psychology ch 1 & 2 – Flashcards
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Scientific study of behavior and mental processes
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Psychology
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includes all of our outward or overt action and reactions. such as talking, facial expressions and movements
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Behavior
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Internal,covert activities of our minds. Such as thinking felling and remembering
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Mental Processes
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Description,Explanation,Prediction,and Contorl
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Psychology's goals
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Relatively new field, 135 years old
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How long has psychology been around?
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Wilhellm wundt
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who developed the first psychology laboratory?
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process of objectively examining and measuring ones own thought and mental activities.
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Objective introspection
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Edward Titchener. focus of study was the structure of the mind.
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sturucturalism
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how people work play and adapt to there surrounding
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Functionlism
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studying sensation and perception. Gestalt is a German word meaning an organized whole which fit well with the focus on studying whole patterns instead of pieces.
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Gestalt psychology
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Field focusing not only on perception but also on learning, memory, thought process and problem solving
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Cognitive Psychology
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push back information out of mind
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Repress
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Theory and therapy based on Frued's ideas. Has been basis of much modern pschyotherapy.
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sychoanalysis
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Blank help the view that people have free will
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humanistic perpective
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science of behavior
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Behaviorism
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something that can be directly seen and measured
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Observational Behavior
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an irrational fear, is really a symptom of underlying, repress conflict and cannot be cured without years of psychoanalysis
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Phobia
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trying to fix what a person is scared of by doing the same thing over and over
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Counterconditioning
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learning to react to a certain stimulus
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Conditioning
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the focus may still include the unconscious mind and its influence over conscious behavior and early childhood experiences
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psychodynamic perspective
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to explain how voluntary behavior is learned
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operant conditioning
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followed by pleasurable consequences are strengthened or reinforced
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behavioral responses
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freedom to choose own destiny
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free will
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the achievement of one's full potential
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self actualization
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focus on memory, intelligence, perception, thought processes, problem solving, language, and learning
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cognitive perspective
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study of physical workings of the brain and nervous system when engaged in memory, thinking, and other cognitive processes
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cognitive neuroscience
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combines 2 areas of study social psychology and cultural psychology
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social cultural perspective
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study of groups, social roles, and rules of social actions and relationships
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social psychology
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study of cultural norms, values, and expectations
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cultural psychology
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the tendency to feel that someone is responsible for taking action when others are present
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diffusion of responsibility
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study of the biological basis of behavior and mental processes
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bio psychology
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study of physical structure, function, and development of the nervous system
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neuroscience
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human and animal behavior is seen as direct results of events in the body
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bio psychological perspective
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mental disorder involving delusions, hallucinations, and extremely disordered thinking
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schizophrenia
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focus on the biological basis of universal, mental characteristics that all humans share
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evolutionary perspective
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study the evolutionary origins of human behavior
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evolutionary psychologist
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medical degree in a physician who specializes in diagnosis and treatment
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psychiatrist
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trained in area of social work and usually posses a mater degree in that discipline
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psychiatric social worker
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research for the sake of gaining scientific knowledge
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basic research
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research aimed at answering real world, practical problems
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applied research
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reducing bias and error in measurement of data
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scientific method
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1. perceiving the question 2. forming hypothesis 3. testing hypothesis 4. drawing conclusion 5. report results
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5 steps of scientific method
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doing the same research the same way and getting the same results
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replicate
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observe object in natural environment
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naturalistic observation
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animals or people knowing they are being watched will not behave normally
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observer effect
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researchers might use one way mirrors or may become participants in group
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participant observation
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one individual is studied in great detail
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case study
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measure of the relationship of two or more variables
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correlation
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specifically names the operations steps or procedures that the experimenter must use to control or measure the variables in the experiment
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operational definition
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blind to the treatment they receive
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single blind study
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neither the participants nor the person or persons measuring the dependent variable know who got what
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double blind study
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means making reasoned judgements
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critical thinking
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network of cells that carries information to and from all parts of the body
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nervous system
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branch of the life sciences that deals with the structure and functioning of the brain and the neurons, nerves, and nervous tissue that form the nervous system
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neuroscience
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branch of neuroscience that focuses on the biological bases of psychological processes, behavior, and learning, and it is the primary area associated with the biological perspective in psychology
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biological psychology or behavioral neuroscience
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specialized cell in the nervous system that receives and sends messages within the system
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neuron
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little knobs on the end of short fibers which are responsible for communicating with other nerve cells. also called "presynaptic terminals","terminal buttons", "synaptic knobs"
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axon terminals
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or glia that serve as many functions such as structure
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glial cells
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parts of the neuron that receive messages from other cells. means "tree like"
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dendrites
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"axis" attached to the soma and its job is to carry messages out to other cells
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axon
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"cell body"
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soma
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glial cells are being investigated for their possible role in a variety of psychiatric disorders
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major depressive disorder and schizophrenia
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fatty substance
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myelin
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bundles of axons
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nerves
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process of ions moving from areas of high concentration to low concentration
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diffusion
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when the cell is resting
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resting potential
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the electrical potential is now in action rather than at rest
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action potential
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little sac like structures
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synaptic vessels
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molecule substance inside the synaptic vessels which are chemical suspended in fluid
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neurotransmitters
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protein that allow only particular molecules of a certain shape to fit into it, just as a only particular key will fit into a key hole
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receptor sites
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turns the cells on
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excitatory synapses
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turns the cells off
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inhibitory synapses
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a chemical substance that blocks or reduces the effects of a neurotransmitter for Ach
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antagonist
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called the eat, drink, and rest system
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parasympathetic division
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have no ducts and secrete their chemical directly into the bloodstream
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endocrine glands
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chemicals secreted by the endocrine
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hormones
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located in the brain itself just below the hypothalamus
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pituitary gland
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base of the skull behind the pons and below the main part of the brain is a structure that looks like a small brain, means "little brain"
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cerebellum
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network of neurons running through the middle of the medulla and the pons and slightly beyond
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reticular formation
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located at top of the spinal column
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medulla
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larger swelling just above the medulla
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pons
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found in inner margin of the upper brain include the thalamus, hypothalamus, hypocampus, amygedla, and the cingulate cortex
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limbic system
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base of the cortex towards the back of the brain
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occipital lobe
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at the top and back of the brain just under the partial bone of the skull
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parietal lobes
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found just behind the temples of the head
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temporal lobes
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front of the brain
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frontal lobes
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band of neurons located at the back of each lobe
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motor cortex
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fire when an animal performs an action but also fires when an animal observes the same action by another
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mirror neurons
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made up of neurons in the cortex that are devoted to making connections between the sensory information coming into the brain and stored memories, images, and knowledge
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association areas
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in which a person with damage to the right parietal and occipital lobe of the cortex will ignore everything in the left visual field
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spacial neglect
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upper part of the brain consisting of 2 hemispheres and the structures connecting them
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cerebrum
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Gestalts idea the modow is The hole is greater than the sum of parts
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Blank ideas are now part of the study of cognitive psychology a field focused not only on perception but also on learning memory thought process and problem solving (also what is the mode ow of that theory)
