question

microorganism

answer

a microscopic organism, especially a bacterium, virus, or fungus.

question

describe the environmental conditions under which the first microbes lived

answer

moist and warmth

question

Antony van leeuwenhoek

answer

"the Father of Microbiology", and considered to be the first microbiologist

question

francesco redi

answer

Italian physician, naturalist, biologist and poet. He is referred to as the "founder of experimental biology", and as the "father of modern parasitology

question

Louis pasteur

answer

French chemist and microbiologist renowned for his discoveries of the principles of vaccination, microbial fermentation and pasteurization

question

John Tyndall

answer

prominent 19th century physicist. His initial scientific fame arose in the 1850s from his study of diamagnetism. Later he made discoveries in the realms of infrared radiation and the physical properties of air.

question

Robert koch

answer

celebrated German physician and pioneering microbiologist. The founder of modern bacteriology, he is known for his role in identifying the specific causative agents of tuberculosis, cholera, and anthrax and for giving experimental support for the concept of infectious disease.

question

christian gram

answer

Danish bacteriologist noted for his development of the Gram stain.

question

Joseph lister

answer

Sir Joseph Lister, Bt., between 1883 and 1897, was a British surgeon and a pioneer of antiseptic surgery

question

Frederick griffith

answer

Discovered transformation during an experiment that involved injecting mice with smooth S cells, rough R cells, heat-killed S cells, and heat-killed S cells with living R cells.

question

Alexander flemming

answer

Discovered penicillin

question

James watson

answer

American molecular biologist, geneticist and zoologist, best known as one of the co-discoverers of the structure of DNA in 1953 with Francis Crick.

question

Francis crick

answer

British molecular biologist, biophysicist, and neuroscientist, most noted for being a co-discoverer of the structure of the DNA molecule in 1953 with James Watson

question

Rosalind franklin

answer

English chemist and X-ray crystallographer who made contributions to the understanding of the fine molecular structures of DNA, RNA, viruses, coal, and graphite

question

Maurice wilkins

answer

Used X-ray crystallography to study the molecular structure of DNA. Worked with Franklin (did not collaborate well) to create a picture of the DNA molecule which allowed Watson and Crick to deduce the double helix structure of two strands.

question

the theory of spontaneous generation and outline the theory was disproved

answer

he creation of life from organic matter. Francesco Redi disproved spontaneous generation for large organisms by showing that maggots arose from meat only when flies laid eggs in the meat.

question

list the types of organisms encountered in the study of microbiology

answer

Bacteria, viruses, fungi, prions and protozoa.

question

list the three domains and the major characteristics of each

answer

Bacteria, archaea, eukarya

question

list and describe the kinds of microorganism in each of the domains

answer

The Bacteria—single-celled prokaryotes with peptidoglycan in their cell wall 2. The Archaea—single-celled prokaryotes; do not have peptidoglycan in their cell wall; grow in extreme environments 3. The Eukarya—have eukaryotic cell structure: single cells or multicellular 4. Microbial members of the Eukarya are a) Algae—single-celled or multicellular; can use sunlight as a source of energy b) Fungi—single-celled yeasts or multicellular molds and mushrooms; use organic compounds as food c) Protozoa—single-celled organisms (1) Motile by a variety of means (2) Use organic compounds as food

question

demonstrate how to correctly write the scientific name of an organism

answer

Use both genus and species name: Felis catus. Italicize the whole name. Capitalize only the genus name.

question

distinguish among virus, viroid, and prion

answer

virus: an infective agent that typically consists of a nucleic acid molecule in a protein coat, is too small to be seen by light microscopy, and is able to multiply only within the living cells of a host. viroid: an infectious entity affecting plants, smaller than a virus and consisting only of nucleic acid without a protein coat prion: a small petrel of southern seas, having a wide bill fringed with comblike plates for feeding on planktonic crustaceans

question

describe the size range of microorganisms

answer

in bacteria it ranges from 2 micrometer(E.coli) to 1 micrometer in staphylococcus. Some protists are of size up to 300(Amoeba) micrometer and the smallest virus is of size 0.003 micrometer.

