John Krumboltz-Career Counseling – Flashcards

focused on a 'learning theory' of career counseling (LTCC)At the core of this theory is the fact that unpredictable social factors, chance events and environmental factors are important influences on clients' lives. As such, the counsellor's role is to help clients approach chance conditions and events positively. In particular, counsellors foster in their clients: curiosity to explore learning opportunities persistence to deal with obstacles flexibility to address a variety of circumstances and events optimism to maximise benefits from unplanned events.

Bandura's social learning theory such as 'reinforcement theory', 'cognitive information processing', and 'classical behaviorism

people seek out and remember information that provides cognitive support for their pre-existing attitudes and beliefs.

can be described by using a metaphor of a recipe. In order to make a good dish (decision) one must have all of the necessary ingredients (content), and know how to use the cooking instructions (process).

The methodological behaviorist school of thought maintains that behaviors as such can be described scientifically without recourse either to internal physiological events or to hypothetical constructs such as thoughts and beliefs.[3][4]

a) genetic endowments and special abilities b) environmental conditions and events c) instrumental and associative learning experiences d) task approach skills (problem solving skills, work habits, etc.)

inherited qualities which may set limits on career opportunities

events and circumstances influence skill development, activities and career preferences. Natural resources, economic conditions, and legislation may be involved.

This is learning through reactions to consequences, results of actions, and through reactions to others. Reinforcement and non-reinforcement of behaviors and skills are important.

skills acquired such as problem-solving, work habits, mental sets, and emotional and cognitive responses.

An individual's generalizations and beliefs may be problematic and may need to be challenged by the career counselor (KPK). New beliefs and courses of action may need to be learned and substituted.

identify client's mental barriers preventing them from taking action.

What-you-should-be-when-you-grow-up need not and should not be planned in advance. Instead career counselors should teach their clients the importance of engaging in a variety of interesting and beneficial activities, ascertaining their reactions, remaining alert to alternative opportunities, and learning skills for succeeding in each new activity. Four propositions: (1) The goal of career counseling is to help clients learn to take actions to achieve more satisfying career and personal lives—not to make a single career decision. (2) Assessments are used to stimulate learning, not to match personal characteristics with occupational characteristics. (3) Clients learn to engage in exploratory actions as a way of generating beneficial unplanned events. (4) The success of counseling is assessed by what the client accomplishes in the real world outside the counseling session.