question

Which psychologist is best known for working with children and a Bobo doll to study whether aggressive behavior is learned by watching others be aggressive?

answer

Albert Bandura

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_____ is learning new behavior by watching a model perform that behavior.

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Observational Learning

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Which of the following is one of Bandura's elements of observational learning?

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memory

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What are the two kinds of behavior that all organisms are capable of?

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Involuntary and Voluntary

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Pavlov initially set out to study his dogs'

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Digestive systems

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Changes such as an increase in height or the size of the brain are called

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Maturation

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The law of effect states if an action is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it is likely to

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be repeated

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Small steps in behavior that are reinforced, one after the other, to create a particular goal behavior are known as

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successive approximations

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In a(n) ________, the occurrence of reinforcement is more predictable and therefore the individual being reinforced is more likely to adjust his response to the timing of the reinforcement.

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fixed interval schedule of reinforcement

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Learning that remains hidden until its application becomes useful is called

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latent learning

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In his study of rats in mazes, Tolman concluded that the rats in the group that didn't receive reinforcement for solving the maze had

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learned the maze by wandering around in it and forming a cognitive map.

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In his classical conditioning experiment, Pavlov's dogs were conditioned to salivate when they

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heard the sound of the metronome.

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It is believed that animals revert quickly to instinctual behaviors when the new tasks they are learning have a strong association with

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obtaining food.

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n Seligman's study on dogs, the dogs that were not conditioned to fear the tone

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jumped over the fence when the shock started.

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In Köhler's experiment, Sultan the chimp first used just one stick that was lying in his cage to rake the banana into the cage, and then learned to fit two sticks together. This was an example of

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insight.

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A naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary (reflex) response is a/an

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unconditioned stimulus.

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Birds, who find their food by sight, will avoid any object or insect that simply looks like the one that made them sick. This is a result of

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biological preparedness.

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The cognitive perspective of classical conditioning involves

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the mental activity of consciously expecting something else to occur.

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_________ is the disappearance or weakening of a learned response following the removal or absence of the unconditioned stimulus (in classical conditioning) or the removal of a reinforcer (in operant conditioning).

answer

Extinction

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In a later modification of the classic Bobo doll experiment, the children who saw a model beat up the doll and then get rewarded showed aggression toward the doll. Which of the following statements is true about the other children, who saw the model get punished rather than rewarded?

answer

They did not beat up the doll until offered a reward to demonstrate what the model had done.

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Whenever Vernon comes home too late on a Saturday night, his parents refuse to give him his weekly allowance. Vernon's parents are using what technique to modify his behavior?

answer

punishment by removal

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A teacher has decided to give 'caught being good' tickets to her students when they behave according to class rules. This teacher also rewards students with gold stars each time they improve their math speed. This teacher is using

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operant conditioning.

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The tendency to respond to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus is

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stimulus generalization.

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Carla was bitten by a dog when she was a toddler. She's older now, but still backs up in fear whenever a dog approaches her. This is an example of

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conditioned emotional response.

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Pavlov's dogs exhibited stimulus discrimination when they

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did not demonstrate a conditioned response upon hearing ticking sounds similar to the metronome.

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Three-year-old Ellie sees her big brother go across the monkey bars. Ellie tries to do the monkey bars but her arms are not strong enough to hang or long enough to reach the next bar. According to Bandura, Ellie is lacking which element of observational learning?

answer

imitation

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If your professor gives pop quizzes, this is an example of

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a variable interval schedule of reinforcement.

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A recent study suggests a link between spanking and

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aggression in children.

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Which of the following individuals believed that cognition was an important part of behavior?

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Martin Seligman

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One of B. F. Skinner's famous experiments involved

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teaching rats to learn how to obtain food.

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_____ believed that classical conditioning occurred because the CS became a substitute for the UCS when paired closely together in time.

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Pavlov

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In operant conditioning, _______ is the key to learning.

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reinforcement

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Further studies that followed Köhler's work with chimpanzees

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have found support for the concept of animal insight.