question

describe the structure of an atom

answer

Electrons reside in orbitals around the nucleus. They have a negative charge (-). It is the number of protons that determines the atomic number, e.g., H = 1. The number of protons in an element is constant (e.g., H=1, Ur=92) but neutron number may vary, so mass number (protons + neutrons) may vary.

question

explain why chemical bonds are formed

answer

A strong chemical bond is formed from the transfer or sharing of electrons between atomic centers and relies on the electrostatic attraction between the protons in nuclei and the electrons in the orbitals.

question

list and describe the types of chemical bonds

answer

Ionic bonds, covalent bonds, and polar covalent bonds

question

explain why the bonding properties of water are important

answer

Hydrogen bonding accounts for the high melting and point points of water. Much higher than would be expected if water did not exhibit hydrogen bonding and was not polar. If water did not exhibit hydrogen bonding and were not a bent molecule, and therefore polar, then it would be a gas at 0C instead of a solid. The strong attraction between the H of one molecule and the O of a nearby molecule requires a great deal of energy to overcome. This is why the MP and BP are so high. Hydrogen bonding also accounts for the high surface tension of water. It also accounts for why water expands when it freezes.

question

explain the importance of pH

answer

pH is a critical factor in the chemistry of concrete. Portland Cement, the "binding" component in concrete, (the other components being rock [aggregates] and water) has a pH approaching 11, which is very alkaline. If you remember your high school chemistry, neutral pH is 7. Above 7 is alkaline, and below 7 is acidic. In order for the cement to hold together the other components, it is important for it to remain at or near a pH of 11.

question

describe what occurs during dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis

answer

Dehydration synthesis is the process of joining two molecules (or compounds) together following the removal of water. When you see the word dehydration the first thing that may come to mind is, 'losing water' or 'lacking water.' This is a perfect way to remember what occurs during a dehydration reaction. hydrolysis: the chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water.

question

list the four biologically important classes of organic molecules and their subclasses

answer

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins or polypeptides (and related compounds), and nucleic acids (and related compounds)

question

primary structure of a protein

answer

the primary sequence of amino acids

question

secondary structure of a protein

answer

Alpha helix; B(beta)-pleated sheets; twists, turns or loops

question

tertiary structure of a protein

answer

The tertiary structure will have a single polypeptide chain "backbone" with one or more protein secondary structures, the protein domains. Amino acid side chains may interact and bond in a number of ways. The interactions and bonds of side chains within a particular protein determine its tertiary structure.

question

Quaternary structure of a protein

answer

Tertiary and Quaternary Structures. The tertiary structure of a protein is a description of the complex and irregular folding of the peptide chain in three dimensions. It is essentially a picture of what the shape of the entire protein actually looks like.

question

denatured protein

answer

A protein whose structure has been changed by physical or chemical agents.

question

monosaccharides

answer

glucose, fructose, galactose

question

diaccharides

answer

_____ most be digested or broken down into monosacchardies before wthey can be absorbed by the digestive tract

question

list the components of a nucleotide

answer

A sugar (called deoxyribose) A Phosphate (1 phosphorus atom joined to 4 oxygen atoms) One of 4 bases (Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine)

question

list the nitrogenous bases in DNA

answer

The resulting DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) contains no uracil

question

list the nitrogenous bases in RNA

answer

RNA(ribonucleic acid) does not contain any thymine.

question

differentiate between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids

answer

A saturated fat is a fat that consists of triglycerides containing only fatty acids that are saturated. Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds between the individual carbon atoms of the fatty acid chain. That is, the chain of carbon atoms is fully "saturated" with hydrogen atoms. An unsaturated fat is a fat or fatty acid in which there is at least one double bond within the fatty acid chain. A fatty acid chain is monounsaturated if it contains one double bond, and polyunsaturated if it contains more than one double bond. Where double bonds are formed, hydrogen atoms are eliminated.

