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Long-term habituation

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A type of habituation that results in a respinse decrement that lasts for a week or more

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Unconditioned stimulus

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A stimulus that elicits vigorous responding in the absence of prior training.

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Short-term habituation

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A habituation effect that lasts a relatively short amount of time, some times less than a minute.

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evolution

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Change in a physical or behavioural trait. that occurs across successive generations because of differential productive success.

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Unpaired control procedure

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A control procedure for classical conditioning in which the CS and the US occur but never together

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Stimulus-stimulus learning

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The lrningof an association between two stimuli, such that presentation of one of the stimuli activates a neural representation of the other.

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Species typical behaviour

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Behaviours that are characteristic of most members of the species.

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Reflex arc

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Neural structures, consisting of the afferent (sensory) neuron, interneuron, and efferent (motor)neuron, that enables a stimulus to elicit a reflex response.

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Associative Learning

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Learning in which one event (a stimulus or a response) becomes linked to another, with the result that the first event activates a representationbof the second.

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Appetitive Conditioning

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A type of. onditioning in which the unconditioned stimulus or reinforcer is a pleasant event, a stimulus the subject tends to approach

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Interneuron

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a neuron in the spinal cord thst trsnsmitts impulses from afferent (or sensory) to efferent (or motor)neurons

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between-subject experiment

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an experimental design in which tqo or more independent groups of participants are compared. The focus is on the difference in the average performanceof the various groups rather than the behaviour of this independent participant.

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control condition

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A condition in which subjects do not receive a training procedure b ut aree Treated the sMe way in all other respects as subjects that are trained. performance in the control condition is compared to performance in the experimental condition in the basic learning experiment.

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Hydrolic model

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A model in ethology according to which certain factors lead to the build up of a particular type of motivation or drive that increases the likelihood of corresponding modal action patterns. performance of the modal action patterns reduces or dicharges the motivational state.

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Focal search mode

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A response mode in the feeding system that is activated once a potential source of food has been identified.

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S-R system

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The shortest neural pathway that connects the sense organs stimulated by an eliciting stimulus and the muscles involved in making the elicited response

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Startle response

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A sudden jump or tensing of the muscles that may occur when an unexpected stimulus is presented.

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Maturation

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A change in behaviour caused by physical or psychological development.

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Releasing Stimulus

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the same as Sign stimulus-a specific feature of an object or animal that elicits a modal action pattern

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US inflation

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A procedure the increases the effectiveness of an uncontrolled stimulus in eliciting unconditioned behaviour

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Random control

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a control procedure for pavlovian conditioning in which the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli are presented at random times relative to each other

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S-S learning

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same as stimulus-stimulus learning-the lea rning between an assocition between two stimuli activated a neural reptesentation of the other.

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State system

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Neural structuree that determine the organisms general level of respomsoveness or readiness to respond

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Consummatory behaviour

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Behaviour that brings an elicited behaviour sequence to an end; behaviour that consummated or finishes a sequence of elicited responses.

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Adversion Conditioning

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A type of conditioning in which the unconditioned stimulus or reinforcer is an unpleasant event, a stimulus that elicits aversion and withdrawal responses.

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Elicited behaviour

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A specific behaviour or action pattern thst occurs reliably upon presentatio. of a particular stimulus ( its eliciting stimulus)

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Performance

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An organism's activities at a particular time.

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Fatigue

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A temporary decrease in behaviour caused by repeated or excessive use of the muscles involved in the behaviour.

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CS-US relevance

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Facilitated learning that occurs with certain combinations of conditioned and unconditioned stimuli (e.g. taste and illness) as compared with other combintions (e.g. taste and shock).

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Latent inhobition effect

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Retardation of pavlovian conditioning that occurs because of prior CS preexposure or presentations of the conditioned stimulus by itself

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discriminative control

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A co trol procedure for pavlovian conditioning in which one conditioned stimulus (the CS) is paired with the uncontrolled stimulus, whereas another conditioned stimulus (the CS) is presented without the unconditioned stimulus. The development of responding during the CS but not during the CS os considered evidence of Pavlovian conditioning.

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Short-term Sensitization

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A form of sensitization that last a reltively short amount of time, sometimes less than a minute.

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US Devaluation

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A procedure that reduces the effectiveness of an unconditioned stimulus in eliciting unconditioned behaviour

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Spontaneous recovery

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Recovery of a response prodiced by a period of rest after habituation or extinction

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Orienting response

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A reaction to a novel stimulus that usually involves turning toward the source of the stimulus

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Single-subject experiment

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A type of experiment in which learning is investigated through extensive obsevation of the behaviour in a single individual. The individuals behaviour must be sufficiently well understood to permit accurate assumptions about how the subject would have behaved if he had not received the training procedure.

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Practice

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Repetition of a response or behaviour, usually with theintent of improving performance.

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Reflex

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A unit of elicit behaviour involving a specific environ,ental event and its corresponding specific elicited response.

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Modal Action Pattern

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A response pattern that occurs in much the same fashion most of the time and in most members of a species. Modal actionpatterns are ofte. used as basic units of behaviour in ethological investigations of behaviour.

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Selective associations

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Associations that are formed more readily between one combination of conditioned and uncondtioned stimuli than between other combinations

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Taste Aversion Learning

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A type of pavlovian conditioning in which the taste of a novel food serves as the conditioned stimulus as gastrointestinal illness serves as the uncondtioned stimulus. Taste aversion can be learned even if the illness is delayed seversl hours after exposure to the taste.

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Autoshaping

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Same as sign tracking-A form of apetitive classical conditioning in which a localized stimulus serves as the conditioned stimulus. As a result, the subject comeS to approach (track) and some times manipulate the conditioned stimulus.

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Sign teacking

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A form of appetitive classical condting in which a localized stimulus serves as the conditioned stimulus. As a sult, the subject comes to approach (track) and some times manipulate the conditioned stimulus

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Unconditioned Response

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A response that occurs to a stimulus without the necessity of prior traini g or conditioning

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Ethology

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A specialization in biology concerned with the analysis of species-typical behaviour patterns that evolve in natural habitats.

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Sign stimulus

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A specific feature of an object or animal that elicits a modal action pattern.

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Experimental Observation

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Observation of behaviour under conditions specifically designed by an investigator to test particular factors or variables that might influence the learning or performance of the behaviour.

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Experimental condition

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A condition in which subjects receive a training procedure. performance in teh experimental condition is compared to performance in the controlled condition in the basic learning experiment.

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Learning

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An enduring change in the mechanics of behaviour involving specific stimuli and or responses that result from prior experience with those stimuli responses.

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Stimulus generalization of habituation

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Same as stimulus generalization-the occurance of behaviour learned through habituation pr conditioning in the presence of stimuli that are different from the stimulus used during training

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Motor neuron

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same as effferent neuron- a neuron that transmits impulses fron the central nervous system to muscles

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Long-term sensitization

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A form of sensitization that is persistent or slow to decay

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General Search mode

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The initial response mode of the feeding system. In this mode, the organism reacts to general features of the environment with responses that enable it to come in contactnwith a variety of potential sources of food.

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Opponent process

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A compenstory mechanism that ensures that deviations of a system from a preferred or homeostatic level are counteracted so as to return the system to its preferred level.

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S-R learning

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The learning of an association between a stimulus and a response, with the resukt that the stimulus comes to elicit that response

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Appetitive Behaviour

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The initial component of an elicited behaviour sequence. Appetitive behaviour is variable, occurs in response to general spatial cues, and serves to bring the organism in contact with releasing stimuli that elicit consummatory responses.

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Sensory neuron

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same as afferent neuron-A neuron that teansfers messages from sense organs to the central nervous system.

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Sensitization effect

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An increase in the vigor of the elicited behaviour that may result from repeated presentations of the eliciteing stimulus.

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Behaviour System

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A sequence of rsponse modes and corresponding behavioural and physiological control mechanisms that are activated in a coordiated manner to achieve particular functio ssuch as feedi g or defense against predation

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Motivation

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a hypothetical state that increases the probability of a coordinated set of activities or activates a system of behaviours that functions to satisfy a goal such as feeding, predatory defense, infant care, or copulatio.

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Condition Response

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A response that comes to be made to the conditioned stimulus as a result of classical conditioning.

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Conditioned Suppression

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An aversion Pavlovian conditioning procedure in which conditioned response is measured by the suppression of positively reinforced instrumental behaviour

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Naturalistic Observation

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Observation of behaviour as it occurs under natural conditions, in the absence of interventions or manipulations introduced by the investigator.

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Conditioned stimulus

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A stimulus that initially does not elicit a conditioned response or activate a respresentation of an unconditioned stimulus but comes to do so after pairings with an unconditioned stimulus.

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