question

EL Thorndyke studies of learning started as an attempt to understand

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animal intelligence

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Thorndike complained that ____ evidence provided a "supernormal psychology of animals"

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anecdotal

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In one of Thorndike's puzzle boxes, a door would fall open when a cat stepped on a treadle, thus allowing the cat to reach food outside the box. Eventually the cat would step on the treadle as soon as it was put into the box. Thorndike concluded that ________.

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treadle stepping increased because it had a "satisfying effect"

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Thorndike plotted the results of his puzzle box experiments as graphs. The resulting curves show a _____ with succeeding trials.

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decrease in time

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law of effect says that

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behavior is a function of its consequences

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Thorndike made important contributions to all of the following fields except

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social psychology

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Thorndyke emphasized that we learn mainly from

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success

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operant learning is sometimes called ___ learning

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instrumental

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gave skinners experimental chamber the name "Skinner Box"

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clark hull

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operant learning may also be referred to as

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instrumental learning

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Mary's grandmother, Pearl, is from the Old Country. Although she knows some English, she continues to speak her native tongue. Pearl can't go anywhere without a member of the family because she can't communicate with people about prices, directions, bus routes, etc. Pearl's resistance to learning English is most likely the result of ______.

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the benefits she receives for not speaking English

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Mary decides to try to modify Pearl's behavior (see above item). She and the rest of the family refuse to respond to any comment or request by Pearl that they know she is capable of expressing in English. For example, if during dinner she says, "Pass the potatoes" in English, she gets potatoes; if she says it in her native language she gets ignored. The procedure being used to change Pearl's behavior is ______.

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positive reinforcement

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Charles Catania identified 3 characteristics that define reinforcement. These include all of the following except __

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the consequence of behavior must be positive

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the one thing that all reinforcers have in common is that they ___

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strengthen behavior

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the number of operant procedures indicated in the contingency square is____

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four

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positive reinforcement is sometimes called

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reward learning

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negative reinforcement is also called

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escape-avoidance training

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Alan Neuringer demonstrated that with reinforcement ____ could learn to behave randomly

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pigeons

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skinner describes some of his most important research in ____

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the behavior of organisms

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the author of your text calls skinner the

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Darwin of behavior science

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the opposite of a conditioned reinforcer is a

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primary reinforcer

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not a recognized kind of reinforcer

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classical

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Donald Zimmerman found that a buzzer became a positive reinforcer after it was repeatedly paired with

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water

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level of deprivation is less important when the reinforcer used is a ___ reinforcer

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secondary

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secondary reinforcers are also called ___ reinforcers

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conditioned

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money is a good example of a ____ reinforcer

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generalized

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the Watson and Rayner experiment with little albert may have involved operant as well as Pavlovian learning because the loud noise _____

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occurred as Albert reached for the rat

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studies of delayed reinforcement document the importance of ___

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contiguity

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Schlingbr and Blakely found that the reinforcing power of a delayed reinforcer could be increase by ____

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preceding the reinforcer with a stimulus

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an action that improves the effectiveness of a reinforcer is called a ___

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motivating operation

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demonstrated that electrical stimulation of the brain could be reinforcing

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Olds and Milner

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a neurotransmitter that seems to be important in reinforcement

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dopamine

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Clark Hulls explanation of reinforcement assumes that reinforcers

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reduce a drive

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graph

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the effect of practice without reinforcement

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Sylvia believes that the reinforcement properties of an event depend on the extent to which it provides access to high probability behavior. Sylvia is most likely an advocate of _______ theory.

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relative value

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Premacks name is most logically associated with ___

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relative value theory

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the Premark principle says that reinforcement involves ___

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a relation between behaviors

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according to ___ theory, schoolchildren are eager to go to recess because they have been deprived of the opportunity to exercise

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response deprivation

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distinctive characteristic of the Sidman avoidance procedure is that

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the aversive event is not signaled

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Douglas Anger proposed that there is a signal in the SIdman avoidance procedure. the signal is ____

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time

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according to the one-process theory of avoidance, the avoidance response is reinforced by ____

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a reduction in the number of aversive events

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increases the strength of behavior

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postive reinforcement

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another term for operant

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instrumental

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according to skinner, people are rewarded but behavior is reinforced

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T

question

reprimands, restraint, captivity, and electrical shocks can be reinforcers

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T

question

negative reinforcements increase the strength of behavior

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T

question

A general assumption of behavioral research is that any feature of a behavior may be strengthened by reinforcement, so long as reinforcement can be made contingent on that feature.

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T

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negative reinforcement and punishment are synonyms

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F

question

people can learn to behave randomly provided that reinforcers are made contingent on random acts

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T

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Reinforcement is often said to increase the frequency of a behavior, but research suggestss that any feature of a behavior (e.g., intensity, duration, form, etc.) can be strengthened if a reinforcer can be made contingent on that feature.

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T

question

operant learning probably always involves pavlovian conditioning as well

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T

question

in operant learning, the word contingency usually refers to the degree of correlation between a behavior and a consequence

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T

question

vomiting is ordinarily an involuntary response, but sometimes it can be modified by operant procedures

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T

question

Pavlovian and operant learning often occur together

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T

question

the more you increase the size of a reinforcer the less benefit you get from the increase

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T

question

studies demonstrate that operant learning is effective with involuntary behavior , such as the salivary reflect, as it is with voluntary behavior

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F

question

with reinforcement, it is easy for a person to lower his blood pressure

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F

question

using ESB as a reinforcer,, Talwar hand his colleagues got such effective control over the behavior of rats that journalist called the animals robo-rats

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T

question

unexpected reinforcers produce more dopamine than expected reinforcers

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T

question

the experimental chamber developed by skinner is often called a ___

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skinner box

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postitive reinforcements is sometimes called ____ learning

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reward

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negative reinforcement is sometimes called ___ learning

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escape-avoidance

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reinforcers such as praise, positive feedback, smiles are called ____

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secondary/conditioned

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____ reinforcers are those that have been arranged by someone

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contrived

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area of the brain that seems to be associated with reinforcement is called the reward ____

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pathway/circuit

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Clark Hulls name is associated with the ___ theory of reinforcement

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drive-reduction

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principle that states high probability behavior reinforces low probability behavior

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Premark

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assumes that a behavior reinforcing when we are prevented from performing it as often as we normally would

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response deprivation theory

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response is followed by the withdrawal of or reduction in the intensity of an aversive stimulus

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negative reinforcement

question

operant learning is often describes as trial-and-error learning, but Thorndike argued that behavior was selected by ___

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success

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