question

list the kinds of microscopes used in microbiology

answer

Bright-field, Dark-field, phase-contrast, differential interference contrast, fluorescence, scanning laser, transmission, scanning

question

magnification

answer

An increase in the apparent size of an object

question

resolution

answer

The apparent increase in size of object. It is indicated by a number and "X" which is read as "times".

question

list the two kinds of differential staining procedures

answer

1.) Gram staining 2.) Acid staining

question

list the three kinds of special staining procedures

answer

1.) 2.) 3.)

question

interpret a gram stain

answer

Differentiates between Gram Positive ( purple staining) and Gram Negative ( pink staining) - 1st step a medical lab tech performs to identify bacterial pathogen.

question

acid fast stain

answer

It stains cells that genera Myobacterium and Nocardia, which cause some human diseases, including Tuberculosis, leprosy, and other lung and skin infections.

question

capsule stain

answer

Acidic dyes are repulsed by negative charges on the surface of cells and theredore doesn't stain them. They stain the background and leave cells colorless.

question

endospore stain

answer

Stains cells that genera bacillus and clostridium which contain species thats cause such diseases as anthrax, gangrene, and tetanus.

question

flagella stain

answer

Flagella are usually invisible under light microscopy, but their identification and anatomy are important in determining some pathogens. Certain chemicals that bind to the flagella are used in the staining process. The flagella color may change or an increase in contrast should make them visible.

question

describe the different shapes and arrangements of prokaryotic cells

answer

Most bacteria are 0.2 um in diameter and 2-8 um in length. The three basic bacterial shapes are coccus (spherical), bacillus (rod-shaped), and spiral (twisted), however pleomorphic bacteria can assume several shapes.

question

list the characteristics of a prokaryotic cell

answer

Prokaryotes are the single-celled organisms and much smaller than eukaryotic cells.The size of most prokaryotes is between 1 µm and 10 µm, but can vary in size from 0.2 µm to 750 µm.The prokaryotes are divided into two domains: the bacteria, unicellular microorganisms that have wide range of shapes and ubiquitous in habitat and the archaea, single-celled prokaryotic microorganisms similar to bacteria but possess some genes and several metabolic pathways that are closely related to those of eukaryotes.Exists in different shapes like, coccus, bacillus, spirillum, coccobacillus, and spirochete. While some of the prokaryotes are pleomorphic i.e. do not possess constant shape and some exists as aggregate communities.

question

describe the structure of a prokaryotic cell and give the specific function of each of the major components

answer

1.)plasma membrane-a microscopic membrane of lipids and proteins that forms the external boundary of the cytoplasm of a cell or encloses a vacuole, and that regulates the passage of molecules in and out of the cytoplasm. 2.)cytoplasm- is a thick solution that fills each cell and is enclosed by the cell membrane. It is mainly composed of water, salts, and proteins. 3.)flagella-is a whip-like structure that allows a cell to move. 4.)ribosomes-are ancient molecular machines that are responsible for production of protein in all living cells 5.)nucleus(dna)-the central and most important part of an object, movement, or group, forming the basis for its activity and growth. 6.)cell wall-the semipermeable membrane surrounding the cytoplasm of a cell. 7.)capsule-a tough sheath or membrane that encloses something in the body, such as a kidney, a lens, or a synovial joint. 8.)plasmid-a genetic structure in a cell that can replicate independently of the chromosomes, typically a small circular DNA strand in the cytoplasm of a bacterium or protozoan. Plasmids are much used in the laboratory manipulation of genes. 9.)pili-the edible seed of a Phillipine tree, which tastes like a sweet almond.

question

describe the fluid mosaic model of the cytoplasmic membrane

answer

The fluid-mosaic model describes the plasma membrane of animal cells. The plasma membrane that surrounds these cells has two layers (a bilayer) of phospholipids (fats with phosphorous attached), which at body temperature are like vegetable oil (fluid). And the structure of the plasma membrane supports the old saying, "Oil and water don't mix." Each phospholipid molecule has a head that is attracted to water (hydrophilic: hydro = water; philic = loving) and a tail that repels water (hydrophobic: hydro = water; phobic = fearing). Both layers of the plasma membrane have the hydrophilic heads pointing toward the outside; the hydrophobic tails form the inside of the bilayer.

question

describe the major roles of the cytoplasmic membrane

answer

The plasma membrane, also called the cytoplasmic membrane, is the most dynamic structure of a procaryotic cell. Its main function is a s a selective permeability barrier that regulates the passage of substances into and out of the cell.

question

simple diffusion

answer

The term simple diffusion refers to a process whereby a substance passes through a membrane without the aid of an intermediary such as a integral membrane protein. The force that drives the substance from one side of the membrane to the other is the force of diffusion.

question

osmosis

answer

is the spontaneous net movement of solvent molecules through a semi-permeable membrane into a region of higher solute concentration, in the direction that tends to equalize the solute concentrations on the two sides.

question

describe what will occur when a bacterial cell with a cell wall is placed into a hyper-tonic solution, and a hypo-tonic solution

answer

Isotonoic environment is that the bacterial stays the same. The hypertonic solution the bacterial will decrease in size and dye. The hypotonic solution on a bacterial will cause it to blow up and can lyse.

question

transport protein

answer

transmembrane pump, transporter protein, escort protein, acid transport protein, cation transport protein, or anion transport protein) is a protein that serves the function of moving other materials within an organism.

question

facilitated diffusion

answer

(also known as facilitated transport or passive-mediated transport) is the process of spontaneous passive transport (as opposed to active transport) of molecules or ions across a biological membrane via specific transmembrane integral proteins.

question

active transport

answer

is the movement of molecules across a cell membrane in the direction against some gradient or other obstructing factor (often a concentration gradient).

question

proton motive force

answer

The energy expressed here as Gibbs free energy, electrochemical proton gradient, or proton-motive force (PMF), is a combination of two gradients across the membrane: concentration gradient expressed here as ?pH. electrical gradient ??

question

describe the structure of a bacterial cell wall

answer

Structure of the Gram-positive bacterial cell wall. The wall is relatively thick and consists of many layers of peptidoglycan interspersed with teichoic acids that run perpendicular to the peptidoglycan sheets. Structure of the Gram-negative cell wall. The wall is relatively thin and contains much less peptidoglycan than the Gram-positive wall. Also, teichoic acids are absent. However, the Gram negative cell wall consists of an outer membrane that is outside of the peptidoglycan layer. The outer membrane is attached to the peptidoglycan sheet by a unique group of lipoprotein molecules.

question

gram neg, gram pos

answer

Gram-positive bacteria are bacteria that give a positive result in the Gram stain test. Gram-positive bacteria take up the crystal violet stain used in the test, and then appear to be purple-coloured when seen through a microscope. Gram-negative bacteria are a group of bacteria that do not retain the crystal violet stain used in the Gram staining method of bacterial differentiation, making positive identification possible.

question

explain the function of a bacterial capsule

answer

The cell capsule is a very large structure of some prokaryotic cells, such as bacterial cells. It is a polysaccharide layer that lies outside the cell envelope of bacteria, and is thus deemed part of the outer envelope of a bacterial cell.

question

slime layer

answer

in bacteria is an easily removed (by centrifugation, etc.), unorganized layer of extracellular material that surrounds bacteria cells. Specifically, this consists mostly of exopolysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids.

question

compare and contrast the structure and function of fimbriae and sex pili

answer

1.) In bacteriology, a fimbria [(plural fimbriae); also referred to as "attachment pili" by some scientists] is an appendage composed of curlin proteins that can be found on many Gram-negative and some Gram-positive bacteria that is thinner and shorter than a flagellum. 2.)fine filamentous projections (pili) on the surface of a bacterium that are important in conjugation. Often seem to be coded for by plasmids that confer conjugative potential on the host, in the case of the f plasmid, the f pili are 8-9nm diameter and several microns long, composed of pilin. Whether the pili merely serve to establish and maintain adhesive contact between the partners in conjugation or whether dNA is actually transferred through the central core of the pilus is still unresolved, although a simple adhesion role is more generally accepted.

question

describe a typical bacterial chromosome

answer

A circular bacterial chromosome is a bacterial chromosome in the form of a molecule of circular DNA. Unlike the linear DNA of most eukaryotes, typical bacterial chromosomes are circular. Most bacterial chromosomes contain a circular DNA molecule - there are no free ends to the DNA.

question

describe a plasmid and explain what it looks like

answer

A plasmid is a small DNA molecule within a cell that is physically separated from a chromosomal DNA and can replicate independently. They are most commonly found in bacteria as small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecules; however, plasmids are sometimes present in archaea and eukaryotic organisms.

question

describe a bacterial ribosome

answer

The bacterial ribosome is a cytoplasmic nucleoprotein particle whose main function is to serve as the site of mRNA translation and protein synthesis.

question

give the function of endospores and name the two genera in which the endospores are found

answer

An endospore is a dormant, tough, non-reproductive structure produced by a small number of bacteria from the Firmicute family. The primary function of most endospores is to ensure the survival of a bacterium through periods of environmental stress

question

define binary fission

answer

Prokaryotic fission, which is binary fission, is a form of asexual reproduction and cell division used by all prokaryotes (bacteria and archaebacteria) and some organelles within eukaryotic organisms (e.g., mitochondria).

question

explain generation or doubling time

answer

The doubling time is the period of time required for a quantity to double in size or value. It is applied to population growth, inflation, resource extraction, consumption of goods, compound interest, the volume of malignant tumours, and many other things that tend to grow over time.

question

define pure culture and explain its significance

answer

a culture in which only one strain or clone is present

question

colony

answer

In biology, a colony refers to individual organisms of the same species living closely together, usually for mutual benefit, such as stronger defense or the ability to attack bigger prey. Some insects (ants and honey bees, for example) live only in colonies.

question

describe the streak plate method for isolation of bacteria

answer

The streak plate method is a rapid qualitative isolation method. The techniques commonly used for isolation of discrete colonies initially require that the number of organisms in the inoculums be reduced.

question

classify bacteria on the basis of temperature preference and tolerance

answer

into 5 groups according to their basic shapes: spherical (cocci), rod (bacilli), spiral (spirilla), comma (vibrios) or corkscrew (spirochaetes). They can exist as single cells, in pairs, chains or clusters.

question

list the basic types of media used in the bacteriological laboratory

answer

nutrient medium, selective medium, differential medium, transport medium

question

differentiate between complex and chemically defined media

answer

A chemically-defined (synthetic) medium (Table 4a and 4b) is one in which the exact chemical composition is known. A complex (undefined) medium (Table 5a and 5b) is one in which the exact chemical constitution of the medium is not known.

question

define, describe, selective media, differential media

answer

Selective and differential media are used to isolate or identify particular organisms. Selective media allow certain types of organisms to grow, and inhibit the growth of other organisms.

question

discuss the principles of controlling microbes

answer

By definition, sterilization is considered the destruction of all microorganisms, including spores on inanimate surfaces. The destruction of these microorganisms is typically accomplished through the use of flowing or pressurized steam, chemical agents such as alcohol, phenol and ethylene oxide gas, ultraviolet radiation and bombardment with high velocity electrons

question

differentiate between the classifications of germicidal chemicals based on their potency

answer

Alcohols Aldehydes Halogens Phenols Metals

question

describe the factors that should be considered in selection of an appropriate antimicrobial chemical

answer

An antimicrobial is an agent that kills microorganisms or inhibits their growth. Antimicrobial medicines can be grouped according to the microorganisms they act primarily against. For example, antibacterials are used against bacteria and antifungals are used against fungi

question

differentiate between antiseptics and disinfectants

answer

Antiseptics are substances such as alcohol or iodine that inhibit microbial growth or kill microorganisms and are gentle enough to be applied on living tissues. Disinfectants are chemical agents such as bleach that are applied to inanimate objects such as floors, walls, and tabletops to kill microorganisms. Disinfectants are usually more harmful than antiseptics and cannot be used as an antiseptic because they can damage living tissue.

Microbiology learning objectives chp 1-5 – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards