Combo with Psychology 1 - Chapter 7 and 7 others - Flashcards

Q: Episodic Memory

A type of \"Explicit\" memory. Memories of the things that happen to us or take place in our presence (e.g. \"what you had for breakfast\" or \"what was discussed in class\"). (Page 244)

Q: Procedural Memory

AKA \"Implicit Memories\". Memories of how to perform a procedure of skill (e.g. Riding a bicycle, swimming, play baseball, swinging a hammer, use the computer. (Page 244-245)

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Semantic Memory

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General knowledge retrieval (e.g.Remembering that the U.S. has 50 states without visiting them and personally adding them up). (Page 244)

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Episodic Memory

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A type of "Explicit" memory. Memories of the things that happen to us or take place in our presence (e.g. "what you had for breakfast" or "what was discussed in class"). (Page 244)

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Procedural Memory

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AKA "Implicit Memories". Memories of how to perform a procedure of skill (e.g. Riding a bicycle, swimming, play baseball, swinging a hammer, use the computer. (Page 244-245)

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Encoding

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Modifying information so that it can be placed in memory. To do so, we commonly use visual, auditory, olfactory and semantic codes. (Page 248)

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Rehearsal

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Mentally or verbally repeating the information. Often done in "Chunking: fashion (dividing into 3-segment parts). (Page 249)

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Serial Positioning Effect

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The tendency to remember the first and last items on a list of information (e.g. On the list of letters TBXLFNTSDK, remembering only the T & K would be the serial positioning effect). (Page 253)

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Primacy Effect

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The tendency to show greater memory for information that comes first in a sequence.

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Recency Effect

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The tendency to show greater memory for information that comes last in a sequence.

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Sensory Effect

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A perceptual phenomenon which demonstrates an interaction between hearing and vision in speech perception.

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Short-Term Memory

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The type or stage of memory that can hold information for up to a minute or so after the trace of the stimulus decays. Also called "Working Memory". (Page 252)

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Long-Term Memory

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The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences. (Page 255)

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Flashbulb Memory

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Memories of events that are surprising, important and emotionally stirring; Remembering these events in detail. (Page 260)

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Context-Dependent Memory

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Information learned in a particular situation or place is better remembered when in that same situation or place. (Page 263)

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State-Dependent Memory

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Information learned in a particular state of mind (e.g., depressed, happy, somber) is more easily recalled when in that same state of mind. (Page 263-264)

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Recall

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Retrieval or reconstruction of learned material. (Page 265)

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Recognition

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Identification of objects or events that has been encountered before. (Page 265)

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Relearning

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A measure of retention. Material is usually relearned more quickly than it is learned initially. (Page 265)

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Proactive Interference

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The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information (e.g. High school Spanish may pop in when you are trying to retrieve college French or Italian words. All these are romance languages with similar roots and spellings.). (Page 266)

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Retroactive Interference

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The disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information (e.g. A medical student may memorize the names of the bones in the leg. Later, he may find that learning the names of the bones in the arm makes it more difficult to remember the other information because of too many similarities.). (Page 266)

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Repression

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The ejection of anxiety-evoking ideas from conscious awareness. ~Freud (Page 255)

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Anterograde Amnesia

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Failure to remember events that occur during and after physical trauma because of the effects of the trauma. (Page 270)

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Retrograde Amnesia

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Failure to remember events that occur during and prior to physical trauma because of the effects of the trauma. (Page 270-271)

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Childhood Amnesia

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No memories of childhood prior to age 3 and only cloudy memories between age 3-5 years old. (Page 267, 270)

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Thalamus

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Involved in the formation of verbal memories. (Page 274)

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Hippocampus

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A structure in the limbic system that plays an essential role in the formation of new memories. (Page 270)

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Adrenaline

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Also known as epinephrine is a hormone. It strengthens memory when released into the blood stream following learning. When acting together with Noradrenaline (norepinephrine), they heighten memory for stressful events. (Page 273)

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Acetylcholine

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A neurotransmitter that is vital in memory formation. Low-levels of ACh are connected with Alzheimer's disease. (Page 273)

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Serotonin

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Has been knows to play roles in memory. It is released when stimuli are paired repeatedly, increasing the efficiency of neural transmission.at certain synapses and creating neural circuits that contain the information. (Page 273)

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Alzheimer's Disease

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A progressive form of mental deterioration characterized by loss of memory, language, problem solving and other cognitive functions. It is caused by reduced levels of acetylcholine and the buildup of plaque that impairs neural functioning in the brain. (Page 115-117)

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Acronyms

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A Mnemonic memory tool. a word formed from the initials of words in a phrase, such as "NATO" from North Atlantic Treaty Organization or "scuba" from "self-contained underwater breathing apparatus."

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Mnemonics

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A method for jogging memory. Usually combines chunks of information into a format such as an acronym, jingle or phrase. (Page 269)

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Explicit Memory

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Also referred to as declarative memory. This is a memory for specific information. Items may be autobiographical or refer to general knowledge. (Page 244)

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Psychologists who study focus on the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating information. Among these activities are the ways we solve problems, make decisions, form judgments, and assess risk.

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cognition

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a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees you will solve a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier but also more error-prone use of heuristic

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algorithm

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The local fire department sounds the 12 o'clock whistle. The process by which your ears transform the sound waves from the siren into neural impulses is an example of

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transduction

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Our assumptions and expectations often provide a(n) ________ for viewing reality.

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perceptual set

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The wavelength of light determines its a. retinal disparity.

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hue.

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In vision, an inverted mirror image of an object is focused on the

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retina.

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Visual information is processed by ganglion cells

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after it is processed by bipolar cells.

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The way in which you quickly group the individual letters in this test item into separate words best illustrates the principle of

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proximity.

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Railroad tracks appear to converge in the distance. This provides a cue for depth perception known as

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linear perspective

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The fact that we recognize objects as having a consistent form regardless of changing viewing angles illustrates

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perceptual constancy.

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The Moon illusion refers to our tendency to perceive the Moon as unusually

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large when it is near the horizon.

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Immanuel Kant and John Locke would have been most likely to disagree about the extent to which perception is influenced by

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cultural experience.

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Damage to the cochlea's hair cells is most likely to affect our

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audition.

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Dissociation has been used as an explanation for

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hypnotic pain relief

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Receptor cells for the vestibular sense send messages to the

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cerebellum.

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Psychics are unable to make millions of dollars betting on horse races. This undermines their claims to possess the power of

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precognition.

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Normal vision accompanied by prosopagnosia best illustrates the distinction between

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sensation and perception.

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The absolute threshold is the minimum stimulation a person needs to detect a stimulus

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50 percent of the time.

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The size of the difference threshold is greater for heavier objects than for lighter ones. This best illustrates

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Weber's law.

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After hearing that Bryce had served a prison sentence, Janet began to perceive his friendly behavior as insincere and manipulative. This best illustrates the impact of

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perceptual set.

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Which of the following types of cells are located in the brain's visual cortex?

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feature detectors

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Rules for organizing stimuli into coherent groups were first identified by

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Gestalt psychologists.

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The distance between our right and left eyes provides us with a cue for depth perception known as

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retinal disparity.

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Pedro recognized that his son was closer to him than his daughter because his son partially blocked his view of his daughter. Pedro's perception was most clearly influenced by a distance cue known as

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interposition.

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A door casts an increasingly trapezoidal image on our retinas as it opens, yet we still perceive it as rectangular. This illustrates

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shape constancy.

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After some practice, Carol was able to read books while holding them upside down. This best illustrates

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perceptual adaptation.

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The cochlea is a

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fluid-filled tube in which sound waves trigger nerve impulses.

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A drink's strawberry odor enhances our perception of its sweetness. This best illustrates

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sensory interaction.

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The sense we feel when we bend our knees or raise our arms is called

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kinesthesis.

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Through direct experience with animals, we come to anticipate that dogs will bark and that birds will chirp. This best illustrates

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associative learning.

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The process of learning associations is referred to as

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conditioning

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Pavlov noticed that dogs began salivating at the mere sight of the person who regularly brought food to them. For the dogs, the sight of this person was a(n)

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conditioned stimulus.

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Blinking in response to a puff of air directed to your eye is a

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UR.

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Conditioning seldom occurs when a ________ comes after a(n) ________.

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negative reinforcer; operant behavior

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Long after her conditioned fear of dogs had been extinguished, Marcy felt unexpectedly nervous when she saw her cousin's new cocker spaniel. Her response to the dog best illustrates

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spontaneous recovery.

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A year after surviving a classroom shooting incident, Kim-Li still responds with terror at the sight of toy guns and to the sound of balloons popping. This reaction best illustrates

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generalization.

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The infant Albert developed a fear of rats after a white rat was associated with a loud noise. In this example, fear of the white rat was the

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CR.

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In teaching her son to play basketball, Mrs. Richards initially reinforces him with praise for simply dribbling while standing still, then only for walking while dribbling, and finally only for running while dribbling. She is using a procedure known as

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shaping

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If a light reliably signals a food delivery, a rat in a Skinner box will work to turn on the light. In this case, the light is a ________ reinforcer.

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conditioned

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Airline frequent flyer programs that reward customers with a free flight after every 50,000 miles of travel illustrate the use of a ________ schedule of reinforcement. a. fixed-interval

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fixed-ratio

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Punishment ________ the rate of operant responding, and negative reinforcement ________ the rate of operant responding.

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decreases; increases

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An organism's ability to mentally anticipate that a US will follow a CS is most likely to be highlighted by a(n) ________ perspective.

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cognitive

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An empathic husband who sees his wife in pain will exhibit some of the same brain activity she is showing. This best illustrates the functioning of a. cognitive maps

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. mirror neurons.

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If one chimpanzee watches a second chimp solve a puzzle for a food reward, the first chimp may thereby learn how to solve the puzzle. This best illustrates

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observational learning.

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When you hear familiar words in your native language, it is almost impossible not to register the meanings of the words. This best illustrates the importance of

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automatic processing.

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The spacing effect describes an effective strategy for

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rehearsal.

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Which of the following is most likely to be stored as an implicit memory

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a conditioned fear of guns

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Having read a story once, certain amnesia victims will read it faster the second time even though they can't recall having read the story before. They have most likely suffered damage to the

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hippocampus.

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When you have to make a long-distance call to an unfamiliar number, you have to dial an area code plus a seven-digit number. You are likely to have trouble retaining the just-looked-up number in memory because of the limited capacity of ________ memory.

