Ch. 3 Language Development & Theory – Flashcards
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What is morphology?
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The study of word structure
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Ocean is an example of what kind of morpheme?
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Base/root/free morpheme It has meaning and can't be broken down into smaller parts. Other morphemes can be added though
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The S in the word oceanS is what kind of morpheme?
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Bound/grammatical morpheme It does not have meaning on its own and has to be added to a base/root/free morpheme UNhinge, establishMENT DISconnect, bookED
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What is syntax?
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The study of sentence structure
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What is semantics?
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The meaning in language, the meaning conveyed by words, phrases and sentences
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Semantics involves two kinds of knowledge...
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World knowledge and word knowledge
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What is world knowledge?
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World knowledge - a person's autobiographical and experiential memory and understanding of particular events. Ex: A child can discuss an aquarium because they've been exposed to marine life
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What is word knowledge?
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Word knowledge - primarily verbal and contains word and symbol definitions Ex: A child can name the planets in the solar system that they learned in kindergarten, even though they have never been their.
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What is pragmatics?
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The study of rules that govern the use of language in social situations Emphasis on the functions of language
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What is motherese?
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Speech that is geared to babies, includes: higher pitch greater pitch variation and fluctuations Slower rate More clear and fluent speech
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What two factors are associated with rapid, rich language development?
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Amount of talking Caregiver responsiveness
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At what age do babies visually track or move their eyes toward a sound source?
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Birth - 3 months
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At what age do babies vocalize vowels predominately?
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Birth - 3 months
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At what age do babies respond to their name?
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4 - 6 months
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At what age do babies produce marginal babbling and double syllables?
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4 -6 months
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At what age do babies understand "no"?
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7 - 9 months
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At what age do babies used inflected vocal play and intonation patterns?
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7 - 9 months
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At what age do babies understand simple directions?
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10 - 12 months
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At what age do babies develop object permanence?
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10 - 12 months
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At what age do babies use gestures or vocaliziations to indicate their wanted and needs?
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10 - 12 months
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What are the pragmatic stages of development for babies?
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Perlocutionary stage - baby smiles, mom smiles back even if baby did not intent to express joy Illocutionary stage - baby points and laughs using intentional communication (9 - 10months) Locutionary stage - begins to use words (12months) Joint reference - ability to focus attention on an event or object ad directed by another person
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Children between 12 - 18 months use one-word sentences that are called....
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Holophrastic single-word phase, in which one word represents a complex idea Ex. "Up" might mean "pick me up because I'm all done playing on the floor"
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Children produce ______ words by 18-months Children understand _____ words by 18-months
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50 200
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At what age do children begin putting two words together?
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18 - 24 months By 24-months they may use 3 or 4 word responses 50% of the time
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What is the average MLU for 2-3 year olds?
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2.0 - 4.0
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At what age do children ask wh-questions and yes-no questions?
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2-3 years
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How many words do 30-month (2 1/2 years) old children use?
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200-600 words 425 is average
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At what age do children carry out 1 and 2 part commands?
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2-3 years
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Between 2-3 years of age children develop many bound morphemes including:
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Inflections "ing" Simple, irregular past tense "went" "Is" plus adjective "That is pretty" Regular past-tense verbs "walked" Some memorized contractions "don't, can't, that's"
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When do children start to use modal verbs - could, should, would?
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3-4 years
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How many words do 3-4 year children use? How many words do 3-4 year children understand?
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900 - 1,000 words 4,200 words (3:6 years) 5,600 words (4 years)
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When do children begin using irregular plural forms (children, mice, feet)?
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3-4 years
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What is the average MLU for 4-5 year olds?
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4.5 - 7.0
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When do children begin understanding right and left?
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5 years
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What is the average MLU for 5-6 year olds?
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6.0 - 8.0
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By age 6, children comprehend how may words?
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13,000 - 15,000 words
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What are the areas of literacy development?
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Phonological awareness Print knowledge Reading Writing Adequate morphological awareness
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What is phonological awareness?
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Ability to detect and manipulate sounds and syllables in words Be able to distinguish sounds and syllable apart from a whole word
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What is morphological awareness?
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Ability to recognize, understand and use parts of words that carry significance Knowing that prefixes, suffixes, inflections and root words can be taken from and added to words to change their meaning
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What are the 5 theories of language development?
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Behavioral Nativist Cognitive Information - processing Social inteactionism
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What is the behavioral theory behind language development?
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- It does not explain acquisition of language, rather the acquisition of verbal behavior - Suggest that learning, not the innate mechanisms, play a major role in acquisition of verbal behavior - Children learn only the language they are expose to and severe SoCal deprivations result so in language deprivation - In this theory, the child's environment and social interactions are important
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What does treatment look like with regard to behavioral theory?
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SLPs would teach verbal behavior to children by modeling correct responses and reinforcing children's correct productions SLPs would select specific target responses, create appropriate antecedent events and reinforce correct responses
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What is the nativist theory behind language development?
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-Proposed by Noam Chomsky - States that children are born with a language acquisition device (LAD), contains the universal rules of language - The child's unique language environment provides information about the unique rules of the language to which the child is exposed - Language is not learned though environmental stimulation, reinforcement or teaching - RATHER - children are born with an innate capacity to learn language
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What does treatment look like with regard to nativist theory?
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There are few specific implications for assessment and treatment According to nativist theorists, therapy should focus heavily on syntax in selecting treatment goals
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What is the cognitive theory behind language development?
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- It is described as a variant of nativist theory - Emphasizes cognition, or knowledge and mental processes such as memory, attention, and visual and auditory processing - Langauge acquisition is made possible by cognition and general intellectual process, and thus, proper development of the cognitive system is a necessary precursor of linguistic expression - There are cognitive abilities hat are essential prerequisites to language skills - Piaget supports these theory with his 4 stages of cognitive development - Strong cognition hypothesis states: cognitive abilities are essential prerequisites to language skills - Weak cognition hypothesis states: while cognition accounts for some of the child's language abilities, it cannot account for all of them -Cognitive theorists believe language is neither innate (nativist) nor learned (behaviorist), but rather emerging as a result of cognitive growth
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What does treatment look like with regard to cognitive theory?
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A clinical implication of the cognitive theory is that clinicians must assess cognitive precursors to language and facilitate the development of those precursors before working on language itself Ex. If a child has not developed object permanence, the clinician would focus on this first before teaching words
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What is the information-processing theory behind language development?
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- Interest in how language is learned - view the human information-processing system as a mechanism that encodes stimui from the environment, operates on interpretations of those stimuli, store the results in memory, and permits retrieval of previously stored information - Two main categories associated with this are: phonological processing and temporal auditory processing -
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What does treatment look like with regard to information-processing theory?
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Therapy for children with language impairments should directly target working memory (auditory memory) and speed processing skills
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What is the social interactionism theory behind language development?
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- Similar to the behavioral view that language is possible only because of social interactions - emphasize language function, not structure - Believe language develops because people are motivated to interact socially with other around them - Believe the child, his or her caregivers, and the environment play an active role in language acquisition - Partners can contribute to language acquisition by scaffolding - Vygotsky believed as children's language develops, they increasingly use language internally to structure their actions and direct their thoughts - Social interactionism suggest that written and oral language continue to develop across the life span
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What does treatment look like with regard to social interactionism theory?
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Focus on child's motivation for communication Treatment sessions are built around increasing children's motivation to communicate Ex. Clinician might withhold an attractive bottle of bubbles until the child says "I want bubbles"
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What are the four stages of Piaget's cognitive development?
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Sensorimotor ( 0-2) Preoperational ( 2-7) Concrete operations ( 7-11) Formal operations ( 11+)
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What is phonological processing?
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The ability to mentally manipulate phonological aspects of language, such as: rhyming, word segmentation, syllabication Ex. Knowing C-A-T means cat
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What is temporal auditory processing?
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The ability to perceive the brief acoustic events that compromise speech sounds and track changes in these events as they happen quickly in the speech of others Overall processing capacity and speed of processing Ex. Remembering a sting of digits, remembering long and complex directions, repeating sentences verbatim, repeating lists of words and nonsense words
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True or false: Children with language impairments have poorer auditory discrimation skills?
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True
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What is auditory attention?
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The ability to ignore irrelevant acoustic stimuli and focus on important information Children with poor auditory attention will have a difficult time filtering stimuli, making language learning less than optimal
