question

the family structure in which mother, father, and children, along w/ grandparents, aunts, or uncles all live together in the same household is called a(n) __________ family

answer

extended family

question

In the US, there is primarily one dominant type of family structure T or F

answer

False

question

Another name for stepfamily is reconstituted T or F

answer

True

question

Traditionally, families in the US have had a patriarchal structure. This means that ______ were considered the heads of the household or family.

answer

males

question

It was against the law in most Southern states for slaves to marry T or F

answer

True

question

With the rise of factories,

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the production of goods was no longer a function of the family unit.

question

A man who has two or more wives at the same time is said to have which type of marriage structure

answer

Polygyny

question

A family of orientation is best defined as

answer

The family into which one is born and raised

question

____________ racism is the systematic discrimination against a racial group by the institutions within society

answer

Institutional

question

_________ is the requirement that marriage must occur within a group

answer

Endogamy

question

A theory is ________________

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is an explanation of some phenomenon

question

What is the term used for the set of procedures that ensures accuracy and honesty during the research process

answer

scientific method

question

Conflict theorists believe that conflict is always a destructive force in society and should therefore be avoided T or F

answer

False

question

Methods that study variables that can be measured numerically are termed _________

answer

quantitative

question

The structural functionalist perspective is known for its focus on

answer

society's structures functioning to maintain stability

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Having learned the real purpose of the study he was participating in, John started behaving according to the assumptions of the researcher. This is a good example of ___________

answer

the Hawthorne Effect

question

Exchange theory examines social interactions with a focus on costs and benefits T or F

answer

True

question

The Hawthorne Effect can lead to inaccurate results T or F

answer

True

question

A researcher speculates that financial woes lead to marital problems. This speculation is considered a(n)

answer

Hypothesis

question

_______ theory assumes that humans are rational, calculating beings.

answer

Social Exchange

question

Sex is determined by _______ factors; gender identity and gender roles are influenced by ________ factors.

answer

Biological; social

question

An extensive body of research has found that people who belong to and participate in conservative religious denominations are typically

answer

more traditional in gender role orientation

question

Cindy told George that she was upset with him about the remarks he had made. As she walked into his office to discuss the matter, he placed a box of tissues in front of her. This demonstrates __________ on George's part

answer

gender role stereotyping

question

Your position as a student would be considered an ascribed function T or F

answer

False

question

Although he is qualified and quite competent, Denzil was denied a job because he is black. The disqualification was based on Denzil's _______ status.

answer

Ascribed

question

A major tenet of social learning theory is that a reinforced behavior is likely to be repeated T or F

answer

True

question

It is typically believed that parents influence their children, but some analysts also believe that

answer

a child's behavior can have significant influence on parental behavior

question

________ are persons who believe that they were born with the body of the wrong sex

answer

Transsexuals

question

Role expectations are determined by the individual and not by society T or F

answer

False

question

The major difference between social-learning theory and cognitive-development theory is the latter asserts that

answer

children take an active role in organizing their identity

question

The fact that a good number of Americans are married to individuals from their own neighborhoods is best explained by

answer

residential propinquity

question

According to researchers, arranged marriages tend to be

answer

very stable

question

Dating is an activity practiced only by young people T or F

answer

False

question

Susan and Cliff have an ongoing relationship. Cliff wants to get married right away, but Susan doesn't. According to the "principle of least interest" Susan has more power in the relationship T or F

answer

True

question

According to the exchange theory, an individual will break off a relationship when the costs outweigh the benefits

answer

True

question

Jeff and Sonia, who have dated each other since they were sophomore, agreed in their senior year to see each other exclusively. We would say they are now

answer

going steady

question

Donna who is a family therapist is explaining to her friend Betty, an African American female and VP in a large bank, that she is having difficulty finding a mate due to the marriage squeeze. What does she mean by this?

