question

(_____) is the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information.

answer

Memory

question

(_____) is to get information into our brain, the processing of information into the memory system-for example, by extracting meaning. The information gets into our brains in a way that allows it to be stored.

answer

Encoding

question

Retaining information, (_____) is the retention of encoded information over time. The information is held in a way that allows it to later be retrieved.

answer

storage

question

After processing and retaining information into our brain, (_____) is the process of getting information out of the memory storage. (_____) is reactivating and recalling the information, producing it in a form similar to what was encoded.

answer

retrieval

question

One modern model of memory, (_____), views memories as emerging from interconnected neural networks. Specific memories arise from particular activation patterns within these networks.

answer

connectionism

question

Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin proposed that we form memories in three stages: 1. (_____) memory, 2. (_____) memory, and 3. (_____) memory.

answer

sensory, short-term, long-term

question

(_____) is the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system.

answer

Sensory memory

question

(_____) is the activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten.

answer

Short-term memory

question

(_____-_____ memory) is the relatively permanent and limitless part of the memory system. It includes knowledge,skills, and experiences.

answer

Long-term

question

(_____) is a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory. Because we cannot possibly focus on all the information bombarding our senses at once, we shine the flashlight beam of our attention on certain incoming stimuli—often those that are novel or important. We process these incoming stimuli, along with information we retrieve from long-term memory, in temporary (_____). (_____) associates new and old information and solves problems.

answer

Working memory

question

(_____) is the unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings. In (_____), experiences are processed directly and automatically into long-term implicit memory, skipping Atkinson-Shiffrin's first two stages.

answer

Automatic processing

question

(_____) is encoding that requires attention and conscious effort. (_____) often produces durable and accessible memories. It includes chunking, mnenomics, hiearchies, rehearsal, deep processing, semantic processing, and making information personally meaningful.

answer

Effortful processing

question

In effortful processing, we can boost our memories by (_____). (_____) is the conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage. (Sometimes, however, (_____) is not enough to store new information for later recall.)

answer

Rehearsal

question

Generally, the amount remembered depends on the time spent learning. However, later researches discovers the phenomenon called (_____), the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice. (massed practice = cramming)

answer

Spacing effect

question

"Testing is a powerful means of improving learning, not just assessing it." - this quote refers to a phenomenon called (_____). Distributed study, self-assessment and repeated quizzes improve memory far efficiently than mass practice.

answer

testing effect

question

Another phenomenon, the (_____),further illustrates the benefits of rehearsal. (_____) is our tendency to recall best the last(recency effect) and first items(primacy effect) in a list.

answer

serial position effect

question

Perhaps because the last items are still in working memory, people briefly recall them especially quickly and well (the (_____)effect). But after a delay—after they shift their attention from the last items—their recall is best for the first items (the (_____) effect).

answer

recency, primacy

question

(_____) encoding is the encoding of picture images.

answer

Visual

question

(_____) is the encoding of sound, especially the sound of words.

answer

Acoustic encoding

question

(_____) is the encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words.

answer

Semantic encoding

question

Processing a word deeply—by its meaning ((_____) encoding)—produces better recognition later than does shallow processing,such as attending to its appearance ((_____) encoding)or sound ((_____) encoding)

answer

semantic, visual, acoustic

question

(_____) is the mental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding.

answer

Imagery

question

(_____) are memory aids, techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational system. This memory "trick" connects information to existing memory such as imagery or structure to strengthen the processing memory. Some examples of (_____) devices are peg-words, jingle, and spatial mnemonic strategies. A peg word system refers to the technique of visually associating new words with an existing list that is already memorized along with numbers. For example, "due" can be pictured written on a door, and door = 4.

answer

Mnemonics

question

The (_____) Model is a classic three-step model of memory formation. The stages are: Sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

answer

Atkinson-Shiffrin

question

In the modified version of the three-stage processing model of memory, 1. some information is processed straight from sensory experience into long-term memory, without conscious awareness; this is called (_____) 2. More goes on in short-term memory besides rehearsal; this is called (_____). Holding onto new information, combining with old memories, then trying to do something with it.

answer

automatic processing, working memory

question

There are three levels of processing information, 1. (_____) encoding, 2. (_____) encoding, 3. (_____) encoding.

answer

Visual, Acoustic, Semantic

question

(_____) is a method used to recall information more easily by organizing items into familiar, manageable units. (_____) often occurs naturally and automatically.

answer

Chunking

question

When people develop expertise in an area, they process information not only in chunks but also in (_____) composed of a few broad concepts divided and subdivided into narrower concepts and facts.

answer

hierarchies

question

In the initial recordings of sensory information, an (_____) is a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second.

answer

iconic memory

question

In the initial recordings of sensory information, an (_____) is a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds.

answer

echoic memory

question

The basic principle: At any given moment, we can consciously process only a very limited amount of information. Short-term memory is limited not only in duration but also capacity, typically storing about (_____) bits of information (give of take two). George Miller enshrined this recall capacity as the Magical Number (_____), plus or minus two.

answer

seven

question

Contrary to common belief, our capacity for storing long-term memories is essentially (_____).

answer

limitless

question

(_____) is a prolonged strengthening of potential neural firing, an increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. (_____) is believed to provide the neural basis for learning and memory associations. Increased synaptic efficiency makes for more efficient neural circuits. The sending neuron now needs less prompting to release its neurotransmitter, and the receiving neuron's receptor sites may increase. After (_____) has occurred, passing an electric current through the brain won't disrupt old memories, but the current will wipe out very recent memories.

answer

Long-term potentiation (LTP)

question

(_____) is an increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. It is believed that (_____) provides a neural basis for learning and memory associations.

answer

Long-term potentiation

question

The temporary release of stress hormones into the bloodstream facilitates: (____-____ ______)

answer

Long-term potentiation (LTP)

question

How (_____) change to help store memories: Long-Term Potentiation

answer

synapses

question

(_____) is a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event. When we are excited or stressed, emotion-triggered stress hormones make for stronger memories. This explains why shocking or traumatic experiences are easily remembered. However, there are also limits to (_____). During the processing misinformation can also seep in, leading to false memories. Moreover, when stressful events are prolonged, they reduce memory capacities. Also, when sudden stress hormones are flowing, older memories may be blocked.

answer

Flashbulb memory

question

(______), Emotions, and Memory: Flashbulb Memories Intense emotion can cause the formation of intense memories. 1. (________), two emotion-processing clusters in the limbic system, boosts activity and available proteins in the brain's memory-forming areas. 2. Emotions can trigger a rise in stress hormones. 3. Memories are stored with more sensory and emotional details.

answer

Amygdala

question

(_____) is retention independent of conscious recollection. (Also called non-declarative memory.) (_____) include skills, procedures, and conditioned associations. The cerebellum and basal ganglia contribute to (_______).

answer

Implicit memory

question

Hippocampus is a (temporary/permanent) processing site for explicit, while frontal and temporal lobe store the memory.

answer

temporary

question

(________ ______) is memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare." (Also called declarative memory.) (________ ______) include facts, stories, and meanings of words such as the first time riding a bike, or facts about types of bicycles.

answer

Explicit memory

question

The hippocampus plays a critical role in (_____) memory.

answer

explicit

question

Amnesia patients typically experience disruption of: (_____) memories.

answer

explicit

question

Whatever has destroyed conscious recall in individuals with amnesia has not destroyed their unconscious capacity for learning. They can learn how to do something—called (________)(nondeclarative memory). But they may not know and declare that they know—called (________)(declarative memory).

answer

implicit memory, explicit memory

question

Without the hippocampus, we could not form (__) explicit memories.

answer

new

question

New explicit memories of names, images, and events are laid down via the (_____), a temporal lobe neural center that also forms part of the brain's limbic system. With left-(_____) damage, people have trouble remembering verbal information, but they have no trouble recalling visual designs and locations. With right-(_____) damage, the problem is reversed.

answer

hippocampus

question

How we hold stories in storage, the Explicit Memory System: Encoded in Hippocampus, stored in Frontal Lobes and the (_____)

answer

Temporal lobes

question

Explicit memory system: The hippocampus is active during slow-wave sleep, as memories are processed and filed for later retrieval. But those memories are not permanently stored in the hippocampus. Instead, acts like a loading dock where the brain registers and temporarily holds the elements of a remembered episode—its smell, feel, sound, and location. Then, memories migrate for storage in various parts of the (_____) and (_____) lobes.

answer

frontal, temporal

question

How we retain responses and procedures, the Implicit Memory System: Cerebellum and (_____)

answer

Basal Ganglia

question

The (_________), next to the thalamus, controls movement, and forms and stores procedural memory and motor skills. We can learn to ride a bicycle even if we can't recall having the lesson.

answer

basal ganglia

question

Implicit memory formation needs the (_____). The (_____), the brain region extending out from the rear of the braintstem, plays a key role in forming and storing the implicit memories created by classical conditioning. The (_____) forms and stores our conditioned responses. We can store a phobic response even if we can't recall how we acquired the fear.

answer

cerebellum

question

Rabbits fail to learn a conditioned eye-blink response when the (______) is temporarily deactivated during the process of training.

answer

Cerebellum

question

Dual explicit-implicit memory system helps explain (__________): The implicit reactions and skills we learned during infancy reach far into our future, yet as adults we recall nothing (explicitly) of our first three years.

answer

infantile amnesia

question

(_____) is the ability to retrieve information not in conscious awareness. It is a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test.

answer

Recall

question

(_____) is a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test. Our (_____) memory is quick and vast. We remember more than we can recall.

answer

Recognition

question

When you encode into memory a target piece of information, you associate with it other bits of information. For example, your surroundings, mood, seating position, and so on. These bits can serve as (__________), anchor points you can use to access the target information when you want to retrieve later. The more (__________) you have, the better your chances of finding a route to the suspended memory. The best (__________) come from associations we form at the time we encode a memory.

answer

retrieval cues

question

Memories are held in storage by a web of associations, each piece of information (______) with others.

answer

interconnected

question

(_____) is the activation(often unconsciously) of particular associations in memory. (_____) is also called the "wakening of associations." (_____) is often "memoryless memory"-invisible memory without explicit remembering.

answer

Priming

question

(__________) is when putting yourself back in the context where you experienced something can prime your memory retrieval.

answer

Context effect

question

Sometimes, being in a context similar to one we've been in before may trigger the experience of (_______). (_______) is the eerie sense that "I've experienced this before." Cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience.

answer

deja vu

question

A subtle phenomenon called (_____-_______ memory) is that what people learn in one state-be it drunk or sober- may be more easily recalled when we are again in that state.

answer

state-dependent

question

After his last drinking spree, Fakim hid a half-empty liquor bottle. He couldn't remember where he hid it until he started drinking again. Fakim's pattern of recall best illustrates (_____-______) memory.

answer

state-dependent

question

Mood-memory connection: Our mood states provide an example or memory's state dependence. Emotions that accompany good or bad events become retrieval cues. Thus, our memories are somewhat (_____-_______). (_____-________) memory is the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood.

answer

mood-congruent

question

Being in a bad mood after a hard day of work, Susan could think of nothing positive in her life. This is best explained as an example of (____-_____) memory.

answer

Mood-congruent

question

Whenever Valerie experiences intense feelings of fear, she is overwhelmed with childhood memories of her abusive parents. Valerie's experience best illustrates: (_____-______) memory

answer

mood-congruent

question

Mood-congruent memory refers to the effect of emotional states on the process of: (_____)

answer

Retrieval

question

The happier Judie is, the more readily she recalls experiences with former teachers who were warm and generous. This best illustrates that memory can be mood-congruent and that emotional states can act as (________ ___).

answer

retrieval cues

question

Types of forgetting: (_____) Much of what we sense we never notice, and what we fail to encode, we will never remember. (_____) happens when we never paid attention to an information, when information never got into long-term memory storage. Without effort, many memories never form. Age can also affect encoding efficiency.

answer

Encoding Failure

question

Storage Decay: Herman Ebbinghaus' (__________) Even after encoding something well, we sometimes later forget it. The (__________) is a gradual fading of the physical memory trace.

answer

Forgetting curve

question

Tip-of-the-tongue: (______ _____) We store in long-term memory what's important to us or what we've rehearsed. But sometimes even stored information cannot be accessed, which leads to forgetting. These memories does not decay, and seem just below the surface(tip-of-the-tongue).

answer

Retrieval failure

question

(_____ _____) is the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information, when something you learned earlier disrupts you recall of something you experience later.

answer

Proactive interference

question

When Carlos was promoted, he moved into a new office with a new phone extension. Every time he is asked for his phone number, Carlos first thinks of his old extension, illustrating the effects of (______) interference.

answer

proactive

question

(_____ _____) is the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information, when new information makes it harder to recall something you learned earlier.

answer

Retroactive interference

question

You should study before sleeping in order to minimize (_____) interference.

answer

retroactive

question

The finding that people who sleep after learning a list of nonsense syllables forget less than people who stay awake provides evidence that forgetting may involve (_______).

answer

retroactive interference

question

Sometimes old information can facilitate our learning of new information. Knowing Latin may help us to learn French- a phenomenon called (_____ _____).

answer

positive transfer

question

In psychoanalytic theory, (_____) is the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories.

answer

Repression

question

Mrs. McBride can't consciously recall how frequently she criticizes her children because it would be too anxiety-arousing to do so. Sigmund Freud would have suggested that her poor memory illustrates (______).

answer

repression

question

(_____) is a measure that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time.

answer

Relearning

question

Encoding words based on the appearance of the words' letters involves visual encoding, which is (_____ processing).

answer

shallow

question

Sigmund Freud emphasized that the forgetting of painful experiences is caused by a process that involves (_____ _____).

answer

retrieval failure

question

The inability to remember whose face appears on a five-dollar bill is most likely due to a failure in (_____).

answer

encoding

question

Effortful processing most clearly requires (_______ memory).

answer

working

question

In an effort to remember how to spell "rhinoceros," Samantha spells the word aloud 30 times. She is using a technique known as: (______)

answer

rehearsal

question

Priming is to retrieval as rehearsal is to:

answer

encoding.