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short-term

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Many people can easily recall exactly what they were doing when they first learned of the death of a close friend or family member. This best illustrates ________ memory.

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flashbulb

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When you are picking the correctly learned answer from several choices, you are testing you

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recognition.

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Whenever Valerie feels afraid, she is overwhelmed with childhood memories of her abusive parents. Valerie's experience best illustrates

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mood-congruent memory.

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The gradual fading of the memory trace contributes to

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storage decay.

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While taking the final exam in American history, Marie was surprised and frustrated by her momentary inability to remember the name of the first president of the United States. Her difficulty most clearly illustrates

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retrieval failure.

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Learning a new debit card password may block the recall of a familiar old password. This illustrates

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interference.

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Although Hsin typically smokes two packs of cigarettes a day, he recalls smoking little more than a pack a day. This poor memory best illustrates

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motivated forgetting.

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The surprising ease with which people form false memories best illustrates that the processes of encoding and retrieval involve

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memory construction.

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Last July, Steve went to see a science fiction movie about spaceship travel and alien abductions. He now remembers that he had been abducted by aliens and personally subjected to many of the horrors portrayed in the movie. His mistaken recall best illustrates

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source amnesia.

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When Megan goes out to buy cosmetics, she reminds herself that the most expensive brands are the best. Megan's self-reminder illustrates the use of

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a heuristic.

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The inability to take a new perspective on a problem is called a

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fixation

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A factory foreman mistakenly believes that older workers are not as motivated as younger workers to work hard. As a result, he keeps a sharp eye out for signs of laziness among senior workers. His supervision strategy best illustrates

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confirmation bias.

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Prompt feedback regarding your performance on psychology practice tests is most likely to inhibit

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overconfidence.

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In the English language, adjectives are typically placed before nouns, as in "green car." This illustrates an English language rule of

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syntax.

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Vocal sounds that are not included in a person's native language first begin to disappear from use during the ________ stage of language development.

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babbling

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Telegraphic speech is most closely associated with the ________ stage of language development

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a critical period

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Managers who want to foster creativity in the workplace should try to increase the ________ of their employees.

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intrinsic motivation

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When Phoebe strongly disagrees with her sister's opinion, she controls her own anger and responds to her sister with empathy. Her behavior best illustrates

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emotional intelligence.

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An 8-year-old whose score on the original Stanford-Binet was typical of an average 10-year-old was said to have an IQ of

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125.

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Before publishing her test of musical aptitude, Professor Reed gave it to a representative sample of people. This was most clearly necessary for test

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standardization.

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When retested on the WAIS, people's second scores generally match their first scores quite closely. This indicates that the test has a high degree of

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reliability.

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Intelligence test scores are LEAST similar for

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identical twins reared apart.

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Stereotype threat stimulates

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self-confirming expectations.

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cognition

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mental activity that involves understanding, manipulating, and communicating information

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concept

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a mental category that is used to class together objects, events, qualities, ect...

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prototype

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a concept of a category of objects or events that serves as a good example of the category

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exemplar

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a specific example

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algorithm

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a systematic procedure for solving a problem that works invariably when it is correctly applied

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systematic random search

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an algorithm for solving problems in which each possible solution is tested according to a particular set of rules

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heuristics

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rules of thumb that help us simplify and solve problems

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means-end analysis

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a heuristic device in which we try to solve a problem by evaluating the difference between the current situation and the goal

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mental set

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the tendency to respond to a new problem with an approach that was successfully used with similar problems

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insight

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a sudden perception of relationships among elements of the "perceptual field" permitting the solution of a problem

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incubation

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a hypothetical process that sometimes occurs when we stand back from a frustrating problem for a while and the solution suddenly appears

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functional fixedness

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the tendency to view an object in terms of its name or familiar usage

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creativity

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the ability to generate novel and useful solutions to problems

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convergent thinking

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a thought process that attempts to narrow in on the single best solution to a problem

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divergent thinking

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a thought process that attempts to generate multiple solutions to problems

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brainstorming

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a group process that encourages creativity by stimulating a large number of ideas

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reasoning

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the transforming of information to reach conclusions

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deductive reasoning

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a form of reasoning about arguments

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inductive reasoning

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a form of reasoning in which we reason from individual cases

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representativeness heuristic

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a decision-making heuristic in which people make judgments about samples according to the populations they appear to represent

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availability heuristic

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a decision-making heuristic in which our estimates of frequency or probability of events are based on how easy it is to find examples

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anchoring and adjustment heuristic

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a decision-making heuristic in which a presumption or first estimate serves as a cognitive anchor

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framing effect

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The way in which wording affects decision making.

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1. Experiencing sudden pain is to _______ as recognizing that you are suffering a heart attack is to ________.

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Sensation; perception.

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The impact of boredom and fatigue on people's absolute thresholds is highlighted by

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Signal detection theory

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3. If a visual image is first presented subliminally, the chance of a person later recognizing the same briefly presented image is improved. This best illustrates:

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That information can be processed outside from conscious awareness.

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If you move your watchband up your wrist an inch or so, you will feel it for only a few moments. This best illustrates:

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Sensory adaption

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5. Visible lights have ________ wavelengths than radio waves and _______ wavelengths than X-rays.

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Shorter; longer.

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6. The central focal point in the retina where cones are heavily concentrated is known as the:

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Fovea

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Visual information is processed by ganglion cells ________ it is processed by rods and cones and ________ it is processed by bipolar cells

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After; after

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8. Some stroke victims lose the capacity to perceive motion but retain the capacity to perceive shapes and colors. Others lose the capacity to perceive colors but retain the capacity to perceive movement and form. These peculiar visual disabilities best illustrate our normal capacity for:

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Parallel processing.

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The opponent-process theory is most useful for explaining one of the characteristics of

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Afterimages,

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10. Damage to the basilar membrane is most likely to affect one's:

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Audition.

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Digital hearing aids produce ________ sound by restricting the range of sound _______.

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Compressed; amplitudes.

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12. The volley principle is most relevant to understanding how we sense:

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Pitch.

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13. Infant rats deprived of their mothers' grooming touch produce ________ growth hormone and have a ________ metabolic rate.

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Less; lower.

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The absolute threshold for taste sensations is relatively _______ among people who smoke and relatively ________ among people who abuse alcohol.

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High; high.

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15. Receptor cells for the vestibular sense send messages to the:

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Cerebellum.

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1. Interpreting new sensory information within the framework of a past memory illustrates:

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Top-down processing.

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Damage to a region of the temporal lobe essential to recognizing faces results in a condition known as:

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Prosopagnosia.

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Most notable for it's short term affect on thinking:

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Subliminal messages.

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4. The size of the difference threshold is greater for heavier objects than for lighter ones. This best illustrates:

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Weber's Law

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The ring of muscle tissue that controls the pupil's size is called the

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Iris

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most clearly takes place in the rods and cones

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Sensory transduction

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7. The phenomenon of blindsight best illustrates that visual information can be processed without:

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Conscious awareness.

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8. Even with sunglasses on, grass appears equally as green as it does without glasses. This best illustrates:

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Color constancy

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9. The number of complete sound waves that strike one's eardrum in a given second determines the _______ of the sound.

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Pitch

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10. The hammer, anvil, and stirrup are three tiny bones that transmit vibrations to the:

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Oval window

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Herman von Helmholtz developed both a(n) ________ theory of color discrimination and a ________ theory of pitch discrimination.

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Trichromatic; place

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12. Elderly people typically have an especially _______ absolute threshold for _______ pitched sounds.

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High; high

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Tinnitus is a phantom ______ sensation

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Auditory

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A drink's strawberry odor enhances our perception of its sweetness. This best illustrates

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Sensory interaction

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The sensory experience of bending one's knees or raising one's arms exemplifies:

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Kinesthesis

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Experiencing sudden pain is to ________ as recognizing that you are suffering a heart attack is to ________.

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Sensation; Perception

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If a visual image is first presented subliminally, the chance of a person later recognizing the same briefly presented image is improved. This best illustrates _________.

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That information can be processed outside of conscious awareness

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If you move your watchband up your wrist an inch or so, you will feel it for only a few moments. This best illustrates _________________.

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Sensory adaptation

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Multiple ________ send combined messages to a bipolar cell, whereas a single ________ may link directly to a single bipolar cell.

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Rods; Cone

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Some stroke victims lose the capacity to perceive motion but retain the capacity to perceive shapes and colors. Others lose the capacity to perceive colors but retain the capacity to perceive movement and form. These peculiar visual disabilities best illustrate our normal capacity for_______.

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Parallel processing

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The opponent-process theory is most useful for explaining a characteristic of_________.

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afterimages

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Damage to the basilar membrane is most likely to affect one's _______.

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audition

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The rubber-hand illusion best illustrates _______.

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Sensory interaction

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Receptor cells for the vestibular sense send messages to the ________.

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Cerebellum

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The way in which you quickly group the individual letters in this test item into separate words best illustrates the principle of _______.

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proximity

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The fact that we recognize objects as having a consistent form regardless of changing viewing angles illustrates ______________.

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Perceptual constancy

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The Moon illusion refers to our tendency to perceive the Moon as unusually _______.

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large when it is near the horizon.

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Immanuel Kant and John Locke would have been most likely to disagree about the extent to which perception is influenced by ______.

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cultural experience

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People perceive an adult-child pair as looking more alike when told they are parent and child. This best illustrates the impact of ____________.

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Perceptual Set

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Psychics are unable to make millions of dollars betting on horse races. This undermines their claims to possess the power of _____________.

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precognition

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If you move your watchband up your wrist an inch or so, you will feel it for only a few moments. This best illustrates: A. parallel processing. B. accommodation. C. sensory adaptation. D. Weber's law. Answer: C

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If you move your watchband up your wrist an inch or so, you will feel it for only a few moments. This best illustrates: A. parallel processing. B. accommodation. C. sensory adaptation. D. Weber's law. Answer: C

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When you arrived at the gym Tuesday morning, you noticed the musty odor of the showers in the locker room. As you finished changing, you did not notice the smell. This is probably the result of: A. absolute threshold. B. prosopagnosia. C. signal detection. D. sensory adaptation. Answer: D

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When you arrived at the gym Tuesday morning, you noticed the musty odor of the showers in the locker room. As you finished changing, you did not notice the smell. This is probably the result of: A. absolute threshold. B. prosopagnosia. C. signal detection. D. sensory adaptation. Answer: D

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After hearing that Bryce had served a prison sentence, Janet began to perceive his genuinely friendly behavior as insincere and manipulative. This best illustrates the impact of: A. interposition. B. visual capture. C. the phi phenomenon. D. perceptual set. Answer: D

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After hearing that Bryce had served a prison sentence, Janet began to perceive his genuinely friendly behavior as insincere and manipulative. This best illustrates the impact of: A. interposition. B. visual capture. C. the phi phenomenon. D. perceptual set. Answer: D

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In terms of our sensory experience of light, wavelength is to ______________ as wave intensity is to: A. accommodation; retina. B. hue; brightness. C. transduction; brightness. D. ultraviolet rays; gamma rays. Answer: B

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In terms of our sensory experience of light, wavelength is to ______________ as wave intensity is to: A. accommodation; retina. B. hue; brightness. C. transduction; brightness. D. ultraviolet rays; gamma rays. Answer: B

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Relative size, interposition, relative clarity, and relative height are examples of: A. monocular cues. B. binocular cues. C. trinocular cues. D. perceptive cues. Answer: A

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Relative size, interposition, relative clarity, and relative height are examples of: A. monocular cues. B. binocular cues. C. trinocular cues. D. perceptive cues. Answer: A

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In terms of vision, _____________ is the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or inverted visual field. A. critical deprivation B. perceptual set C. perceptual adaptation D. lightness constancy Answer: C

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In terms of vision, _____________ is the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or inverted visual field. A. critical deprivation B. perceptual set C. perceptual adaptation D. lightness constancy Answer: C

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This is the system for sensing the position and movement of our individual body parts. A. kinesthesis B. absolute threshold C. parallel processing D. feature detectors Answer: A

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This is the system for sensing the position and movement of our individual body parts. A. kinesthesis B. absolute threshold C. parallel processing D. feature detectors Answer: A

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Enrico is having trouble telling the difference between the sound of a tuba and the sound of a piccolo. Even though a piccolo produces much shorter, faster sound waves than does a tuba, he has trouble picking out the differences in the ______________ of these sounds. A. pitch B. transduction C. decibel level D. difference threshold Answer: A

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Enrico is having trouble telling the difference between the sound of a tuba and the sound of a piccolo. Even though a piccolo produces much shorter, faster sound waves than does a tuba, he has trouble picking out the differences in the ______________ of these sounds. A. pitch B. transduction C. decibel level D. difference threshold Answer: A

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In an experiment, hypnotized subjects are told to scratch their ear every time they hear the word "psychology." The results indicate that they do this only if they think the experiment is still under way. These findings most clearly support the theory that hypnosis involves: A. dissociation. B. neuroadaptation. C. role playing. D. hypnagogic sensations. Answer: C

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In an experiment, hypnotized subjects are told to scratch their ear every time they hear the word "psychology." The results indicate that they do this only if they think the experiment is still under way. These findings most clearly support the theory that hypnosis involves: A. dissociation. B. neuroadaptation. C. role playing. D. hypnagogic sensations. Answer: C

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______________ is the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response. A. Priming B. Sensation C. Subliminal stimulation D. Psychophysics Answer: A

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______________ is the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response. A. Priming B. Sensation C. Subliminal stimulation D. Psychophysics Answer: A

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The principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage rather than a constant amount is called: A. sensory interaction. B. Weber's law. C. the difference principle. D. the opponent-process theory. Answer: B

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The principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage rather than a constant amount is called: A. sensory interaction. B. Weber's law. C. the difference principle. D. the opponent-process theory. Answer: B

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Both _______________ and _______________ indicate how our experiences help us to construct perception. A. monocular cues; sensations B. convergence; perceptual constancy C. perceptual set; context D. the phi phenomenon; size-distance relationships Answer: C

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Both _______________ and _______________ indicate how our experiences help us to construct perception. A. monocular cues; sensations B. convergence; perceptual constancy C. perceptual set; context D. the phi phenomenon; size-distance relationships Answer: C

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_____________ refers to the intensity of energy in a light or sound wave, which we perceive as brightness or loudness, as determined by the wave's amplitude. A. Transduction B. Intensity C. Hue D. Wavelength Answer: B

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_____________ refers to the intensity of energy in a light or sound wave, which we perceive as brightness or loudness, as determined by the wave's amplitude. A. Transduction B. Intensity C. Hue D. Wavelength Answer: B

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According to the Gestalt psychologists, we perceive smooth, continuous patterns rather than discontinuous ones. This is called the principle of: A. connectedness. B. continuity. C. similarity. D. proximity.

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According to the Gestalt psychologists, we perceive smooth, continuous patterns rather than discontinuous ones. This is called the principle of: A. connectedness. B. continuity. C. similarity. D. proximity. Answer: B

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The Moon illusion refers to our tendency to perceive the Moon as unusually: A. large when it is near the horizon. B. large when it is high in the sky. C. bright when it is near the horizon. D. bright when it is high in the sky. Answer: A

answer

The Moon illusion refers to our tendency to perceive the Moon as unusually: A. large when it is near the horizon. B. large when it is high in the sky. C. bright when it is near the horizon. D. bright when it is high in the sky. Answer: A

question

You are playing "Ring around the Rosie" with your little cousins and are spinning around and around. When you stop you still feel as though you are spinning because your ________________ and _______________ haven't returned to their neutral state. A. vestibular motion; kinesthetic receptors B. semicircular canals; sensory system C. semicircular canals; kinesthetic receptors D. sensory system; semicircular canals Answer: C

answer

You are playing "Ring around the Rosie" with your little cousins and are spinning around and around. When you stop you still feel as though you are spinning because your ________________ and _______________ haven't returned to their neutral state. A. vestibular motion; kinesthetic receptors B. semicircular canals; sensory system C. semicircular canals; kinesthetic receptors D. sensory system; semicircular canals Answer: C

question

Gretta is 85 years old and having trouble with her hearing. She worked in a factory for many years, at a time before there were regulations safeguarding noise levels. The most likely reasons for her sensorineural hearing loss are normal aging and: A. a punctured eardrum. B. prolonged exposure to ear-splitting noise. C. damage to the basilar membrane. D. damage to the middle ear. Answer: B

answer

Gretta is 85 years old and having trouble with her hearing. She worked in a factory for many years, at a time before there were regulations safeguarding noise levels. The most likely reasons for her sensorineural hearing loss are normal aging and: A. a punctured eardrum. B. prolonged exposure to ear-splitting noise. C. damage to the basilar membrane. D. damage to the middle ear. Answer: B

question

According to social influence theory, hypnosis is a social phenomenon. Which of the following is BEST explained by social influence theory? A. People who are good at role playing are good subjects for hypnosis. B. People with meager imaginations are good subjects for hypnosis. C. People who perform self-hypnosis are more outgoing. D. Hypnotized subjects will carry out post-hypnotic suggestions even if no one is watching them. Answer: A

answer

According to social influence theory, hypnosis is a social phenomenon. Which of the following is BEST explained by social influence theory? A. People who are good at role playing are good subjects for hypnosis. B. People with meager imaginations are good subjects for hypnosis. C. People who perform self-hypnosis are more outgoing. D. Hypnotized subjects will carry out post-hypnotic suggestions even if no one is watching them. Answer: A

question

A researcher subliminally presents a visual image to study participants, which increases the likelihood that they will later recognize the same briefly presented image. This best illustrates: A. the pervasive impact of sensory interaction. B. the difference between absolute and difference thresholds. C. that information can be processed outside of conscious awareness. D. that the process of accommodation takes place over a period of time. Answer: C

answer

A researcher subliminally presents a visual image to study participants, which increases the likelihood that they will later recognize the same briefly presented image. This best illustrates: A. the pervasive impact of sensory interaction. B. the difference between absolute and difference thresholds. C. that information can be processed outside of conscious awareness. D. that the process of accommodation takes place over a period of time. Answer: C

question

When people look at a photograph of an adult-child pair and are told that the two individuals are parent and child, the people tend to say the pair looks more alike than people who are told the pair is unrelated. This is most likely due to: A. perceptual sets. B. perceptual adaptation. C. precognition. D. misattribution bias. Answer: A

answer

When people look at a photograph of an adult-child pair and are told that the two individuals are parent and child, the people tend to say the pair looks more alike than people who are told the pair is unrelated. This is most likely due to: A. perceptual sets. B. perceptual adaptation. C. precognition. D. misattribution bias. Answer: A

question

Professor Brandt is conducting a study on _______________. He shows his study participants a picture of an adult-child pair. He tells half of the participants that they are looking at a parent and her child. He tells the other half that they are looking at a daycare worker and a child in the daycare center. The group that thinks the pair is related rate them as looking more alike than the group that thinks they are NOT related. A. perceptual set B. the phi phenomenon C. perceptual adaptation D. perceptual constancy Answer: A

answer

Professor Brandt is conducting a study on _______________. He shows his study participants a picture of an adult-child pair. He tells half of the participants that they are looking at a parent and her child. He tells the other half that they are looking at a daycare worker and a child in the daycare center. The group that thinks the pair is related rate them as looking more alike than the group that thinks they are NOT related. A. perceptual set B. the phi phenomenon C. perceptual adaptation D. perceptual constancy Answer: A

question

Your eight-year-old cat ran away, got into a neighbor's cellar, and was stuck there for two months. Luckily, there was enough food and water in the basement for Minnie to survive. However, it was pitch black. When your neighbor returned from her two-month vacation, she found Minnie and returned her to you. How will this sensory deprivation affect Minnie's vision? A. Her vision will be disturbed, and she won't be able to discriminate shapes. B. Her vision will be unaffected by this sensory deprivation. C. Her vision will be disturbed, and she won't be able to discriminate colors. D. She will be totally blind. Answer: B

answer

Your eight-year-old cat ran away, got into a neighbor's cellar, and was stuck there for two months. Luckily, there was enough food and water in the basement for Minnie to survive. However, it was pitch black. When your neighbor returned from her two-month vacation, she found Minnie and returned her to you. How will this sensory deprivation affect Minnie's vision? A. Her vision will be disturbed, and she won't be able to discriminate shapes. B. Her vision will be unaffected by this sensory deprivation. C. Her vision will be disturbed, and she won't be able to discriminate colors. D. She will be totally blind. Answer: B

question

Our tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups is known as: A. convergence. B. interposition. C. stroboscopic movement. D. grouping. Answer: D

answer

Our tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups is known as: A. convergence. B. interposition. C. stroboscopic movement. D. grouping. Answer: D

question

Pedro recognized that his son was closer to him than his daughter because his son partially obstructed his view of his daughter. Pedro's perception was most clearly influenced by a distance cue known as: A. proximity. B. interposition. C. convergence. D. relative clarity. Answer: B

answer

Pedro recognized that his son was closer to him than his daughter because his son partially obstructed his view of his daughter. Pedro's perception was most clearly influenced by a distance cue known as: A. proximity. B. interposition. C. convergence. D. relative clarity. Answer: B

question

Judy was born without the ability to feel pain. On several occasions she has not noticed that she has been severely injured. People with this type of problem often: A. suffer the accumulated effects of unnoticed infections. B. have joints that fail from excess strain. C. die by early adulthood. D. All of these things are possible for a person born without the ability to feel pain. Answer: D

answer

Judy was born without the ability to feel pain. On several occasions she has not noticed that she has been severely injured. People with this type of problem often: A. suffer the accumulated effects of unnoticed infections. B. have joints that fail from excess strain. C. die by early adulthood. D. All of these things are possible for a person born without the ability to feel pain. Answer: D

question

In an experiment, hypnotized subjects are told to scratch their ear every time they hear the word "psychology." The results indicate that they do this only if they think the experiment is still under way. These findings most clearly support the theory that hypnosis involves: A. dissociation. B. neuroadaptation. C. role playing. D. hypnagogic sensations. Answer: C

answer

In an experiment, hypnotized subjects are told to scratch their ear every time they hear the word "psychology." The results indicate that they do this only if they think the experiment is still under way. These findings most clearly support the theory that hypnosis involves: A. dissociation. B. neuroadaptation. C. role playing. D. hypnagogic sensations. Answer: C

question

Billy Bob works at the airport as ground crew. He typically takes off his hearing protection as he finds it cumbersome. Prolonged exposure to the roars of the jet engines will result in: A. sensory decompensation. B. vestibular disease. C. conduction hearing loss. D. sensorineural hearing loss. Answer: D

answer

Billy Bob works at the airport as ground crew. He typically takes off his hearing protection as he finds it cumbersome. Prolonged exposure to the roars of the jet engines will result in: A. sensory decompensation. B. vestibular disease. C. conduction hearing loss. D. sensorineural hearing loss. Answer: D

question

.Experiencing sudden pain is to _____________ as recognizing that you are suffering a heart attack is to: A. kinesthesia; accommodation. B. sensation; perception. C. absolute threshold; difference threshold. D. gate-control theory; Weber's law. Answer B

answer

.Experiencing sudden pain is to _____________ as recognizing that you are suffering a heart attack is to: A. kinesthesia; accommodation. B. sensation; perception. C. absolute threshold; difference threshold. D. gate-control theory; Weber's law. Answer B

question

The adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters is called the: A. cornea. B. pupil. C. lens. D. iris. Answer B

answer

The adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters is called the: A. cornea. B. pupil. C. lens. D. iris. Answer B

question

Visual information is processed by ganglion cells: A. BEFORE it is processed by rods and cones and AFTER it is processed by bipolar cells. B. AFTER it is processed by rods and cones and BEFORE it is processed by bipolar cells. C. BEFORE it is processed by rods and cones and BEFORE it is processed by bipolar cells. D. AFTER it is processed by rods and cones and AFTER it is processed by bipolar cells. after after

answer

Visual information is processed by ganglion cells: A. BEFORE it is processed by rods and cones and AFTER it is processed by bipolar cells. B. AFTER it is processed by rods and cones and BEFORE it is processed by bipolar cells. C. BEFORE it is processed by rods and cones and BEFORE it is processed by bipolar cells. D. AFTER it is processed by rods and cones and AFTER it is processed by bipolar cells.

question

The hammer, anvil, and stirrup are three tiny bones that transmit vibrations to the: A. vestibular sacs. B. cochlea. C. eardrum. D. semicircular canal cochlea

answer

The hammer, anvil, and stirrup are three tiny bones that transmit vibrations to the: A. vestibular sacs. B. cochlea. C. eardrum. D. semicircular canal. cochlea

question

Psychologists who study focus on the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating information. Among these activities are the ways we solve problems, make decisions, form judgments, and assess risk.

answer

cognition

question

a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees you will solve a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier but also more error-prone use of heuristic

answer

algorithm

question

The local fire department sounds the 12 o'clock whistle. The process by which your ears transform the sound waves from the siren into neural impulses is an example of

answer

transduction

question

Our assumptions and expectations often provide a(n) ________ for viewing reality.

answer

perceptual set

question

The wavelength of light determines its a. retinal disparity.

answer

hue.

question

In vision, an inverted mirror image of an object is focused on the

answer

retina.

question

Visual information is processed by ganglion cells

answer

after it is processed by bipolar cells.

question

The way in which you quickly group the individual letters in this test item into separate words best illustrates the principle of

answer

proximity.

question

Railroad tracks appear to converge in the distance. This provides a cue for depth perception known as

answer

linear perspective

question

The fact that we recognize objects as having a consistent form regardless of changing viewing angles illustrates

answer

perceptual constancy.

question

The Moon illusion refers to our tendency to perceive the Moon as unusually

answer

large when it is near the horizon.

question

Immanuel Kant and John Locke would have been most likely to disagree about the extent to which perception is influenced by

answer

cultural experience.

question

Damage to the cochlea's hair cells is most likely to affect our

answer

audition.

question

Dissociation has been used as an explanation for

answer

hypnotic pain relief

question

Receptor cells for the vestibular sense send messages to the

answer

cerebellum.

question

Psychics are unable to make millions of dollars betting on horse races. This undermines their claims to possess the power of

answer

precognition.

question

Normal vision accompanied by prosopagnosia best illustrates the distinction between

answer

sensation and perception.

question

The absolute threshold is the minimum stimulation a person needs to detect a stimulus

answer

50 percent of the time.

question

The size of the difference threshold is greater for heavier objects than for lighter ones. This best illustrates

answer

Weber's law.

question

After hearing that Bryce had served a prison sentence, Janet began to perceive his friendly behavior as insincere and manipulative. This best illustrates the impact of

answer

perceptual set.

question

Which of the following types of cells are located in the brain's visual cortex?

answer

feature detectors

question

Rules for organizing stimuli into coherent groups were first identified by

answer

Gestalt psychologists.

question

The distance between our right and left eyes provides us with a cue for depth perception known as

answer

retinal disparity.

question

Pedro recognized that his son was closer to him than his daughter because his son partially blocked his view of his daughter. Pedro's perception was most clearly influenced by a distance cue known as

answer

interposition.

question

A door casts an increasingly trapezoidal image on our retinas as it opens, yet we still perceive it as rectangular. This illustrates

answer

shape constancy.

question

After some practice, Carol was able to read books while holding them upside down. This best illustrates

answer

perceptual adaptation.

question

The cochlea is a

answer

fluid-filled tube in which sound waves trigger nerve impulses.

question

A drink's strawberry odor enhances our perception of its sweetness. This best illustrates

answer

sensory interaction.

question

The sense we feel when we bend our knees or raise our arms is called

answer

kinesthesis.

question

Through direct experience with animals, we come to anticipate that dogs will bark and that birds will chirp. This best illustrates

answer

associative learning.

question

The process of learning associations is referred to as

answer

conditioning

question

Pavlov noticed that dogs began salivating at the mere sight of the person who regularly brought food to them. For the dogs, the sight of this person was a(n)

answer

conditioned stimulus.

question

Blinking in response to a puff of air directed to your eye is a

answer

UR.

question

Conditioning seldom occurs when a ________ comes after a(n) ________.

answer

negative reinforcer; operant behavior

question

Long after her conditioned fear of dogs had been extinguished, Marcy felt unexpectedly nervous when she saw her cousin's new cocker spaniel. Her response to the dog best illustrates

answer

spontaneous recovery.

question

A year after surviving a classroom shooting incident, Kim-Li still responds with terror at the sight of toy guns and to the sound of balloons popping. This reaction best illustrates

answer

generalization.

question

The infant Albert developed a fear of rats after a white rat was associated with a loud noise. In this example, fear of the white rat was the

answer

CR.

question

In teaching her son to play basketball, Mrs. Richards initially reinforces him with praise for simply dribbling while standing still, then only for walking while dribbling, and finally only for running while dribbling. She is using a procedure known as

answer

shaping

question

If a light reliably signals a food delivery, a rat in a Skinner box will work to turn on the light. In this case, the light is a ________ reinforcer.

answer

conditioned

question

Airline frequent flyer programs that reward customers with a free flight after every 50,000 miles of travel illustrate the use of a ________ schedule of reinforcement. a. fixed-interval

answer

fixed-ratio

question

Punishment ________ the rate of operant responding, and negative reinforcement ________ the rate of operant responding.

answer

decreases; increases

question

An organism's ability to mentally anticipate that a US will follow a CS is most likely to be highlighted by a(n) ________ perspective.

answer

cognitive

question

An empathic husband who sees his wife in pain will exhibit some of the same brain activity she is showing. This best illustrates the functioning of a. cognitive maps

answer

. mirror neurons.

question

If one chimpanzee watches a second chimp solve a puzzle for a food reward, the first chimp may thereby learn how to solve the puzzle. This best illustrates

answer

observational learning.

question

When you hear familiar words in your native language, it is almost impossible not to register the meanings of the words. This best illustrates the importance of

answer

automatic processing.

question

The spacing effect describes an effective strategy for

answer

rehearsal.

question

Which of the following is most likely to be stored as an implicit memory

answer

a conditioned fear of guns

question

Having read a story once, certain amnesia victims will read it faster the second time even though they can't recall having read the story before. They have most likely suffered damage to the

answer

hippocampus.

question

When you have to make a long-distance call to an unfamiliar number, you have to dial an area code plus a seven-digit number. You are likely to have trouble retaining the just-looked-up number in memory because of the limited capacity of ________ memory.

answer

short-term

question

Many people can easily recall exactly what they were doing when they first learned of the death of a close friend or family member. This best illustrates ________ memory.

answer

flashbulb

question

When you are picking the correctly learned answer from several choices, you are testing you

answer

recognition.

question

Whenever Valerie feels afraid, she is overwhelmed with childhood memories of her abusive parents. Valerie's experience best illustrates

answer

mood-congruent memory.

question

The gradual fading of the memory trace contributes to

answer

storage decay.

question

While taking the final exam in American history, Marie was surprised and frustrated by her momentary inability to remember the name of the first president of the United States. Her difficulty most clearly illustrates

answer

retrieval failure.

question

Learning a new debit card password may block the recall of a familiar old password. This illustrates

answer

interference.

question

Although Hsin typically smokes two packs of cigarettes a day, he recalls smoking little more than a pack a day. This poor memory best illustrates

answer

motivated forgetting.

question

The surprising ease with which people form false memories best illustrates that the processes of encoding and retrieval involve

answer

memory construction.

question

Last July, Steve went to see a science fiction movie about spaceship travel and alien abductions. He now remembers that he had been abducted by aliens and personally subjected to many of the horrors portrayed in the movie. His mistaken recall best illustrates

answer

source amnesia.

question

When Megan goes out to buy cosmetics, she reminds herself that the most expensive brands are the best. Megan's self-reminder illustrates the use of

answer

a heuristic.

question

The inability to take a new perspective on a problem is called a

answer

fixation

question

A factory foreman mistakenly believes that older workers are not as motivated as younger workers to work hard. As a result, he keeps a sharp eye out for signs of laziness among senior workers. His supervision strategy best illustrates

answer

confirmation bias.

question

Prompt feedback regarding your performance on psychology practice tests is most likely to inhibit

answer

overconfidence.

question

In the English language, adjectives are typically placed before nouns, as in "green car." This illustrates an English language rule of

answer

syntax.

question

Vocal sounds that are not included in a person's native language first begin to disappear from use during the ________ stage of language development.

answer

babbling

question

Telegraphic speech is most closely associated with the ________ stage of language development

answer

a critical period

question

Managers who want to foster creativity in the workplace should try to increase the ________ of their employees.

answer

intrinsic motivation

question

When Phoebe strongly disagrees with her sister's opinion, she controls her own anger and responds to her sister with empathy. Her behavior best illustrates

answer

emotional intelligence.

question

An 8-year-old whose score on the original Stanford-Binet was typical of an average 10-year-old was said to have an IQ of

answer

125.

question

Before publishing her test of musical aptitude, Professor Reed gave it to a representative sample of people. This was most clearly necessary for test

answer

standardization.

question

When retested on the WAIS, people's second scores generally match their first scores quite closely. This indicates that the test has a high degree of

answer

reliability.

question

Intelligence test scores are LEAST similar for

answer

identical twins reared apart.

question

Stereotype threat stimulates

answer

self-confirming expectations.

question

Imagine a study in which participants are shown 2,000 slides of houses and storefronts, each for only 10 seconds. Later, these same participants are shown 300 of the original slides paired with slides they have not seen before. According to research, these participants would be able to recognize ______ percent of the slides they had seen before.

answer

70

question

Psychologists who study focus on the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating information. Among these activities are the ways we solve problems, make decisions, form judgments, and assess risk.

answer

cognition

question

a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees you will solve a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier but also more error-prone use of heuristic

answer

algorithm

question

The local fire department sounds the 12 o'clock whistle. The process by which your ears transform the sound waves from the siren into neural impulses is an example of

answer

transduction

question

Our assumptions and expectations often provide a(n) ________ for viewing reality.

answer

perceptual set

question

The wavelength of light determines its a. retinal disparity.

answer

hue.

question

In vision, an inverted mirror image of an object is focused on the

answer

retina.

question

Visual information is processed by ganglion cells

answer

after it is processed by bipolar cells.

question

The way in which you quickly group the individual letters in this test item into separate words best illustrates the principle of

answer

proximity.

question

Railroad tracks appear to converge in the distance. This provides a cue for depth perception known as

answer

linear perspective

question

The fact that we recognize objects as having a consistent form regardless of changing viewing angles illustrates

answer

perceptual constancy.

question

The Moon illusion refers to our tendency to perceive the Moon as unusually

answer

large when it is near the horizon.

question

Immanuel Kant and John Locke would have been most likely to disagree about the extent to which perception is influenced by

answer

cultural experience.

question

Damage to the cochlea's hair cells is most likely to affect our

answer

audition.

question

Dissociation has been used as an explanation for

answer

hypnotic pain relief

question

Receptor cells for the vestibular sense send messages to the

answer

cerebellum.

question

Psychics are unable to make millions of dollars betting on horse races. This undermines their claims to possess the power of

answer

precognition.

question

Normal vision accompanied by prosopagnosia best illustrates the distinction between

answer

sensation and perception.

question

The absolute threshold is the minimum stimulation a person needs to detect a stimulus

answer

50 percent of the time.

question

The size of the difference threshold is greater for heavier objects than for lighter ones. This best illustrates

answer

Weber's law.

question

After hearing that Bryce had served a prison sentence, Janet began to perceive his friendly behavior as insincere and manipulative. This best illustrates the impact of

answer

perceptual set.

question

Which of the following types of cells are located in the brain's visual cortex?

answer

feature detectors

question

Rules for organizing stimuli into coherent groups were first identified by

answer

Gestalt psychologists.

question

The distance between our right and left eyes provides us with a cue for depth perception known as

answer

retinal disparity.

question

Pedro recognized that his son was closer to him than his daughter because his son partially blocked his view of his daughter. Pedro's perception was most clearly influenced by a distance cue known as

answer

interposition.

question

A door casts an increasingly trapezoidal image on our retinas as it opens, yet we still perceive it as rectangular. This illustrates

answer

shape constancy.

question

After some practice, Carol was able to read books while holding them upside down. This best illustrates

answer

perceptual adaptation.

question

The cochlea is a

answer

fluid-filled tube in which sound waves trigger nerve impulses.

question

A drink's strawberry odor enhances our perception of its sweetness. This best illustrates

answer

sensory interaction.

question

The sense we feel when we bend our knees or raise our arms is called

answer

kinesthesis.

question

Through direct experience with animals, we come to anticipate that dogs will bark and that birds will chirp. This best illustrates

answer

associative learning.

question

The process of learning associations is referred to as

answer

conditioning

question

Pavlov noticed that dogs began salivating at the mere sight of the person who regularly brought food to them. For the dogs, the sight of this person was a(n)

answer

conditioned stimulus.

question

Blinking in response to a puff of air directed to your eye is a

answer

UR.

question

Conditioning seldom occurs when a ________ comes after a(n) ________.

answer

negative reinforcer; operant behavior

question

Long after her conditioned fear of dogs had been extinguished, Marcy felt unexpectedly nervous when she saw her cousin's new cocker spaniel. Her response to the dog best illustrates

answer

spontaneous recovery.

question

A year after surviving a classroom shooting incident, Kim-Li still responds with terror at the sight of toy guns and to the sound of balloons popping. This reaction best illustrates

answer

generalization.

question

The infant Albert developed a fear of rats after a white rat was associated with a loud noise. In this example, fear of the white rat was the

answer

CR.

question

In teaching her son to play basketball, Mrs. Richards initially reinforces him with praise for simply dribbling while standing still, then only for walking while dribbling, and finally only for running while dribbling. She is using a procedure known as

answer

shaping

question

If a light reliably signals a food delivery, a rat in a Skinner box will work to turn on the light. In this case, the light is a ________ reinforcer.

answer

conditioned

question

Airline frequent flyer programs that reward customers with a free flight after every 50,000 miles of travel illustrate the use of a ________ schedule of reinforcement. a. fixed-interval

answer

fixed-ratio

question

Punishment ________ the rate of operant responding, and negative reinforcement ________ the rate of operant responding.

answer

decreases; increases

question

An organism's ability to mentally anticipate that a US will follow a CS is most likely to be highlighted by a(n) ________ perspective.

answer

cognitive

question

An empathic husband who sees his wife in pain will exhibit some of the same brain activity she is showing. This best illustrates the functioning of a. cognitive maps

answer

. mirror neurons.

question

If one chimpanzee watches a second chimp solve a puzzle for a food reward, the first chimp may thereby learn how to solve the puzzle. This best illustrates

answer

observational learning.

question

When you hear familiar words in your native language, it is almost impossible not to register the meanings of the words. This best illustrates the importance of

answer

automatic processing.

question

The spacing effect describes an effective strategy for

answer

rehearsal.

question

Which of the following is most likely to be stored as an implicit memory

answer

a conditioned fear of guns

question

Having read a story once, certain amnesia victims will read it faster the second time even though they can't recall having read the story before. They have most likely suffered damage to the

answer

hippocampus.

question

When you have to make a long-distance call to an unfamiliar number, you have to dial an area code plus a seven-digit number. You are likely to have trouble retaining the just-looked-up number in memory because of the limited capacity of ________ memory.

answer

short-term

question

Many people can easily recall exactly what they were doing when they first learned of the death of a close friend or family member. This best illustrates ________ memory.

answer

flashbulb

question

When you are picking the correctly learned answer from several choices, you are testing you

answer

recognition.

question

Whenever Valerie feels afraid, she is overwhelmed with childhood memories of her abusive parents. Valerie's experience best illustrates

answer

mood-congruent memory.

question

The gradual fading of the memory trace contributes to

answer

storage decay.

question

While taking the final exam in American history, Marie was surprised and frustrated by her momentary inability to remember the name of the first president of the United States. Her difficulty most clearly illustrates

answer

retrieval failure.

question

Learning a new debit card password may block the recall of a familiar old password. This illustrates

answer

interference.

question

Although Hsin typically smokes two packs of cigarettes a day, he recalls smoking little more than a pack a day. This poor memory best illustrates

answer

motivated forgetting.

question

The surprising ease with which people form false memories best illustrates that the processes of encoding and retrieval involve

answer

memory construction.

question

Last July, Steve went to see a science fiction movie about spaceship travel and alien abductions. He now remembers that he had been abducted by aliens and personally subjected to many of the horrors portrayed in the movie. His mistaken recall best illustrates

answer

source amnesia.

question

When Megan goes out to buy cosmetics, she reminds herself that the most expensive brands are the best. Megan's self-reminder illustrates the use of

answer

a heuristic.

question

The inability to take a new perspective on a problem is called a

answer

fixation

question

A factory foreman mistakenly believes that older workers are not as motivated as younger workers to work hard. As a result, he keeps a sharp eye out for signs of laziness among senior workers. His supervision strategy best illustrates

answer

confirmation bias.

question

Prompt feedback regarding your performance on psychology practice tests is most likely to inhibit

answer

overconfidence.

question

In the English language, adjectives are typically placed before nouns, as in "green car." This illustrates an English language rule of

answer

syntax.

question

Vocal sounds that are not included in a person's native language first begin to disappear from use during the ________ stage of language development.

answer

babbling

question

Telegraphic speech is most closely associated with the ________ stage of language development

answer

a critical period

question

Managers who want to foster creativity in the workplace should try to increase the ________ of their employees.

answer

intrinsic motivation

question

When Phoebe strongly disagrees with her sister's opinion, she controls her own anger and responds to her sister with empathy. Her behavior best illustrates

answer

emotional intelligence.

question

An 8-year-old whose score on the original Stanford-Binet was typical of an average 10-year-old was said to have an IQ of

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125.

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Before publishing her test of musical aptitude, Professor Reed gave it to a representative sample of people. This was most clearly necessary for test

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standardization.

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When retested on the WAIS, people's second scores generally match their first scores quite closely. This indicates that the test has a high degree of

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reliability.

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Intelligence test scores are LEAST similar for

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identical twins reared apart.

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Stereotype threat stimulates

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self-confirming expectations.

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cognition

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mental activity that involves understanding, manipulating, and communicating information

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concept

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a mental category that is used to class together objects, events, qualities, ect...

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prototype

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a concept of a category of objects or events that serves as a good example of the category

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exemplar

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a specific example

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algorithm

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a systematic procedure for solving a problem that works invariably when it is correctly applied

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systematic random search

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an algorithm for solving problems in which each possible solution is tested according to a particular set of rules

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heuristics

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rules of thumb that help us simplify and solve problems

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means-end analysis

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a heuristic device in which we try to solve a problem by evaluating the difference between the current situation and the goal

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mental set

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the tendency to respond to a new problem with an approach that was successfully used with similar problems

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insight

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a sudden perception of relationships among elements of the "perceptual field" permitting the solution of a problem

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incubation

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a hypothetical process that sometimes occurs when we stand back from a frustrating problem for a while and the solution suddenly appears

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functional fixedness

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the tendency to view an object in terms of its name or familiar usage

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creativity

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the ability to generate novel and useful solutions to problems

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convergent thinking

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a thought process that attempts to narrow in on the single best solution to a problem

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divergent thinking

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a thought process that attempts to generate multiple solutions to problems

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brainstorming

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a group process that encourages creativity by stimulating a large number of ideas

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reasoning

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the transforming of information to reach conclusions

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deductive reasoning

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a form of reasoning about arguments

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inductive reasoning

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a form of reasoning in which we reason from individual cases

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representativeness heuristic

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a decision-making heuristic in which people make judgments about samples according to the populations they appear to represent

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availability heuristic

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a decision-making heuristic in which our estimates of frequency or probability of events are based on how easy it is to find examples

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anchoring and adjustment heuristic

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a decision-making heuristic in which a presumption or first estimate serves as a cognitive anchor

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framing effect

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The way in which wording affects decision making.

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1. Experiencing sudden pain is to _______ as recognizing that you are suffering a heart attack is to ________.

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Sensation; perception.

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The impact of boredom and fatigue on people's absolute thresholds is highlighted by

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Signal detection theory

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3. If a visual image is first presented subliminally, the chance of a person later recognizing the same briefly presented image is improved. This best illustrates:

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That information can be processed outside from conscious awareness.

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If you move your watchband up your wrist an inch or so, you will feel it for only a few moments. This best illustrates:

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Sensory adaption

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5. Visible lights have ________ wavelengths than radio waves and _______ wavelengths than X-rays.

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Shorter; longer.

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6. The central focal point in the retina where cones are heavily concentrated is known as the:

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Fovea

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Visual information is processed by ganglion cells ________ it is processed by rods and cones and ________ it is processed by bipolar cells

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After; after

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8. Some stroke victims lose the capacity to perceive motion but retain the capacity to perceive shapes and colors. Others lose the capacity to perceive colors but retain the capacity to perceive movement and form. These peculiar visual disabilities best illustrate our normal capacity for:

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Parallel processing.

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The opponent-process theory is most useful for explaining one of the characteristics of

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Afterimages,

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10. Damage to the basilar membrane is most likely to affect one's:

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Audition.

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Digital hearing aids produce ________ sound by restricting the range of sound _______.

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Compressed; amplitudes.

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12. The volley principle is most relevant to understanding how we sense:

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Pitch.

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13. Infant rats deprived of their mothers' grooming touch produce ________ growth hormone and have a ________ metabolic rate.

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Less; lower.

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The absolute threshold for taste sensations is relatively _______ among people who smoke and relatively ________ among people who abuse alcohol.

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High; high.

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15. Receptor cells for the vestibular sense send messages to the:

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Cerebellum.

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1. Interpreting new sensory information within the framework of a past memory illustrates:

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Top-down processing.

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Damage to a region of the temporal lobe essential to recognizing faces results in a condition known as:

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Prosopagnosia.

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Most notable for it's short term affect on thinking:

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Subliminal messages.

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4. The size of the difference threshold is greater for heavier objects than for lighter ones. This best illustrates:

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Weber's Law

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The ring of muscle tissue that controls the pupil's size is called the

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Iris

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most clearly takes place in the rods and cones

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Sensory transduction

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7. The phenomenon of blindsight best illustrates that visual information can be processed without:

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Conscious awareness.

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8. Even with sunglasses on, grass appears equally as green as it does without glasses. This best illustrates:

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Color constancy

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9. The number of complete sound waves that strike one's eardrum in a given second determines the _______ of the sound.

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Pitch

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10. The hammer, anvil, and stirrup are three tiny bones that transmit vibrations to the:

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Oval window

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Herman von Helmholtz developed both a(n) ________ theory of color discrimination and a ________ theory of pitch discrimination.

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Trichromatic; place

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12. Elderly people typically have an especially _______ absolute threshold for _______ pitched sounds.

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High; high

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Tinnitus is a phantom ______ sensation

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Auditory

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A drink's strawberry odor enhances our perception of its sweetness. This best illustrates

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Sensory interaction

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The sensory experience of bending one's knees or raising one's arms exemplifies:

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Kinesthesis

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Experiencing sudden pain is to ________ as recognizing that you are suffering a heart attack is to ________.

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Sensation; Perception

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If a visual image is first presented subliminally, the chance of a person later recognizing the same briefly presented image is improved. This best illustrates _________.

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That information can be processed outside of conscious awareness

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If you move your watchband up your wrist an inch or so, you will feel it for only a few moments. This best illustrates _________________.

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Sensory adaptation

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Multiple ________ send combined messages to a bipolar cell, whereas a single ________ may link directly to a single bipolar cell.

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Rods; Cone

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Some stroke victims lose the capacity to perceive motion but retain the capacity to perceive shapes and colors. Others lose the capacity to perceive colors but retain the capacity to perceive movement and form. These peculiar visual disabilities best illustrate our normal capacity for_______.

answer

Parallel processing

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The opponent-process theory is most useful for explaining a characteristic of_________.

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afterimages

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Damage to the basilar membrane is most likely to affect one's _______.

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audition

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The rubber-hand illusion best illustrates _______.

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Sensory interaction

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Receptor cells for the vestibular sense send messages to the ________.

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Cerebellum

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The way in which you quickly group the individual letters in this test item into separate words best illustrates the principle of _______.

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proximity

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The fact that we recognize objects as having a consistent form regardless of changing viewing angles illustrates ______________.

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Perceptual constancy

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The Moon illusion refers to our tendency to perceive the Moon as unusually _______.

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large when it is near the horizon.

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Immanuel Kant and John Locke would have been most likely to disagree about the extent to which perception is influenced by ______.

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cultural experience

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People perceive an adult-child pair as looking more alike when told they are parent and child. This best illustrates the impact of ____________.

answer

Perceptual Set

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Psychics are unable to make millions of dollars betting on horse races. This undermines their claims to possess the power of _____________.

answer

precognition

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If you move your watchband up your wrist an inch or so, you will feel it for only a few moments. This best illustrates: A. parallel processing. B. accommodation. C. sensory adaptation. D. Weber's law. Answer: C

answer

If you move your watchband up your wrist an inch or so, you will feel it for only a few moments. This best illustrates: A. parallel processing. B. accommodation. C. sensory adaptation. D. Weber's law. Answer: C

question

When you arrived at the gym Tuesday morning, you noticed the musty odor of the showers in the locker room. As you finished changing, you did not notice the smell. This is probably the result of: A. absolute threshold. B. prosopagnosia. C. signal detection. D. sensory adaptation. Answer: D

answer

When you arrived at the gym Tuesday morning, you noticed the musty odor of the showers in the locker room. As you finished changing, you did not notice the smell. This is probably the result of: A. absolute threshold. B. prosopagnosia. C. signal detection. D. sensory adaptation. Answer: D

question

After hearing that Bryce had served a prison sentence, Janet began to perceive his genuinely friendly behavior as insincere and manipulative. This best illustrates the impact of: A. interposition. B. visual capture. C. the phi phenomenon. D. perceptual set. Answer: D

answer

After hearing that Bryce had served a prison sentence, Janet began to perceive his genuinely friendly behavior as insincere and manipulative. This best illustrates the impact of: A. interposition. B. visual capture. C. the phi phenomenon. D. perceptual set. Answer: D

question

In terms of our sensory experience of light, wavelength is to ______________ as wave intensity is to: A. accommodation; retina. B. hue; brightness. C. transduction; brightness. D. ultraviolet rays; gamma rays. Answer: B

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In terms of our sensory experience of light, wavelength is to ______________ as wave intensity is to: A. accommodation; retina. B. hue; brightness. C. transduction; brightness. D. ultraviolet rays; gamma rays. Answer: B

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Relative size, interposition, relative clarity, and relative height are examples of: A. monocular cues. B. binocular cues. C. trinocular cues. D. perceptive cues. Answer: A

answer

Relative size, interposition, relative clarity, and relative height are examples of: A. monocular cues. B. binocular cues. C. trinocular cues. D. perceptive cues. Answer: A

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In terms of vision, _____________ is the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or inverted visual field. A. critical deprivation B. perceptual set C. perceptual adaptation D. lightness constancy Answer: C

answer

In terms of vision, _____________ is the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or inverted visual field. A. critical deprivation B. perceptual set C. perceptual adaptation D. lightness constancy Answer: C

question

This is the system for sensing the position and movement of our individual body parts. A. kinesthesis B. absolute threshold C. parallel processing D. feature detectors Answer: A

answer

This is the system for sensing the position and movement of our individual body parts. A. kinesthesis B. absolute threshold C. parallel processing D. feature detectors Answer: A

question

Enrico is having trouble telling the difference between the sound of a tuba and the sound of a piccolo. Even though a piccolo produces much shorter, faster sound waves than does a tuba, he has trouble picking out the differences in the ______________ of these sounds. A. pitch B. transduction C. decibel level D. difference threshold Answer: A

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Enrico is having trouble telling the difference between the sound of a tuba and the sound of a piccolo. Even though a piccolo produces much shorter, faster sound waves than does a tuba, he has trouble picking out the differences in the ______________ of these sounds. A. pitch B. transduction C. decibel level D. difference threshold Answer: A

question

In an experiment, hypnotized subjects are told to scratch their ear every time they hear the word "psychology." The results indicate that they do this only if they think the experiment is still under way. These findings most clearly support the theory that hypnosis involves: A. dissociation. B. neuroadaptation. C. role playing. D. hypnagogic sensations. Answer: C

answer

In an experiment, hypnotized subjects are told to scratch their ear every time they hear the word "psychology." The results indicate that they do this only if they think the experiment is still under way. These findings most clearly support the theory that hypnosis involves: A. dissociation. B. neuroadaptation. C. role playing. D. hypnagogic sensations. Answer: C

question

______________ is the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response. A. Priming B. Sensation C. Subliminal stimulation D. Psychophysics Answer: A

answer

______________ is the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response. A. Priming B. Sensation C. Subliminal stimulation D. Psychophysics Answer: A

question

The principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage rather than a constant amount is called: A. sensory interaction. B. Weber's law. C. the difference principle. D. the opponent-process theory. Answer: B

answer

The principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage rather than a constant amount is called: A. sensory interaction. B. Weber's law. C. the difference principle. D. the opponent-process theory. Answer: B

question

Both _______________ and _______________ indicate how our experiences help us to construct perception. A. monocular cues; sensations B. convergence; perceptual constancy C. perceptual set; context D. the phi phenomenon; size-distance relationships Answer: C

answer

Both _______________ and _______________ indicate how our experiences help us to construct perception. A. monocular cues; sensations B. convergence; perceptual constancy C. perceptual set; context D. the phi phenomenon; size-distance relationships Answer: C

question

_____________ refers to the intensity of energy in a light or sound wave, which we perceive as brightness or loudness, as determined by the wave's amplitude. A. Transduction B. Intensity C. Hue D. Wavelength Answer: B

answer

_____________ refers to the intensity of energy in a light or sound wave, which we perceive as brightness or loudness, as determined by the wave's amplitude. A. Transduction B. Intensity C. Hue D. Wavelength Answer: B

question

According to the Gestalt psychologists, we perceive smooth, continuous patterns rather than discontinuous ones. This is called the principle of: A. connectedness. B. continuity. C. similarity. D. proximity.

answer

According to the Gestalt psychologists, we perceive smooth, continuous patterns rather than discontinuous ones. This is called the principle of: A. connectedness. B. continuity. C. similarity. D. proximity. Answer: B

question

The Moon illusion refers to our tendency to perceive the Moon as unusually: A. large when it is near the horizon. B. large when it is high in the sky. C. bright when it is near the horizon. D. bright when it is high in the sky. Answer: A

answer

The Moon illusion refers to our tendency to perceive the Moon as unusually: A. large when it is near the horizon. B. large when it is high in the sky. C. bright when it is near the horizon. D. bright when it is high in the sky. Answer: A

question

You are playing "Ring around the Rosie" with your little cousins and are spinning around and around. When you stop you still feel as though you are spinning because your ________________ and _______________ haven't returned to their neutral state. A. vestibular motion; kinesthetic receptors B. semicircular canals; sensory system C. semicircular canals; kinesthetic receptors D. sensory system; semicircular canals Answer: C

answer

You are playing "Ring around the Rosie" with your little cousins and are spinning around and around. When you stop you still feel as though you are spinning because your ________________ and _______________ haven't returned to their neutral state. A. vestibular motion; kinesthetic receptors B. semicircular canals; sensory system C. semicircular canals; kinesthetic receptors D. sensory system; semicircular canals Answer: C

question

Gretta is 85 years old and having trouble with her hearing. She worked in a factory for many years, at a time before there were regulations safeguarding noise levels. The most likely reasons for her sensorineural hearing loss are normal aging and: A. a punctured eardrum. B. prolonged exposure to ear-splitting noise. C. damage to the basilar membrane. D. damage to the middle ear. Answer: B

answer

Gretta is 85 years old and having trouble with her hearing. She worked in a factory for many years, at a time before there were regulations safeguarding noise levels. The most likely reasons for her sensorineural hearing loss are normal aging and: A. a punctured eardrum. B. prolonged exposure to ear-splitting noise. C. damage to the basilar membrane. D. damage to the middle ear. Answer: B

question

According to social influence theory, hypnosis is a social phenomenon. Which of the following is BEST explained by social influence theory? A. People who are good at role playing are good subjects for hypnosis. B. People with meager imaginations are good subjects for hypnosis. C. People who perform self-hypnosis are more outgoing. D. Hypnotized subjects will carry out post-hypnotic suggestions even if no one is watching them. Answer: A

answer

According to social influence theory, hypnosis is a social phenomenon. Which of the following is BEST explained by social influence theory? A. People who are good at role playing are good subjects for hypnosis. B. People with meager imaginations are good subjects for hypnosis. C. People who perform self-hypnosis are more outgoing. D. Hypnotized subjects will carry out post-hypnotic suggestions even if no one is watching them. Answer: A

question

A researcher subliminally presents a visual image to study participants, which increases the likelihood that they will later recognize the same briefly presented image. This best illustrates: A. the pervasive impact of sensory interaction. B. the difference between absolute and difference thresholds. C. that information can be processed outside of conscious awareness. D. that the process of accommodation takes place over a period of time. Answer: C

answer

A researcher subliminally presents a visual image to study participants, which increases the likelihood that they will later recognize the same briefly presented image. This best illustrates: A. the pervasive impact of sensory interaction. B. the difference between absolute and difference thresholds. C. that information can be processed outside of conscious awareness. D. that the process of accommodation takes place over a period of time. Answer: C

question

When people look at a photograph of an adult-child pair and are told that the two individuals are parent and child, the people tend to say the pair looks more alike than people who are told the pair is unrelated. This is most likely due to: A. perceptual sets. B. perceptual adaptation. C. precognition. D. misattribution bias. Answer: A

answer

When people look at a photograph of an adult-child pair and are told that the two individuals are parent and child, the people tend to say the pair looks more alike than people who are told the pair is unrelated. This is most likely due to: A. perceptual sets. B. perceptual adaptation. C. precognition. D. misattribution bias. Answer: A

question

Professor Brandt is conducting a study on _______________. He shows his study participants a picture of an adult-child pair. He tells half of the participants that they are looking at a parent and her child. He tells the other half that they are looking at a daycare worker and a child in the daycare center. The group that thinks the pair is related rate them as looking more alike than the group that thinks they are NOT related. A. perceptual set B. the phi phenomenon C. perceptual adaptation D. perceptual constancy Answer: A

answer

Professor Brandt is conducting a study on _______________. He shows his study participants a picture of an adult-child pair. He tells half of the participants that they are looking at a parent and her child. He tells the other half that they are looking at a daycare worker and a child in the daycare center. The group that thinks the pair is related rate them as looking more alike than the group that thinks they are NOT related. A. perceptual set B. the phi phenomenon C. perceptual adaptation D. perceptual constancy Answer: A

question

Your eight-year-old cat ran away, got into a neighbor's cellar, and was stuck there for two months. Luckily, there was enough food and water in the basement for Minnie to survive. However, it was pitch black. When your neighbor returned from her two-month vacation, she found Minnie and returned her to you. How will this sensory deprivation affect Minnie's vision? A. Her vision will be disturbed, and she won't be able to discriminate shapes. B. Her vision will be unaffected by this sensory deprivation. C. Her vision will be disturbed, and she won't be able to discriminate colors. D. She will be totally blind. Answer: B

answer

Your eight-year-old cat ran away, got into a neighbor's cellar, and was stuck there for two months. Luckily, there was enough food and water in the basement for Minnie to survive. However, it was pitch black. When your neighbor returned from her two-month vacation, she found Minnie and returned her to you. How will this sensory deprivation affect Minnie's vision? A. Her vision will be disturbed, and she won't be able to discriminate shapes. B. Her vision will be unaffected by this sensory deprivation. C. Her vision will be disturbed, and she won't be able to discriminate colors. D. She will be totally blind. Answer: B

question

Our tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups is known as: A. convergence. B. interposition. C. stroboscopic movement. D. grouping. Answer: D

answer

Our tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups is known as: A. convergence. B. interposition. C. stroboscopic movement. D. grouping. Answer: D

question

Pedro recognized that his son was closer to him than his daughter because his son partially obstructed his view of his daughter. Pedro's perception was most clearly influenced by a distance cue known as: A. proximity. B. interposition. C. convergence. D. relative clarity. Answer: B

answer

Pedro recognized that his son was closer to him than his daughter because his son partially obstructed his view of his daughter. Pedro's perception was most clearly influenced by a distance cue known as: A. proximity. B. interposition. C. convergence. D. relative clarity. Answer: B

question

Judy was born without the ability to feel pain. On several occasions she has not noticed that she has been severely injured. People with this type of problem often: A. suffer the accumulated effects of unnoticed infections. B. have joints that fail from excess strain. C. die by early adulthood. D. All of these things are possible for a person born without the ability to feel pain. Answer: D

answer

Judy was born without the ability to feel pain. On several occasions she has not noticed that she has been severely injured. People with this type of problem often: A. suffer the accumulated effects of unnoticed infections. B. have joints that fail from excess strain. C. die by early adulthood. D. All of these things are possible for a person born without the ability to feel pain. Answer: D

question

In an experiment, hypnotized subjects are told to scratch their ear every time they hear the word "psychology." The results indicate that they do this only if they think the experiment is still under way. These findings most clearly support the theory that hypnosis involves: A. dissociation. B. neuroadaptation. C. role playing. D. hypnagogic sensations. Answer: C

answer

In an experiment, hypnotized subjects are told to scratch their ear every time they hear the word "psychology." The results indicate that they do this only if they think the experiment is still under way. These findings most clearly support the theory that hypnosis involves: A. dissociation. B. neuroadaptation. C. role playing. D. hypnagogic sensations. Answer: C

question

Billy Bob works at the airport as ground crew. He typically takes off his hearing protection as he finds it cumbersome. Prolonged exposure to the roars of the jet engines will result in: A. sensory decompensation. B. vestibular disease. C. conduction hearing loss. D. sensorineural hearing loss. Answer: D

answer

Billy Bob works at the airport as ground crew. He typically takes off his hearing protection as he finds it cumbersome. Prolonged exposure to the roars of the jet engines will result in: A. sensory decompensation. B. vestibular disease. C. conduction hearing loss. D. sensorineural hearing loss. Answer: D

question

.Experiencing sudden pain is to _____________ as recognizing that you are suffering a heart attack is to: A. kinesthesia; accommodation. B. sensation; perception. C. absolute threshold; difference threshold. D. gate-control theory; Weber's law. Answer B

answer

.Experiencing sudden pain is to _____________ as recognizing that you are suffering a heart attack is to: A. kinesthesia; accommodation. B. sensation; perception. C. absolute threshold; difference threshold. D. gate-control theory; Weber's law. Answer B

question

The adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters is called the: A. cornea. B. pupil. C. lens. D. iris. Answer B

answer

The adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters is called the: A. cornea. B. pupil. C. lens. D. iris. Answer B

question

Visual information is processed by ganglion cells: A. BEFORE it is processed by rods and cones and AFTER it is processed by bipolar cells. B. AFTER it is processed by rods and cones and BEFORE it is processed by bipolar cells. C. BEFORE it is processed by rods and cones and BEFORE it is processed by bipolar cells. D. AFTER it is processed by rods and cones and AFTER it is processed by bipolar cells. after after

answer

Visual information is processed by ganglion cells: A. BEFORE it is processed by rods and cones and AFTER it is processed by bipolar cells. B. AFTER it is processed by rods and cones and BEFORE it is processed by bipolar cells. C. BEFORE it is processed by rods and cones and BEFORE it is processed by bipolar cells. D. AFTER it is processed by rods and cones and AFTER it is processed by bipolar cells.

question

The hammer, anvil, and stirrup are three tiny bones that transmit vibrations to the: A. vestibular sacs. B. cochlea. C. eardrum. D. semicircular canal cochlea

answer

The hammer, anvil, and stirrup are three tiny bones that transmit vibrations to the: A. vestibular sacs. B. cochlea. C. eardrum. D. semicircular canal. cochlea

question

Psychologists who study focus on the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating information. Among these activities are the ways we solve problems, make decisions, form judgments, and assess risk.

answer

cognition

question

a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees you will solve a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier but also more error-prone use of heuristic

answer

algorithm

question

The local fire department sounds the 12 o'clock whistle. The process by which your ears transform the sound waves from the siren into neural impulses is an example of

answer

transduction

question

Our assumptions and expectations often provide a(n) ________ for viewing reality.

answer

perceptual set

question

The wavelength of light determines its a. retinal disparity.

answer

hue.

question

In vision, an inverted mirror image of an object is focused on the

answer

retina.

question

Visual information is processed by ganglion cells

answer

after it is processed by bipolar cells.

question

The way in which you quickly group the individual letters in this test item into separate words best illustrates the principle of

answer

proximity.

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Railroad tracks appear to converge in the distance. This provides a cue for depth perception known as

answer

linear perspective

question

The fact that we recognize objects as having a consistent form regardless of changing viewing angles illustrates

answer

perceptual constancy.

question

The Moon illusion refers to our tendency to perceive the Moon as unusually

answer

large when it is near the horizon.

question

Immanuel Kant and John Locke would have been most likely to disagree about the extent to which perception is influenced by

answer

cultural experience.

question

Damage to the cochlea's hair cells is most likely to affect our

answer

audition.

question

Dissociation has been used as an explanation for

answer

hypnotic pain relief

question

Receptor cells for the vestibular sense send messages to the

answer

cerebellum.

question

Psychics are unable to make millions of dollars betting on horse races. This undermines their claims to possess the power of

answer

precognition.

question

Normal vision accompanied by prosopagnosia best illustrates the distinction between

answer

sensation and perception.

question

The absolute threshold is the minimum stimulation a person needs to detect a stimulus

answer

50 percent of the time.

question

The size of the difference threshold is greater for heavier objects than for lighter ones. This best illustrates

answer

Weber's law.

question

After hearing that Bryce had served a prison sentence, Janet began to perceive his friendly behavior as insincere and manipulative. This best illustrates the impact of

answer

perceptual set.

question

Which of the following types of cells are located in the brain's visual cortex?

answer

feature detectors

question

Rules for organizing stimuli into coherent groups were first identified by

answer

Gestalt psychologists.

question

The distance between our right and left eyes provides us with a cue for depth perception known as

answer

retinal disparity.

question

Pedro recognized that his son was closer to him than his daughter because his son partially blocked his view of his daughter. Pedro's perception was most clearly influenced by a distance cue known as

answer

interposition.

question

A door casts an increasingly trapezoidal image on our retinas as it opens, yet we still perceive it as rectangular. This illustrates

answer

shape constancy.

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After some practice, Carol was able to read books while holding them upside down. This best illustrates

answer

perceptual adaptation.

question

The cochlea is a

answer

fluid-filled tube in which sound waves trigger nerve impulses.

question

A drink's strawberry odor enhances our perception of its sweetness. This best illustrates

answer

sensory interaction.

question

The sense we feel when we bend our knees or raise our arms is called

answer

kinesthesis.

question

Through direct experience with animals, we come to anticipate that dogs will bark and that birds will chirp. This best illustrates

answer

associative learning.

question

The process of learning associations is referred to as

answer

conditioning

question

Pavlov noticed that dogs began salivating at the mere sight of the person who regularly brought food to them. For the dogs, the sight of this person was a(n)

answer

conditioned stimulus.

question

Blinking in response to a puff of air directed to your eye is a

answer

UR.

question

Conditioning seldom occurs when a ________ comes after a(n) ________.

answer

negative reinforcer; operant behavior

question

Long after her conditioned fear of dogs had been extinguished, Marcy felt unexpectedly nervous when she saw her cousin's new cocker spaniel. Her response to the dog best illustrates

answer

spontaneous recovery.

question

A year after surviving a classroom shooting incident, Kim-Li still responds with terror at the sight of toy guns and to the sound of balloons popping. This reaction best illustrates

answer

generalization.

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The infant Albert developed a fear of rats after a white rat was associated with a loud noise. In this example, fear of the white rat was the

answer

CR.

question

In teaching her son to play basketball, Mrs. Richards initially reinforces him with praise for simply dribbling while standing still, then only for walking while dribbling, and finally only for running while dribbling. She is using a procedure known as

answer

shaping

question

If a light reliably signals a food delivery, a rat in a Skinner box will work to turn on the light. In this case, the light is a ________ reinforcer.

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conditioned

question

Airline frequent flyer programs that reward customers with a free flight after every 50,000 miles of travel illustrate the use of a ________ schedule of reinforcement. a. fixed-interval

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fixed-ratio

question

Punishment ________ the rate of operant responding, and negative reinforcement ________ the rate of operant responding.

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decreases; increases

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An organism's ability to mentally anticipate that a US will follow a CS is most likely to be highlighted by a(n) ________ perspective.

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cognitive

question

An empathic husband who sees his wife in pain will exhibit some of the same brain activity she is showing. This best illustrates the functioning of a. cognitive maps

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. mirror neurons.

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If one chimpanzee watches a second chimp solve a puzzle for a food reward, the first chimp may thereby learn how to solve the puzzle. This best illustrates

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observational learning.

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When you hear familiar words in your native language, it is almost impossible not to register the meanings of the words. This best illustrates the importance of

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automatic processing.

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The spacing effect describes an effective strategy for

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rehearsal.

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Which of the following is most likely to be stored as an implicit memory

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a conditioned fear of guns

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Having read a story once, certain amnesia victims will read it faster the second time even though they can't recall having read the story before. They have most likely suffered damage to the

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hippocampus.

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When you have to make a long-distance call to an unfamiliar number, you have to dial an area code plus a seven-digit number. You are likely to have trouble retaining the just-looked-up number in memory because of the limited capacity of ________ memory.

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short-term

question

Many people can easily recall exactly what they were doing when they first learned of the death of a close friend or family member. This best illustrates ________ memory.

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flashbulb

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When you are picking the correctly learned answer from several choices, you are testing you

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recognition.

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Whenever Valerie feels afraid, she is overwhelmed with childhood memories of her abusive parents. Valerie's experience best illustrates

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mood-congruent memory.

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The gradual fading of the memory trace contributes to

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storage decay.

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While taking the final exam in American history, Marie was surprised and frustrated by her momentary inability to remember the name of the first president of the United States. Her difficulty most clearly illustrates

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retrieval failure.

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Learning a new debit card password may block the recall of a familiar old password. This illustrates

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interference.

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Although Hsin typically smokes two packs of cigarettes a day, he recalls smoking little more than a pack a day. This poor memory best illustrates

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motivated forgetting.

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The surprising ease with which people form false memories best illustrates that the processes of encoding and retrieval involve

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memory construction.

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Last July, Steve went to see a science fiction movie about spaceship travel and alien abductions. He now remembers that he had been abducted by aliens and personally subjected to many of the horrors portrayed in the movie. His mistaken recall best illustrates

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source amnesia.

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When Megan goes out to buy cosmetics, she reminds herself that the most expensive brands are the best. Megan's self-reminder illustrates the use of

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a heuristic.

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The inability to take a new perspective on a problem is called a

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fixation

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A factory foreman mistakenly believes that older workers are not as motivated as younger workers to work hard. As a result, he keeps a sharp eye out for signs of laziness among senior workers. His supervision strategy best illustrates

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confirmation bias.

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Prompt feedback regarding your performance on psychology practice tests is most likely to inhibit

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overconfidence.

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In the English language, adjectives are typically placed before nouns, as in "green car." This illustrates an English language rule of

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syntax.

question

Vocal sounds that are not included in a person's native language first begin to disappear from use during the ________ stage of language development.

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babbling

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Telegraphic speech is most closely associated with the ________ stage of language development

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a critical period

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Managers who want to foster creativity in the workplace should try to increase the ________ of their employees.

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intrinsic motivation

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When Phoebe strongly disagrees with her sister's opinion, she controls her own anger and responds to her sister with empathy. Her behavior best illustrates

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emotional intelligence.

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An 8-year-old whose score on the original Stanford-Binet was typical of an average 10-year-old was said to have an IQ of

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125.

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Before publishing her test of musical aptitude, Professor Reed gave it to a representative sample of people. This was most clearly necessary for test

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standardization.

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When retested on the WAIS, people's second scores generally match their first scores quite closely. This indicates that the test has a high degree of

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reliability.

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Intelligence test scores are LEAST similar for

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identical twins reared apart.

question

Stereotype threat stimulates

answer

self-confirming expectations.

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