answer

There is an imbalance in the ratio of men who are eligible for marriage to women

question

The tendency to marry upward in social status is referred to as

answer

hypergamy

question

It is common worldwide for men to date younger women but relatively new for older women to date younger men T or F

answer

True

question

Of all the personal qualities that influence mate selection, teh one that has the greatest initial impact is

answer

physical appearance

question

_______ represent the organized aspects of human social existence that are established and reinforced over time by the various norms and values of a particular group or society

answer

institutions

question

the requirement that marriage must occur outside a group

answer

exogamy

question

the requirement that marriage occur within a group

answer

endogamy

question

a union between people that unites partners sexually, socially, and economically ; that is relatively constant over time, and that accords each member certain agreed-upon rights

answer

marriage

question

involves one person married to another person of the other sex

answer

monogamy

question

individuals may marry as many times as they like as long as each prior marriage was ended by death or divorce

answer

serial monogamy

question

in which all of the women and men in a group are simultaneously married to one another and may exist in a number of forms

answer

cenogamy or group marriage

question

what did the word family originally mean

answer

band of slaves

question

as any relatively stable group of people bound by ties of blood, marriage, adoption; or by any sexually expressive relationship; or who simply live together, and who are committed to and provide each other with economic support

answer

family

question

the family into which a person is born and raised

answer

family of orientation

question

when we marry or have an intimate relationship with someone or have children we create a ______________

answer

family of procreation

question

consisting of a mother, father, and siblings

answer

nuclear family

question

consisting of one or both parents, bilings, if any, and other relatives, including grandparents, aunts, uncles, etc.

answer

extended or multi-generational family

question

when a variety of relatives live in not necessarily the same household, but in very close proximity to one another; and they interact on a frequent basis and provide emotional and economic support for one another

answer

modified extended family

question

a family in which the norm is the male as the head of household

answer

patriarchal family

question

cultural guidelines or rules of conduct that direct people to behave in particular ways -governing sexual behavior among societies, etc.

answer

norms

question

the recurrent, patterned ways people relate to one another

answer

social structure

question

a set of behaviors associated with a particular status

answer

roles

question

a lifetime of social interaction through which people learn those elements of culture essential for effective participation in social life

answer

socialization

question

a false, fictitious, imaginary, or exaggerated belief about someone or something

answer

myth

question

myth: the idea that there is a universal, or single, marriage and family pattern of mother, father, children, or husband, wife, and children blinds us to the historical reality and legitimacy of diverse marriage and family arrangments

answer

universal nuclear family

question

myth: assumes that families in the past were held together by hard work, family loyalty, and a fierce determination not to be beholden to anyone-- especially the state.

answer

the self-reliant traditional family

question

myth: dates to the mid-nineteenth century, when economic changes led to the development of separate spheres for women and men.

answer

the naturalness of different spheres for wives and husbands

question

myth: the nature and quality of _________ family life are pervasive and deeply entrenched in American popular thought, that they are the least stable and functional of all types of families

answer

the unstable African-American family

question

people who are related by blood, marriage, or adoption, or who consider one another family

answer

kinship

question

kinship or family lineage (descent) and inheritance come through the father and his blood relatives

answer

patrilineal

question

kinship or family lineage and inheritance come through the mother and her blood relatives

answer

matrilineal

question

contains one or more persons living in a housing unit

answer

household

question

has at least two members related by birth, marriage, and adoption- one of whom is the householder

answer

family household

question

can be either a person living alone or a householder who shares the housing unit only with nonrelatives

answer

nonfamily household

question

grasps history and biography and the relations between the two within our society

answer

sociological imagination

question

provides us with empirical evidence as a basic for knowledge or theories

answer

scientific research

question

statements of relationships between two or more variables

answer

hypotheses

question

factors that can have two or more values- to determine what is, as opposed to what we think should be

answer

variables

question

focuses on specific or distinct qualities within the data that show patterns of similarity or difference among the research subjects

answer

qualitative analysis

question

enable us to get info by asking people questions

answer

surveys

question

a detailed, in depth examination of a single unit

answer

case study

question

research technique for describing a social group form the group's point of view

answer

ethnography

question

systems of beliefs

answer

ideologies

question

views society as an organized stable system, analogous to the human system- that is made up of a variety of interrelated parts or structures

answer

structural functionalism

question

intended, overt, social institutions such as the family

answer

manifest functions

question

unintended, unrecognized, functions

answer

latent functions

question

performing a positive service by helping to maintain the system in a balanced state or promoting the achievement of group goals.

answer

functional

question

features that may hamper the achievement of group goals and disrupt the system's balance

answer

dysfunctional

question

encourage self-confidence, rationality, competition, and coolness- qualities that facilitate male success in the world of work

answer

instrumental traits

question

encourage nurturance, emotionality, sensitivity, and warmth- qualities that help women succeed in caring for a husband, children, and a home

answer

expressive traits

question

focuses on social structures and institutions in society. _______ is natural and inevitable in all human interaction

answer

conflict theory

question

perspective focuses on micro patterns (small-scale patterns) of face-to-face interaction among people in specific settings such as within marriages and families

answer

symbolic interaction

question

objects, words, sounds, and events that are given meanings by members of a culture

answer

symbols

question

the process whereby people assign meanings to social phenomena- objects, events, and characteristics- that almost always cause those who draw on these meanings to emphasize some aspect of a phenomenon and to ignore others

answer

social construction of reality

question

an extension of symbolic interaction theory in which the analysis is framed entirely in terms of a conceptualization of the social construction of reality

answer

social contructionism

question

adopts an economic model of human behavior based on costs, benefits, and the expectation of reciprocity

answer

social exchange theory

question

pays close attention to changes in families over time and attempts to explain family life in terms of a process that unfolds over the life course of families

answer

developmental family life cycle theory

question

statuses we are born into

answer

ascribed statuses

question

acquired by virtue of our own efforts. _______ status

answer

achieved statuses

question

the oversimplified expectations of what it means to be a woman or a man

answer

gender role stereotypes

question

status of being female or male in our society affects all aspects of our lives and is known as the ________ status

answer

master, or key status

question

a person's awareness of being female or male

answer

gender identity

question

females and males are similar on most, but not all psychological variables, that is, girls and boys are more alike than different this is know as ___________________

answer

gender similarities hypothesis

question

spectrum of gender ambiguity

answer

transgender

question

ambiguous genitalia (hermaphrodites)

answer

intersexed

question

process by which people acquire the gender roles that their culture defines as appropriate for them

answer

gender role socialization

question

asserts that gender roles and gender identity are learned directly through a system of positive reinforcement (rewards) and negative reinforcement (punishments) and indirectly through observation and modeling

answer

social-learning theory

question

learning through imitation

answer

modeling

question

the belief that the child's mind matures through interaction with the surrounding environment

answer

cognitive-development theory

question

argument that hidden cultural assumptions about how societal members should look, behave, and feel are so deeply embedded in social institutions that these behaviors and ways of thinking are systematically reproduced from one generation to the next

answer

enculturated-lens theory

question

individuals, groups, and organizations that help form an individual's attitudes, behaviors, and self-concept

answer

agents of socialization

question

sharing masculine and feminine traits

answer

androgynous

question

socialization directed toward learning future roles, such as marriage roles

answer

anticipatory socialization

question

process of pairing off that involves the open choice of mates and engagement in activities that allow people to get to know each other and progress toward coupling and mate selection

answer

dating

question

wide range of behaviors and social relationships individuals engage in prior to marriage and that lead to long or short term pairing or coupling

answer

mate selection

question

a period of time in which two people spend intentional time together in order to get to know each other with the expressed purpose of evaluating each other as a potential marriage partner

answer

courtship

question

a pattern of dating that involves women and men meeting in groups, playing similar roles in initiating dates, and sharing equally in the cost of activities

answer

getting together

question

a meeting and mating ritual that started among high school and college students- the latest rung on the evolutionary ladder of mate selection

answer

hooking up

question

the number of men to every 100 women

answer

sex ratio

question

concept implies that we enter the mate selection process with certain resources and we trade these resources for the best offer we can get

answer

marriage market

question

people of the same race, class, and educational level as ourselves

answer

pool of eligibles

question

the tendency to meet, date, and marry someone very similar to ourselves in terms of important desirable characteristics

answer

homogamy

question

whereby one sex has a more limited pool of eligible than the other

answer

marriage squeeze

question

suggests that men marry women who are slightly lower down the social class continuum

answer

marriage gradient

question

tendency to marry upward

answer

hypergamy

question

tendency to marry downward

answer

hypogamy

question

used by sociologists to denote proximity or closeness in place and space

answer

propinquity

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