question

a systematic, relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience

answer

Learning

question

a theory of learning that focuses solely on observable behaviors, discounting the importance of mental activity such as thinking, wishing, and hoping

answer

Behaviorism

question

learning that occurs when an organism makes a connection, or an association, between two events

answer

Associative learning

question

-the process of learning associations ex: classical and operant

answer

Conditioning

question

-learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an innately meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response -when organisms learn the association between two stimuli

answer

Classical conditioning

question

when organisms learn the association between a behavior and a consequence

answer

Operant conditioning

question

-learning that occurs through observing and imitating another's behavior -also called imitation or modeling

answer

Observational learning

question

automatic stimulus-response connections

answer

Reflexes

question

a stimulus that produces a response without prior learning

answer

Unconditioned stimulus (US)

question

an unlearned reaction that is automatically elicited by the unconditioned stimulus

answer

Unconditioned response (UR)

question

a previously neutral stimulus that eventually elicits a conditioned response after being paired with the unconditioned stimulus

answer

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

question

the learned response to the conditioned stimulus that occurs after conditioned stimulus--unconditioned stimulus pairing

answer

Conditioned response (CR)

question

stimuli that do not have any signal value at all

answer

Neutral stimulus

question

the initial learning of the connection between the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned stimulus when these two stimuli are paired

answer

Acquisition

question

when the CS and US are presented very close together in time--even a mere fraction of a second

answer

Contiguity

question

the CS must not only precede the US closely in time, it must also serve as a reliable indicator that the US is on its way

answer

Contingency

question

approaching and interacting with the CS as if it has become a strongly desired thing in its own right

answer

Sign tracking

question

the tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response

answer

Generalization (in classical condition)

question

the process of learning to respond to certain stimuli and not others

answer

Discrimination (in classical conditioning)

question

the weakening of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent

answer

Extinction (in classical conditioning)

question

the process in classical conditioning by which a conditioned response can recur after a time delay, without further conditioning

answer

Spontaneous recovery

question

the recovery of the conditioned response when the organism is placed in a novel context

answer

Renewal

question

a classical conditioning procedure for changing procedure for changing the relationship between a conditioned stimulus and its conditioned response

answer

Counterconditioning

question

a form of treatment that consists of repeated pairings of a stimulus with a very unpleasant stimulus

answer

Aversive conditioning

question

an effect of a substance or a procedure that researchers use

answer

Placebo effect

question

a decrease in the production of antibodies which can lower a person's ability to fight disease

answer

Immunosuppression

question

a special kind of classical conditioning involved the learned association between a particular taste and nausea

answer

Taste aversion

question

the technique of product placement

answer

Embedded marketing

question

decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations

answer

Habituation

question

behavior that occurs in automatic response to a stimulus

answer

Respondent behavior

question

a form of associative learning in which the consequences of a behavior change the probability of the behavior's occurrence

answer

Operant conditioning or instrumental conditioning

question

Thorndike's law stating that behaviors followed by positive outcomes are strengthened and that behaviors followed by negative outcomes are weakened

answer

Law of effect

question

rewarding successive approximations of a desired behavior

answer

Shaping

question

the process by which a stimulus or event following a particular behavior increases the probability that the behavior will happen again

answer

Reinforcement

question

an event

answer

Reinforcer

question

the presentation of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to increase the frequency of that behavior

answer

Positive reinforcement

question

the removal of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to increase the frequency of that behavior

answer

Negative reinforcement

question

an organism's learning that it can altogether avoid a negative stimulus by making a particular response

answer

Avoidance learning

question

an organism's learning through experience with negative stimuli that it has no control over negative outcomes

answer

Learned helplessness

question

a reinforcer that is innately satisfying; one that does not take any learning on the organism's part to make it pleasurable

answer

Primary reinforcer

question

a reinforcer that acquires its positive value through an organism's experience; a learned or conditioned reinforcer

answer

Secondary reinforcer

question

a system where behaviors are awarded with tokens that can be exchanged later for desired rewards

answer

Token economy

question

performing a reinforced behavior in a different situation

answer

Generalization (in operant conditioning)

question

responding appropriately to stimuli that signal that a behavior will or will not be reinforced

answer

Discrimination (in operant conditioning)

question

decreases in the frequency of a behavior when the behavior is no longer reinforced

answer

Extinction (in operant conditioning)

question

a behavior is reinforced every time it occurs

answer

Continuous reinforcement

question

reinforcer follows a behavior only a portion of the time

answer

Partial reinforcement

question

specific patterns that determine when a behavior will be reinforced

answer

Schedules of reinforcement

question

involve the number of behaviors that must be performed prior to reward

answer

Ratio schedules

question

the amount of time that must pass before a behavior is rewarded

answer

Interval schedules

question

reinforces a behavior after a set number of behaviors

answer

Fixed-ratio schedule

question

a timetable in which behaviors are rewarded an average number of times but on an unpredictable basis

answer

Variable-ratio schedule

question

reinforces the first behavior after a fixed amount of time has passed

answer

Fixed-interval schedule

question

a timetable in which a behavior is reinforced after a variable amount of time has elapsed

answer

Variable-interval schedule

question

a consequence that decreases the likelihood that a behavior will occur

answer

Punishment

question

the presentation of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to decrease the frequency of that behavior

answer

Positive punishment

question

the removal of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to decrease the frequency of that behavior

answer

Negative punishment

question

a form of negative punishment in which a child is removed from a positive reinforcer

answer

Time-out

question

the use of operant conditioning principles to change human behavior

answer

Applied behavior analysis or behavior modification

question

-the first process that occurs in observational learning -attending to what the model is saying or doing

answer

Attention

question

-the second process required for observational learning to occur -encoding the information and keeping it in memory so that you can retrieve it

answer

Retention

question

-a third element of observational learning -process of imitating the model's actions

answer

Motor reproduction

question

-a final component of observational learning -behavior followed by a consequence

answer

Reinforcment

question

the increase of chances that an observer will repeat the behavior after seeing a model attain a reward for an activity

answer

Vicarious reinforcement

question

the decrease of behavior of an observer after seeing the model punished

answer

Vicarious punishment

question

the tendency of animals to revert to instinctive behavior that interferes with learning

answer

Instinctive drift

PSY 201 – Chapter 6 Review – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards