question

A systematic, relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience.

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Learning

question

A theory of learning that focuses on observable behaviors.

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Behaviorism

question

This theory discounts the importance of such mental activity as thinking, wishing, and hoping.

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Behaviorism

question

Learning that occurs when an organism makes a connection/association between two events.

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Associative learning

question

A term that describes the processes of learning an association.

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Conditioning

question

The two types of conditioning

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classical/operant

question

When organisms learn the association between two stimuli.

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classical conditioning

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When organisms learn the association between a behavior and a consequence.

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Operant conditioning

question

Learning that occurs through observing and imitating another's behaviors.

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Observational learning

question

A learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an innately meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response.

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Classical conditioning

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Automatic stimulus-> response connections.

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Reflexes

question

A stimulus that produces a response naturally.

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unconditioned stimulus

question

An unlearned reaction that is automatically elicited by the unconditioned stimulus.

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Unconditioned response

question

A previously neutral stimulus that eventually elicits a conditioned response after being paired with the unconditioned stimulus.

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Conditioned stimulus

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The learned response to the conditioned stimulus that occurs after a conditioned stimulus-unconditioned stimulus pairing.

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Conditioned response

question

The initial learning of the connection between the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned stimulus when these two stimuli are paired.

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Acquisition

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The two important factors that need to be present during acquisition.

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contiguity/contingency

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This type of association learning occurs without awareness or effort.

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Classical conditioning

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The CS and US are presented very close together.

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Contiguity

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The CS must not only precede the US closely in time, it must also serve as a reliable indicator that the US is on its way.

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Contingency

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The tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response. (More stimuli causes response.)

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Generalization CC

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The process of learning to respond to certain stimuli and not others. (Less stimuli causes a response.)

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Discrimination CC

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The weakening of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent.

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Extinction CC

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The process by which a conditioned response can recur after a time delay, without further conditioning.

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Spontaneous recovery

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A form of treatment that consists of repeated pairings of a stimulus with a very unpleasant stimulus.

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Aversive conditioning

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A procedure for changing the relationship between a conditioned stimulus and its conditioned response.

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Counterconditioning

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A special kind of classical conditioning involving the learned association between a particular taste and nausea. (Shows that not all stimulus response associations are learned at the same rate.)

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Taste aversion

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This kind of classical conditioning is highly adaptive.

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Taste aversion

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Decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations.

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Habituation

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The conditioned response to a drug can be the body's way of

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Preparing for the effects of a drug.

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Classical conditioning is a form of _____.

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respondent behavior

question

A behavior that occurs in automatic response to a stimulus.

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respondent behavior

question

Classical conditioning explains how neutral stimuli become associated with unlearned, ___________________ response.

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involuntary

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This kind of learning explains voluntary behavior.

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Operant conditioning

question

Another term for operant conditioning.

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intrumental conditioning

question

He developed the concept of operant conditioning.

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Skinner

question

A form of associative learning in which the consequence of a behavior change the probability of the behavior's occurrence.

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Operant conditioning

question

An ___________________________ occurs spontaneously, and the consequences that follow determine whether it will be repeated.

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Operant behavior

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Operant conditioning is about what comes ____________________ a behavior.

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After

question

Classical conditioning is about what comes _______________ a unconditioned stimulus.

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Before

question

This states that behavior followed by positive outcomes are strengthened, and behaviors followed by negative outcomes are weakened.

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Law of effect

question

He created the Law of Effect.

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Thorndike

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The process by which a stimulus or an event following a particular behavior increases the probability that the behavior will happen again.

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Reinforcement

question

The presentation of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to increase frequency of the behavior.

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Positive reinforcement

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The removal of a stimulus following a behavior in order to increase the frequency of that behavior.

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Negative reinforcement

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The components of observational learning according to Bandura.

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attention/reinforcement/retention/motor reproduction

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A form of problem solving in which the organism develops a sudden insight or understanding of a problem's solution.

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Insight learning

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Unreinforced learning that is not immediately reflected in behavior.

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Latent learning

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Rewarding successive approximations of a desired behavior.

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Shaping

question

Secondary reinforcers are ______________

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learned

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Primary reinforcers are ____________

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innate

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Being able to preform a behavior in different situations.

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Generalization

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This kind of reinforcement helps organisms to learn rapidly.

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Continuous

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Specific patterns that will determine when behavior will be reinforced.

