow, voice does not deepen, sterile, and breasts may develop, learning disabilities

answer

klinefelter

question

the sex chromosome disorder in which there is XYY is called ________ syndrome and it occurs in males: males are typically tall, and have language skill problems

answer

Jacob's

question

the sex chromosome disorder in which there is XXX is called ________ syndrome and occurs in females: normal appearance but impairments in most intellectual skills

answer

triple X

question

the sex chromosome disorder in which there is only one sex chromosome X0 is called _________syndrome and occurs in females: they are short with webbed necks; sex characteristics don't develop and some have learning disabilities and have trouble recognizing emotions

answer

turner

question

when the mother ages, her ovum ages, enhancing the risk for more chromosomal abnormalities, especially increasing the risk for _____ _________

answer

Down syndrome

question

the father can also contribute to chromosomal disorders because of their aging _______ which can cause disorders like Down syndrome

answer

sperm

question

people should get _______ _________ if: -they have a parent, sibling, or child with a serious genetic condition -couples who have had several spontaneous abortions or stillbirths -couples who are infertile -couples from the same ethnic group, particularly if they are relatives -women over age 35 and men over age 40

answer

genetic counseling

question

period of prenatal development that is the first two weeks after conception; there is rapid cell division and beginning of cell differentiation; the cell mast now called a blastocyst forms two parts: a shell that will become the placenta and a nucleus that will become the embryo; also, the cell achieves implantation in which it embeds itself in the nurturing lining of the uterus

answer

germinal period

question

period of prenatal development that lasts from the 3rd through the 8th week in which basic forms of all body structures develop; the cells are officially called an embryo; a thin line called the primitive streak appears and will become the neural tube; body parts like arms, legs, and the head begins the develop

answer

embryonic period

question

period of prenatal growth that lasts from the 9th week through the birth in which the fetus grows in size and matures in functioning; the fetus grows, gains weight, develops its brain and develops sex organs during this period

answer

fetal period

question

the age of viability is __ ______ and this means that this is the age that the baby might survive outside the mother's uterus with specialized medial care

answer

22 weeks

question

development from the head to the toes that occurs during the fetal period

answer

cephalocaudal

question

development from body to arms to hands to fingers that occurs during the fetal period

answer

proximodistal

question

the fetal brain signals the release of ________ to trigger the female's uterine muscles, which begins the birth process

answer

hormones

question

a quick assessment of newborn's heart, rate, breathing, muscle tone, color, and reflexes that is completed twice (1 minute and 5 minutes after birth) a score of 7 or above is desired

answer

apgar scale

question

in most cases, women have their babies in a _______ with sterile procedures, electronic monitoring, and drugs to dull pain or speed contractions

answer

hospital

question

woman who helps with labor, delivery, breast-feeding, and newborn care

answer

doula

question

an agent of condition, including viruses, drugs, and chemicals that can impair prenatal development and result in birth defects or even death

answer

teratology

question

some examples of this are: drugs, viruses, pollutants, malnutrition, stress

answer

teratogens

question

agents and conditions that can harm the prenatal brain, impairing the future child's intellectual and emotional functioning

answer

behavioral teratogens

question

the three factors that will determine whether or not a teratogen will cause harm is:

answer

critical time, dose/frequency of exposure, innate vulnerability

question

the time during prenatal development when the most serious damage from a teratogen is likely to occur

answer

critical period

question

when a baby weighs less than 5.5 lbs at birth

answer

low birthweight

question

when a baby weighs less than 3 lbs 5 oz at birth

answer

very low birthweight

question

when a baby weighs less than 2 lbs 3 oz at birth

answer

extremely low birthweight

question

baby that is born at 35 or fewer weeks after conceptions (3 or more weeks early) and is usually associated with low birthweight

answer

preterm baby

question

when a baby is born at a birthweight that is significantly lower than expected, given the time since conception; typically caused due to maternal or fetal drug use, malnutrition, or teen mothers

answer

small for gestational age

question

typical factors that lead to a full-term baby being under birthweight

answer

maternal drug use, malnutrition, teen mothers

question

consequences of babies with low birthweight include: they are later to: and have a smaller _____ volume

answer

smile, hold a bottle, walk, communicate, brain

question

teen mothers are at risk for having a low birthweight babies because they aren't fully _____ _________

answer

grown themselves

question

a disorder that results from damage to the brain's motor centers; people with this disease have difficulty with muscle control, so their speech and/or body movements are impaired

answer

cerebral palsy

question

a lack of oxygen that, if prolonged, can cause brain damage or death

answer

anoxia

question

a test often administered to newborns that measures responsiveness and records 46 behaviors, including 20 reflexes

answer

brazelton neonatal behavior assessment scale

question

this reflex begins even before the umbilical cord is cut; includes hiccups, sneezing, and thrashing (throwing the arms and legs to escape something that covers the face)

answer

maintaining oxygen

question

this reflex is present in when babies are cold, they cry, shiver, and tuck their legs close to their bodies; when they are hot, they try to push away blankets and then stay still

answer

maintaining constant body temperature

question

this reflex includes sucking, rooting, swallowing

answer

managing feeding

question

when a newborn's feet are stroked, the toes fan upward

answer

Babinski reflex

question

when newborns are held upright, feet touching a flat surface, they move their legs as if to walk

answer

stepping reflex

question

when held horizontally on their stomachs, newborns stretch out their arms and legs

answer

swimming reflex

question

when something touches newborns' palms, they grip it tightly

answer

palmar grasping reflex

question

when someone bangs on the table they are lying on, newborns fling their arms outward and then bring them together on their chests, crying with wide-open eyes

answer

moro reflex

question

the father's role during pregnancy is to help the mother stay ________, help the mother manage ______, and providing _____ acceptance of the birth

answer

healthy, stress, legal

question

symptoms of pregnancy and birth experienced by fathers

answer

couvade

question

cooperation between a mother and father based on their mutual commitment to their children; the parents support each other in their shared parental roles

answer

parental alliance

question

a form of newborn care in which mothers (and sometimes fathers) rest their babies on their naked chests, like kangaroo mothers that carry their immature newborns in a pouch on their abdomen: allowing the baby to sleep more deeply, gain weight more quickly and spend more time alert than do infants with standard care because they feel their mother's heartbeat and body heat

answer

kangaroo care

question

a new mother's feelings of inadequacy and sadness in the days and weeks after giving birth caused by financial stress, marital problems, if the mother is alone, health of infant, feeding or sleeping problems or unsuccessful breast-feeding

answer

postpartum depression

question

bonding at birth is ___ crucial to parent-infant attachments

answer

not

question

the average of height of a newborn baby is _____, and the average weight of a newborn baby is _____.

answer

20 in, 7 lbs

question

babies tend to lose ______ ______ in the first few days of life

answer

several ounces

question

babies' weight will ________ in the first 4 months

answer

double

question

babies' growth will (speed up/slow down) in the second year

answer

slow down

question

a biological mechanism that protects the brain when malnutrition disrupts body growth. The brain is the last part of the body to be damaged by malnutrition

answer

head sparing

question

babies will sleep _______ hours a day.

answer

15-17

question

babies don't sleep throughout the night because they get up every few hours to _____

answer

eat

question

if ________ respond to newborn cries with food and play, babies will be up earlier

answer

parents

question

a custom in which parents and their children (usually infants) sleep together in the same room

answer

co-sleeping

question

examples include: -bonding with the baby -being able to watch the baby more closely -easier to breastfeed -parents tend to get more sleep

answer

pros of co-sleeping

question

examples include: -parents could roll over onto the baby and suffocate them -SIDS chance is higher -children have separation anxiety -not knowing when to stop/when is it too much?

answer

cons of co-sleeping

question

the inborn drive to remedy a developmental deficit; literally, to return to sitting or standing upright after being tipped over. People of all ages have these impulses, for emotional and physical imbalance

answer

self-righting

question

it is necessary to stimulate ______ _____ in babies because if they do not receive stimulation, their brain cells will die, but if they do, the brain cells with develop and grow

answer

brain cells

question

when applied to brain development, the process by which unused connections in the brain atrophy and die

answer

pruning

question

the response of a sensory system (eyes, ears, skin, tongue, nose) when it detects a stimulus; ex: TV is on, you can hear it but you may or may not be perceiving what it actually is

answer

sensation

question

the mental processing of sensory information when the brain interprets a sensation; ex: TV is on and you are hearing and seeing and then processing the show and what is happening

answer

perception

question

when babies are born, they can only see about _________ in front of their face

answer

12 inches

question

babies are able to hear beginning when they are in the _____; they are ________ at the sound of loud noises and they are ________ by the sound of their mother's heartbeat

answer

womb, startled, calmed

question

babies begin to recognize their mother/father's _______, and through tests or shots, they begin to learn what ____ is.

answer

scent, pain

question

physical abilities involving large body movements, such as walking and jumping

answer

gross motor skills

question

physical abilities involving small body movements, especially of the hands and fingers, such as drawing and picking up a coin

answer

fine motor skills

question

some factors that might influence how early or late an infant begins to develop motor skills are:

answer

genetics, practice, encouragement

question

these diseases we do not tend to see anymore because of vaccinations:

answer

smallpox, polio, measles

question

SIDS is _________ a situation in which a seemingly healthy infant, usually between 2 and 6 months old, stops breathing and dies unexpectedly while asleep

answer

sudden infant death syndrome

question

factors that help to prevent SIDS are:

answer

back-sleeping

question

mother's breast milk is considered best for a baby because the milk is ______ compared to cow's milk; the milk has many __________ which tends to make the child sick less of the time; and babies who are breastfed have a less-likely risk to get diabetes or _______ ______.

answer

sterile, antibodies, heart disease

question

babies should be breastfed for _________ exclusively and for up to ________ with additional supplementary foods

answer

6 months, 2 years

question

a disease of severe protein-calorie malnutrition during early infancy, in which growth stops, body tissues waste away, and the infant eventually dies

answer

marasmus

question

a disease of chronic malnutrition during childhood, in which a protein deficiency makes the child more vulnerable to other diseases, such as measles, diarrhea, and influenza.

answer

kwashiokor

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