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A behavior is more resistant to extinction if it is

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partially reinforced.

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In Seligman's study on dogs, the dogs that were not conditioned to fear the tone

answer

jumped over the fence when the shock started.

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The Brelands determined that most Skinnerian behaviorists made the false assumption that

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all responses are equally able to be conditioned to any stimulus.

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The learning/performance distinction is demonstrated by

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the aggressive behavior by the children to the Bobo doll in Bandura's study.

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The response that is given to the conditioned stimulus is not usually quite as strong as the original unconditioned response,

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but it is essentially the same response.

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Observational learning cannot take place if the learner does not first

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pay attention to what is happening.

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Punishment is more difficult than reinforcement because

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it is difficult to get rid of a well-established response.

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An unconditioned stimulus is always followed by a(n)

answer

unconditioned response.

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Experiments have shown that laboratory rats will experience conditioned taste aversion for a food they swallow _____ before becoming nauseated.

answer

up to 6 hours

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In Pavlov's studies, the salivation of dogs in response to food in their mouths is the

answer

unconditioned response.

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In order to increase reading among her class, Mrs. Gomez, a second-grade teacher, has students record their reading by placing stickers on a large chart. For every ten stickers, students receive a new book. Mrs. Gomez is using

answer

a token economy.

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Which of the following would be considered negative reinforcement?

answer

stopping at a stop sign while driving your car

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_______ is an example of punishment by removal.

answer

Grounding a teenager

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Following a response with the removal of something unpleasant is called

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negative reinforcement.

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______ is the classical conditioning of a reflex response or emotion by watching the reaction of another person.

answer

Vicarious conditioning

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When a behavior is reinforced according to the number of responses required, it is

answer

on a ratio schedule of reinforcement.

question

In Tolman's study on rats, the second group, who did not get reinforced with food until the tenth day, then

answer

began to solve the maze immediately.

question

Kohler believed that Sultan the chimp had solved the problem of reaching the banana

answer

by having a sudden perception of relationships.

question

Köhler determined that insight

answer

cannot be gained through trial-and-error learning alone.

question

The learning/performance distinction is a kind of

answer

latent learning.

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Which of the following is an example of maturation?

answer

One-year-old baby Jesse could not walk two months ago but now he can.

question

Voluntary behavior, to Skinner, was ______ behavior.

answer

operant

question

In conditioning, the concept of shaping is achieved by reinforcing

answer

successive approximations.

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Aggression in children is ________ violence on TV.

answer

positively correlated with

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In Seligman's study, dogs that had been harnessed and had learned there was nothing they could do to escape a shock

answer

would not attempt to escape when escape was possible.

question

In defining learning, _____ refers to the fact that when people learn anything, some part of their brain is physically changed to record what they've learned, and that change remains even if the behavior doesn't.

answer

relatively permanent

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In order to be effective, a secondary reinforcer must be paired with a

answer

primary reinforcer.

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In negative reinforcement, a(n) _________ is removed; in punishment by removal, a(n) ________ is removed.

answer

unpleasant thing; pleasant, or desirable thing

question

After a lengthy period during which the UCS was not applied, Pavlov's dogs stopped responding to the metronome. If a weaker conditioned response to the metronome occurred at some point after this, it would be a demonstration of:

answer

spontaneous recovery.

question

For classical conditioning to be successful, the CS must

answer

come before the UCS.

question

A typical use of applied behavior analysis is

answer

treating children with disorders such as autism.

question

One of the first psychologists to conduct studies in an attempt to explain human behavior was

answer

John Watson.

question

________ pioneered the empirical study of the basic principles of classical conditioning.

answer

Ivan Pavlov

question

The neutral stimulus must be paired with the unconditioned stimulus _______ in order to result in successful conditioning.

answer

several times

question

Number of times that you must make the response before you are being reinforced

answer

Fixed Ratio

question

Set number of interval of time that must pass before you can make the response and get reinforced

answer

Fixed Interval

question

The number of times you must make the response before you are reinforced varies from trial to trial

answer

Variable Ratio

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