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Schedules of reinforcement

question

The 4 main schedules of partial reinforcement:

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variable ratio/fixed ratio/variable interval/fixed interval

question

These reinforcement schedules involve the number of behaviors that must be performed prior to reward.

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Ratio

question

These reinforcement schedules refer to the amount of time that must pass before a behavior is rewarded.

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Interval

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A pattern of intermittent reinforcement in which the number of responses needed for reinforcement changes.

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variable ratio schedule

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A special kind of response to negative reinforcement.

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Avoidance learning

question

An organism's learning that it can altogether avoid a negative stimulus by making a particular response.

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Avoidance learning

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Through experience with unavoidable aversive stimuli, an organism learns that it has no control over negative outcomes.

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Learned helplessness

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This contributes to why victims of domestic violence fail to leave their abusers.

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Learned helplessness

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A reinforcer that is innately satisfying.

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Primary reinforcer

question

A reinforcer that acquires its positive value through an organism's experience.

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Secondary reinforcer

question

A reinforcer that is learned or conditioned.

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Secondary reinforcer

question

Performing a reinforced behavior in a different situation.

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Generalization OC

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Responding appropriately to stimuli that signal that a behavior will or will not be reinforced.

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Discrimination OC

question

Decreases in the frequency of a behavior when the behavior is no longer reinforced.

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Extinction OC

question

When a behavior is reinforced every time it occurs.

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continuous reinforcement

question

When a reinforcer follows a behavior only a portion of the time.

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partial reinforcement

question

The 2 categories of reinforcement.

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continuous/partial

question

This type of reinforcement is more resistant to extinction.

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partial

question

A reinforcement schedule that reinforces a behavior after a set number of behaviors.

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Fixed-ratio

question

A reinforcement schedule in which behaviors are rewarded an average number of times but on an unpredictable basis.

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Variable-ratio

question

_________________ schedules produce high, steady rates of behavior that are more resistant to extinction than the other three schedules.

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Variable-ratio

question

A reinforcement schedule that reinforces the first behavior after a fixed amount of time has passed.

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Fixed-interval

question

A reinforcement schedule based on a timetable in which a behavior is reinforced after a variable amount of time has elapsed.

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Variable-interval

question

A consequence that decreases the likelihood that a behavior will occur.

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Punishment

question

The presentation of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to decrease the frequency of that behavior.

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Positive punishment

question

The removal of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to decrease the frequency of that behavior.

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Negative punishment

question

The use of operant conditioning principles to change human behavior.

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ABA

question

The first process that must occur in observational learning.

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Attention

question

The second process that must occur in observational learning.

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Retention

question

The third process that must occur in observational learning.

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Motor reproduction

question

The process of imitating a model's actions.

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Motor reproduction

question

The fourth process that must occur in observational learning.

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Reinforcement

question

The process of seeing a model attain a reward for an activity. This increases the chances that an observer will repeat the behavior.

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Vicarious reinforcement

question

The process of seeing a model punished. It makes the observer less likely to repeat the behavior.

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Vicarious punishment

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The idea that much of behavior is goal-directed.

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Purposiveness of behavior

question

He conducted the Bobo Doll Experiment

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Albert Bandura

question

Goal directed, goal setting, self-regulation, self-monitoring, all describe __________ __________. This is used to support that cognitive factors are involved in learning.

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Purposive behavior

question

An experiment where kids saw adults punching a doll, and the kids later modeled the same behavior.

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Bobo Doll Experiment

question

The tendency of animals to revert to instinctive behavior that interferes with learning.

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Instinctive drift

question

The species-specific biological predisposition to learn in certain ways but not others.

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Preparedness

question

A type of learning where control of a response is shifted from an inborn stimulus to a new stimulus.

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Classical conditioning

question

A stimulus which does not trigger a response.

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Neutral stimulus

question

A response to a stimulus that is natural (unlearned).

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Unconditioned response

question

This is paired with a neutral stimulus (NS).

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Unconditioned response

question

These are the same response, but they are triggered by different events.

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unconditioned response/conditioned response

question

He worked with Social Cognitive Theory, and observational learning.

answer

Albert Bandura

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Information value. Unreinforced learning in which we acquire expectations.

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Expectancy learning

question

These psychologists conducted the Little Albert Experiment.

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Watson/Rayner

question

He expanded on Thorndike's work, by developing shaping.

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Skinner

question

These are the same stimulus, the difference is whether the stimulus triggers the conditioned response.

answer

Neutral stimulus/conditioned stimulus

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