question

According to the serial position effect, when recalling a list of words you should have the greatest difficulty with those in the (_____) of the list.

answer

middle

question

Which type of word processing-visual, acoustic, or semantic-results in the greatest retention?

answer

semantic

question

Although Jordan could not recall the exact words of a poem he had recently heard, he clearly remembered the meaning of the poem. This best illustrates the importance of: (______ ______)

answer

semantic encoding

question

Textbook chapters are often organized into (_____) in order to facilitate information processing.

answer

hierarchies

question

Sherry easily remembers the telephone reservation number for Holiday Inns by using the mnemonic 1-800-HOLIDAY. She is using a memory aid known as: (_______)

answer

chunking

question

"The magical number seven, plus or minus two" refers to the storage capacity of (_____-_______) memory.

answer

short-term

question

Stress hormones facilitate the formation of new memories by: (increasing/decreasing) the availability of glucose that fuels brain activity.

answer

increasing

question

A flashbulb memory would typically be stored in (_______-_______) memory.

answer

long-term

question

Cerebellum is to ________ memory as hippocampus is to ________ memory.

answer

implicit, explicit

question

Amnesia victims typically have experienced damage to the ________ of the brain.

answer

Hippocampus

question

The integration of new incoming information with knowledge retrieved from long-term memory involves the activity of: (_____)

answer

working memory

question

The (_____) effect means that distributed study yields better retention than cramming.

answer

spacing

question

When people are asked to recall a list of words they had earlier memorized, they often substitute synonyms for some of the words on the original list. This best illustrates the effects of: _____ encoding

answer

semantic

question

Memories of emotional events are especially likely to be facilitated by activation of the brain part: (_____)

answer

Amygdala

question

Studies of amnesia victims suggest that there are two distinct types of memory. These are (_____) and (_____) memories.

answer

implicit, explicit

question

Memory (______): We often build our memories as we encode them, and we may also alter our memories as we withdraw them from our memory bank. We don't just retrieve memories, we reweave them.

answer

Construction

question

(______ _____) is when incorporating misleading information into one' side memory of an event. After exposure to subtle misinformation, many people misremember.

answer

Misinformation effect

question

Repeatedly imagining nonexistent actions and events can create false memories. People who repeatedly imagined certain acts later experienced (________ ______); they were more likely than others to think they had actually done such things.

answer

Imagination Inflation

question

In (_____ _________) also called source misattribution, we retain the memory of the event, but not of the context in which we acquired it. (____ _________), along with the misinformation effect, is at the heart of many false memories.

answer

Source Amnesia

question

Recognizing someone but having no idea where we have seen the person, dreaming an event and later being unsure whether it really happened, or hearing something and later recall seeing it are all cases of (______ _________).

answer

Source Amnesia (source misattribution)

question

(______ ______) is the tendency of previously learned material to hinder subsequent learning.

answer

Proactive interference

question

(_________ __________) is the tendency of later learning to hinder the memory of previously learned material.

answer

Retroactive interference

question

Our assumptions about the past often influence the form in which information is retrieved from long-term memory. This fact is most relevant to appreciating the importance of: (_________ _____________)

answer

memory construction

question

The misinformation effect provides evidence that memory may be (_________) during recall according to how questions are framed.

answer

reconstructed

question

By incorporating errors originating from a hypnotist's leading questions, hypnotically refreshed memories often illustrate: (_________ effect)

answer

Misinformation effect

question

Judy is embarrassed because she momentarily fails to remember a good friend's name. Judy's poor memory most likely results from a failure in: (______)

answer

retrieval

question

In the seven sins of memory, Absent-mindedness is the inattention to details leads to (_______ failure). ex) our mind is elsewhere as we lay down the car keys

answer

encoding

question

In the seven sins of memory, Transience describes (_______ _________) that happens over time ex) after we part ways with former classmates, unused information fades

answer

storage decay

question

In the seven sins of memory, Blocking is described as the inaccessibility of stored information, such as seeing an actor in an old movie, we feel the name on the tip of our tongue but experience (_________ failure), —we cannot get it out.

answer

retrieval

question

In the seven sins of memory, Misattribution is when we confuse the source of information, such as putting words in someone else's mouth or remembering a dream as an actual happening. This best illustrates (______ _______).

answer

source amnesia

question

In the seven sins of memory, Suggestibility is the lingering effects of (_______________). Examples are a leading question—"Did Mr. Jones touch your private parts?"— might later becomes a young child's false memory.

answer

misinformation

question

Sigmund Freud proposed that we (_____) painful memories to protect our self-concept and to minimize anxiety. But the submerged memory will linger, he believed, to be retrieved by some later cue.

answer

repress

question

(________ effect): incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event.

answer

misinformation effect

Exploring Psychology Ch8 – Memory – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards