Question 1

1. Learning ____.  A. involves a systematic change  B. involves a relatively permanent change in behavior  C. is central to behaviorist theories  D. All of the above

Accepted Answer

D

Question 2

2. ______ is a theory of learning that focuses solely on observable behaviors, discounting the importance of such mental activity as thinking, wishing, and hoping.  A. Psychoanalysis  B. Behaviorism  C. Humanism  D. A mindset

Accepted Answer

B

Question 3

3. The behavioral approach to learning defines learning in terms of ______.  A. thoughts  B. wishes and fantasies  C. behavioral change  D. inner feelings

Accepted Answer

C

Question 4

4. According to the principles of behaviorism, ______.  A. learning is defined as a relatively stable and observable change in behavior  B. the principles of learning are the same for both animals and humans  C. mental activities (e.g., thinking, wishing, and hoping) are of little importance, in comparison to observable behaviors  D. All of these

Accepted Answer

D

Question 5

5. Classical and operant conditioning involve learning through ______, whereas observational learning involves learning through ______.  A. observation and imitation / association  B. conscious behaviors / unconscious behaviors  C. association / observation and imitation  D. conscious thoughts / unconscious thoughts

Accepted Answer

C

Question 6

6. Organisms learn about the consequences of behavior through _____.  A. classical conditioning  B. operant conditioning  C. latent learning  D. discovery learning

Accepted Answer

B

Question 7

7. Your psychology assignment is to observe and list any behaviors of your relatives that indicate learning. Which of the following should be included on your list?  A. Your sister bumps into a door when she has a high fever.  B. Your father falls asleep watching TV.  C. Your little brother whines whenever he wants something.  D. Your mother forgets her keys.

Accepted Answer

C

Question 8

8. Lightning is associated with thunder and regularly precedes it. Thus, when we see lightning, we often anticipate that we will hear thunder soon afterward. This is an example of _____.  A. classical conditioning  B. observational learning  C. operant conditioning  D. stimulus experience

Accepted Answer

A

Question 9

9. Organisms learn the association between two stimuli through _____. Organisms learn the association between a behavior and a consequence through ______.  A. operant conditioning; classical conditioning  B. classical conditioning; operant conditioning  C. classical conditioning; discovery learning  D. observational learning; classical conditioning

Accepted Answer

B

Question 10

10. Miranda is learning how to play tennis. For her first lesson, her instructor models serving and backhand returns while Miranda patiently watches. Miranda then tries to imitate the sequence of swings and motions made by her instructor. Which of the following concepts best describes how Miranda is learning to play tennis?  A. Operant conditioning  B. Classical conditioning  C. Observational learning  D. Latent learning

Accepted Answer

C

Question 11

11. The clichÃ© \"When in Rome, do as the Romans do\" best reflects which of the following types of learning?  A. Operant conditioning  B. Classical conditioning  C. Observational learning  D. Latent learning

Accepted Answer

C

Question 12

12. In classical conditioning situations, the _____ connection is unlearned, but the _____ connection is learned.  A. UCS-CS / UCR-CR  B. UCS-UCR / CS-CR  C. UCR-CR / UCS-CS  D. CS-CR / UCS-UCR

Accepted Answer

B

Question 13

13. You feel fine at the picnic until a spider very similar to the one that bit you last year and made you sick starts to walk onto your picnic blanket. This reaction is most likely a(n) _____.  A. UCS  B. UCR  C. CS  D. CR

Accepted Answer

D

Question 14

14. Dr. Meyer is known for his difficult pop quizzes. Immediately before he springs a pop quiz on his students, he typically goes to the classroom door and closes it. Students soon learn to anticipate a pop quiz whenever Dr. Meyer closes the classroom door. Closing the door has become a(n) _____.  A. UCS  B. CS  C. UCR  D. CR

Accepted Answer

B

Question 15

15. Pavlov\'s dog automatically salivated to food because food is a(n) _____.  A. UCS  B. CS  C. UCR  D. CR

Accepted Answer

A

Question 16

16. Salivating at the presentation of food is an example of ______.  A. latent learning  B. a learned response  C. a reflex  D. insight learning

Accepted Answer

C

Question 17

17. Which of the following is the best example of an innate stimulus-response connection?  A. Throwing a temper tantrum  B. Sneezing in response to sniffing pepper  C. Raising your hand before asking a question in a classroom setting  D. Learning to ride a bike by watching your older brother do so

Accepted Answer

B

Question 18

18. A father takes his baby out for a walk. The baby reaches over to touch a pink flower and is stung by a bumblebee sitting on the petals. The next day, the baby\'s mother brings home some pink flowers. She removes a flower from the arrangement and takes it over for her baby to smell. The baby cries loudly as soon as she sees it. According to the principles of classical conditioning, what is the conditioned stimulus in this example?  A. The baby\'s crying  B. The father  C. The mother  D. The pink flower

Accepted Answer

D

Question 19

19. Before the bell was ever presented, Pavlov\'s dog salivated each time food was presented. The ______ in this situation is salivation.  A. unconditioned response  B. conditioned stimulus  C. unconditioned stimulus  D. conditioned response

Accepted Answer

A

Question 20

20. Pavlov\'s dog salivated to the sound of a bell because _____.  A. the bell had become a reflex  B. the bell had become a CR  C. the bell had become associated with food  D. the bell had become a reinforcer for food

Accepted Answer

C

Question 21

21. In Pavlov\'s classic study on classical conditioning, the bell was the _____ before conditioning and the _____ after conditioning had occurred.  A. conditioned stimulus /neutral stimulus  B. neutral stimulus /unconditioned stimulus  C. neutral stimulus / conditioned stimulus  D. neutral stimulus / reinforcer stimulus

Accepted Answer

C

Question 22

22. The first phase of classical conditioning in which the UCS and CS are paired repeatedly until the CS alone generates a CR is called _____.  A. generalization  B. spontaneous recovery  C. extinction  D. acquisition

Accepted Answer

D

Question 23

23. The extent to which the CS and UCS occur close together in time reflects _____.  A. contiguity  B. contingency  C. generalization  D. discrimination

Accepted Answer

A

Question 24

24. ______ involves teaching a person to distinguish the difference between the original conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus.  A. Generalization  B. Discrimination  C. Spontaneous recovery  D. Latent learning

Accepted Answer

B

Question 25

25. Little Albert was conditioned by John Watson to fear a white rat. Eventually, however, Albert became fearful of any stimulus that looked white and furry. He became scared not only of rats, but also of rabbits, and even Santa Claus\'s beard. This phenomenon is called _____.  A. extinction  B. acquisition  C. generalization  D. spontaneous recovery

Accepted Answer

C

Question 26

26. Pavlov\'s dog salivates each time he hears a bell. Now, however, after several trials of salivating to the bell and NOT receiving any food, the dog stops salivating. What happened?  A. The dog realizes that the bell isn\'t food.  B. Extinction has occurred.  C. Generalization has occurred.  D. Spontaneous recovery wasn\'t triggered.

Accepted Answer

B

Question 27

27. Marcia is romantically involved with John, the \"love of her life.\" Unfortunately, Marcia eventually discovers that John is a complete jerk, and she ends the relationship. One day in the mall, she suddenly gets a whiff of the cologne that John always wore. All the former good feelings come pouring back. The sudden onset of good feelings triggered by the cologne is an example of _____.  A. emotional amnesia  B. spontaneous recovery  C. discrimination learning  D. contingency learning

Accepted Answer

B

Question 28

28. Mark\'s dog, Gus, sits whenever he says, \"Sit.\" Mark now wants to teach Gus a new trick. He wants to teach him to bark each time he says, \"Speak,\" but whenever Mark says, \"Speak,\" Gus sits. The dog\'s behavior is an example of ______.  A. generalization  B. habituation  C. contiguous occurrences  D. contingent occurrences

Accepted Answer

A

Question 29

29. _____ occurs when the conditioned response dissipates after the anticipated reward is withheld.  A. Spontaneous recovery  B. Generalization  C. Insight learning  D. Extinction

Accepted Answer

D

Question 30

30. Watson and Raynor used _____ as a CS in order to condition fear in little Albert.  A. a loud noise  B. fire  C. a white rat  D. a rabbit

Accepted Answer

C

Question 31

31. In the experiment with little Albert conducted by Watson and Raynor, the baby was conditioned to fear a white rat. In this study, the UCS was _____.  A. the white rat  B. a loud noise  C. the researchers  D. a sealskin coat

Accepted Answer

B

Question 32

32. In John Watson\'s little Albert experiment, the white rat was the ______ and the loud noise was the ______.  A. conditioned stimulus / unconditioned stimulus  B. unconditioned stimulus / conditioned response  C. conditioned response / conditioned stimulus  D. unconditioned response / unconditioned stimulus

Accepted Answer

A

Question 33

33. _____ is a classical conditioning procedure for changing the relationship between a conditioned stimulus and its conditioned response.  A. Instinctive drift  B. Discovery learning  C. Expectancy learning  D. Counterconditioning

Accepted Answer

D

Question 34

34. ______ is one type of counterconditioning.  A. Insight learning  B. Latent learning  C. Systematic desensitization  D. Expectancy learning

Accepted Answer

C

Question 35

35. Which of the following statements about classical conditioning is FALSE?  A. Classical conditioning can involve learning without awareness.  B. Classical conditioning can produce immunosuppression.  C. Drug habituation can be explained by classical conditioning.  D. Classical conditioning is based on observing and imitating others.

Accepted Answer

D

Question 36

36. Robert drank too much tequila last night. He spent much of this morning vomiting and nauseated. According to the principles of classical conditioning, how will Robert likely react today when he tastes or smells the tequila bottle that he drank out of last night?  A. He will feel happy about what a great time he had last night.  B. He will want to drink more tequila right away.  C. He will find the scent and taste of tequila aversive.  D. He will invite all of his friends over that night for another party.

Accepted Answer

C

Question 37

37. Taste aversion is a real-life example of which of the following types of learning?  A. Insight learning  B. Classical conditioning  C. Observational learning  D. Latent learning

Accepted Answer

B

Question 38

38. Leonard is a heroin addict. He is very careful about overdosing. He typically shoots up in his basement apartment, but is now at a friend\'s house and needs a fix really badly. He\'s never done drugs at his friend\'s house before, but he\'s desperate. He injects his normal \"safe\" dosage of heroin but almost dies of an overdose. According to the principles of classical conditioning, what happened?  A. Leonard\'s friend switched his drugs in order to teach him not to use drugs by switching his UCS with his CS.  B. The effect of the heroin was increased because Leonard injected it in a strange environment and his body could not use the stimuli in his basement to prepare for it.  C. Leonard\'s drug tolerance had reached its limits and his UCS was confounded with his CS and UCR.  D. Leonard took his dose too soon and his body already had too much.

Accepted Answer

B

Question 39

39. Watching TV, you can see how advertisers cunningly apply classical conditioning principles to consumers by showing ads that pair something pleasant with a product in hopes that you, the viewer, will experience those positive feelings toward the product. In this situation the product is the _____.  A. unconditioned response  B. conditioned response  C. unconditioned stimulus  D. conditioned stimulus

Accepted Answer

D

Question 40

40. in operant conditioning _____.  A. the consequences of behavior produce change in the probability of the occurrence of the behavior  B. the consequences of behavior is the CR to environmental stimuli  C. behavior is controlled by the environment  D. behavior is a consequence of the CS

Accepted Answer

A

Question 41

41. According to Thorndike\'s law of effect _____.  A. species-specific biological predispositions favor some learning styles over others  B. behaviors followed by desirable outcomes are strengthened and behaviors followed by undesirable outcomes are weakened  C. negative behaviors can be easily extinguished through classical conditioning  D. an organism will recover a previously conditioned response when placed in a novel context.

Accepted Answer

B

Question 42

42. Which of the following statements about B.F. Skinner is FALSE?  A. Skinner conducted many of his studies with animals as opposed to human subjects.  B. Skinner made every effort to study organisms under precisely controlled conditions.  C. Skinner believed that the mechanisms of learning among humans are different than the mechanisms of learning among animals.  D. During World War II, Skinner carried out an unusual study that involved a pigeon-guided missile.

Accepted Answer

C

Question 43

43. Some bears kept in captivity allow veterinarians to routinely give them total body checkups. These bears open their mouths for teeth cleaning and present their paws for nail clipping. Your friend wonders how anyone could ever get these dangerous animals to be so cooperative without anesthesia. You, however, a psychology student, quickly surmise that the bears had been through an extensive _____ program.  A. fear extinction  B. discrimination  C. secondary reinforcement  D. operant conditioning

Accepted Answer

D

Question 44

44. ______ refers to rewarding approximations of a desired behavior.  A. Generalization  B. Extinction  C. Contiguity  D. Shaping

Accepted Answer

D

Question 45

45. Reinforcement increases the frequency of a behavioral response. ______ involves the presentation of a desired stimulus, whereas _____ involves the removal of an undesired stimulus.  A. Positive reinforcement / negative reinforcement  B. Negative reinforcement / positive reinforcement  C. Reinforcement / punishment  D. Punishment / Reinforcement

Accepted Answer

A

Question 46

46. Whenever Baby Nimo cries, his mother picks him up. From a behaviorist perspective, picking up Baby Nimo whenever he cries _____.  A. is a negative reinforcer for Nimo for crying  B. is a positive reinforcer for Nimo\'s mother for picking him up.  C. is a positive reinforcer for Nimo for crying  D. will have no effect on his crying behavior because Baby Nimo is too young to be aware of associative contingencies

Accepted Answer

C

Question 47

47. Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?  A. Going shopping after getting a B on a difficult exam  B. Waking up a few seconds BEFORE your alarm clock goes off in order to avoid the obnoxious alarm sound  C. Denying yourself a special treat after a bad exam performance  D. Exercising less after running a mini marathon

Accepted Answer

B

Question 48

48. In ______, the frequency of a behavior increases because it is followed by the removal of something unpleasant.  A. positive reinforcement  B. negative reinforcement  C. punishment  D. classical conditioning

Accepted Answer

B

Question 49

49. Which of the following is the best example of negative reinforcement?  A. Chase\'s mom spanked him for hitting his little brother. Chase now hits his brother less frequently.  B. Jeremy\'s mom grounded him for not doing his homework. Now he rarely forgets to complete his assignments on time.  C. Abby\'s dad kept nagging her to clean her room. She eventually complied and did what her father wanted in order get her dad to stop nagging.  D. Chad\'s new teacher gives him a prize box toy for every five books that he reads. He now reads more frequently than he used to.

Accepted Answer

C

Question 50

50. Positive punishment _____. Negative reinforcement _____.  A. weakens behaviors / strengthens behaviors  B. weakens behaviors / weakens behaviors  C. strengthens behaviors / strengthens behaviors  D. strengthens behaviors / weakens behaviors

Accepted Answer

A

Question 51

51. Kim is surprised and frustrated to find that her son\'s misbehavior actually increases when she yells at him. In operant terms, _____.  A. Kim should resort to corporal punishment, as scolding is not working  B. yelling is serving as a positive punisher instead of a negative punisher  C. yelling is serving as a negative reinforcer instead of a negative punisher  D. yelling is reinforcing the misbehaviors

Accepted Answer

D

Question 52

52. Positive and negative reinforcement _____ the likelihood of the behavior occurring again. Positive and negative punishment _____ the likelihood of the behavior occurring again.  A. increase / increase  B. decrease / increase  C. decrease / decrease  D. increase / decrease

Accepted Answer

D

Question 53

53. A reinforcer that is innately satisfying and does not require any learning to be perceived of as pleasurable is a __________ reinforcer.  A. primary  B. secondary  C. conditioned  D. classical

Accepted Answer

A

Question 54

54. A reinforcer that acquires its positive value through experience is a(n) ___________ reinforcer.  A. primary  B. secondary  C. conditioned  D. unconditioned

Accepted Answer

B

Question 55

55. Which of the following is the best example of a primary reinforcer?  A. Praise  B. Money  C. Food  D. Attention

Accepted Answer

C

Question 56

56. ______ is considered a secondary reinforcer.  A. Food  B. Water  C. Money  D. Sexual satisfaction

Accepted Answer

C

Question 57

57. Although behaviorists maintain that the principles of learning are the same for all species, _____.  A. secondary reinforcers are likely to be more effective with animals than with humans  B. secondary reinforcers are likely to be more effective with humans than with animals  C. primary reinforcers are likely to be more effective with humans than with animals  D. primary reinforcers are likely to be less effective with animals

Accepted Answer

B

Question 58

58. Bubba, a very smart German shepherd, has learned that if he barks at the neighbors while they\'re grilling, they will throw him a treat. However, his owner, Paul, does not want Bubba to eat \"people\" food so does not allow Bubba to eat treats from the neighbor. When Paul is in the yard, Bubba never barks at the neighbors. According to operant conditioning principles, Bubba is demonstrating that he can _____.  A. generalize  B. substitute secondary reinforcers when primary reinforcers are not available  C. learn a partial-reinforcement schedule  D. discriminate

Accepted Answer

D

Question 59

59. Matt wants to train his dog, Buster, to sit on command. He gives Buster a doggie biscuit each time Buster sits when commanded, but only for the first 10 trials. He then changes the rules. Buster now has to sit on command three times before he gets a biscuit. Matt used _____ schedule first, and then _____ schedule to train Buster.  A. a continuous-reinforcement / a fixed-ratio  B. a fixed-ratio / a continuous-reinforcement  C. a variable-interval / a fixed-interval  D. a continuous-reinforcement / a fixed-interval

Accepted Answer

A

Question 60

60. A hitchhiker most likely gets rides on a _____ schedule of reinforcement.  A. continuous  B. variable-ratio  C. fixed-ratio  D. fixed-interval

Accepted Answer

B

Question 61

61. Carol gives her dog, Cutie Pie, a treat each time Cutie Pie sits on command. Carol is using a _____ schedule to train her dog to sit on command.  A. continuous-reinforcement  B. variable-ratio  C. fixed-interval  D. variable-interval

Accepted Answer

A

Question 62

62. Fred\'s parents are very inconsistent with their childrearing rules. Most of the time Fred can climb on the furniture but sometimes he is punished. Fred\'s parents can\'t understand why he isn\'t a better-behaved child. Fred\'s parents are reinforcing his negative behaviors on a _____.  A. fixed-ratio schedule  B. fixed-interval schedule  C. partial-reinforcement schedule  D. continuous-reinforcement schedule

Accepted Answer

C

Question 63

63. A worker is paid $25 for every 20 wind chimes that she builds. On which schedule of reinforcement is she being paid?  A. Fixed-interval  B. Variable-ratio  C. Continuous-ratio  D. Fixed-ratio

Accepted Answer

D

Question 64

64. The ______ schedule of reinforcement is the most resistant to extinction.  A. variable-interval  B. fixed-interval  C. fixed-ratio  D. variable-ratio

Accepted Answer

D

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