question

coyotes being laced with lithium chloride, getting sick one time, and then stopping eating sheep meat is an example of...

answer

biological preparedness

question

one of the first researchers to look at laws involved in learning voluntary responses

answer

Edward Thornlike

question

Ivan Pavlov was a...

answer

physiologist

question

modern term for form of behavior modification that uses shaping techniques to mold desired behavior or response

answer

applied behavior analysis

question

In later studies, Bandura added condition of ____ into his studies of children and the Bobo doll

answer

reward

question

relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience

answer

learning

question

connection things together (we learn by this)

answer

association

question

process of learning associations

answer

conditioning

question

(environment acts on subject) learning to associate two stimuli, respondent behavior, conditioned reflex; learn to make involuntary response to unoriginal stimulus

answer

classical/Pavlovian conditioning

question

very first time the conditioned stimulus is responded to

answer

acquisition

question

diminishing of conditioned response

answer

extinction

question

reappearance of diminished conditioned response

answer

spontaneous recovery

question

response to stimulus similar to original conditioned stimulus

answer

stimulus generalization

question

response to different stimuli in different ways

answer

stimulus discrimination

question

preparation of CS in absence of UCS leading to reduction in CR

answer

extinction

question

reappearance of previously extinguished CR

answer

spontaneous recovery

question

occurs when strong CS is paired with new neutral stimulus and new previously neutral stimulus becomes a second CS

answer

high-order conditioning

question

emotional responses classically conditioned to occur in response to learned stimuli

answer

conditioned emotional response

question

can occur simply by watching someone else respond to a stimulus; classical conditioning of a reflex response or emotion by watching the reaction of another person

answer

vicarious conditioning

question

survival value for organism; some associations are quick and easy to learn because of this

answer

biological preparedness

question

learned ability to distinguish between a CS and other stimuli that don't signal a CS

answer

discrimination

question

behaviorism

answer

John Watson

question

modern theory in which classical conditioning is seen to occur because the conditioned stimulus provides information or an expectancy about the coming of the unconditioned stimulus

answer

cognitive perspective

question

increased chance of developing a pattern of behavior based on inherited genes

answer

biological predisposition

question

(subject acts on environment) consequences vs. rewards

answer

operant conditioing

question

if actions are favorable, there is a strength of behavior; if actions are unfavorable, there is a weakening of behavior

answer

law of effect

question

chamber with bar or key animal manipulates

answer

Skinner box

question

anything that strengthens a behavior

answer

reinforcer

question

give reward

answer

positive reinforcement

question

give pain relief

answer

negative reinforcmenet

question

satisfies biological need (ex: food)

answer

primary reinforcers

question

learned (ex: grades)

answer

secondary reinforcers

question

...spoiler: continuous reinforcement (self explanatory) bad! subject gets saturated

answer

continuous reinforcement

question

scheduled based on ratio or interval, subject works longer and doesn't get saturated (fixed ration schedules)

answer

partial (intermittent) reinforcement

question

reinforces response after an unpredictable number of responses (ex: gambling, slot machines) hard to extinguish

answer

variable ratio

question

worked with rats in a maze

answer

Tolman

question

worked with chimpanzees (set up problem situation)

answer

Kohler

question

studied escape and avoidance learning in dogs; proposed depressed people staying in bad environments, etc. is a type of learned helplessness

answer

Seligman

question

mental events that take place inside a person's mind while engaging in behavior

answer

cognition

question

learning occurs but behavior not manifested until organism has reason to demonstrate it

answer

latent learning

question

"aha!" moment

answer

insight

question

predictable (ex: do something 5 times, get reward)

answer

fixed ratio

question

predicted time passage

answer

fixed interval

question

unpredictable time passage

answer

variable interval

question

GOOD! ("can't go out, gotta study")

answer

delayed gratification

question

aversive event that decreases behavior that follows

answer

punishment

question

gives something bad (ex: spankings)

answer

positive punishment

question

takes something good (ex: take car away)

answer

negative punishment

question

method of successive approximations (operant conditioning procedure) reinforcers guide behavior toward closer approximations of a desired goal

answer

shaping

question

use of operant conditioning techniques to bring about desired behavior

answer

behavior modification

question

desired behavior rewarded

answer

token economy

question

involuntary responses (ex: blood pressure, relaxation under voluntary control)

answer

biofeedbaical conditions

question

"freedom is an illusion"

answer

Skinner

question

tendency to fail to act to escape from situations because of history of repeated failures

answer

learned helplessness

question

mental representation of environment

answer

cognitive map

question

Albert- learning by observing others

answer

observational learning

question

process of observing and imitating specific behavior

answer

modeling

question

opposite of anti-social; positive, constrictive, helpful behavior (ex: Sesame Street)

answer

pro-social behavior

question

referring to observation that learning can take place without actual performance of learned behavior

answer

learning/performance distinction

question

four elements needed in observational learning

answer

attention, memory, imitation, motivation

question

tendency for animals behavior to revert to genetically controlled patterns

answer

instinctive drift

question

an active system that receives information from senses, organizes them, and retrieves them later

answer

memory

question

taking outside information and making sense of it

answer

encoding

question

models of memory

answer

sensory, short-term, long-term

question

capacity of short-term memory

answer

7 plus or minus 2

question

immediate, initial stage of memory (supah short)

answer

sensory

question

20-30 seconds, information held for brief periods

answer

short-term

question

limitless, relatively permanent storage

answer

long-term

question

two types of sensory memory

answer

iconic and echoic

question

visual memory

answer

iconic

question

fleeting, auditory memory

answer

echoice

question

photographic memory

answer

eidetic imagery

question

iconic memory capacity

answer

everything that can be seen at once

question

move information from short-term to long-term by...

answer

elaborative rehearsal

question

duration of iconic memory

answer

just entered, pushed out quickly

question

capacity of echoic memory

answer

what can be held, but less than iconic

question

another term for short-term memory, whatever you are currently "working" to take in (hint hint)

answer

working memory

question

memorizing by organization

answer

chunking

question

memorizing something long enough to spit it back out

answer

maintenance rehearsal

question

1. saying something over and over only gives ONE kind of retrieval cue 2. almost anything in one's surroundings is capable of becoming a cue

answer

cue facts

question

stimulus for remembering

answer

retrieval cue

question

connection between surroundings and remembered information; tendency for memory of any kind of information to be improved if the physical surroundings available when the memory is first formed are also available when the memory is being retrieved

answer

encoding specificity

question

memories formed during a particular physiological or psychological state will be easier to remember while in a similar state (ex: when fighting with someone, easier to remember bad things more than good)

answer

state-dependent learning

question

two types of retrieval of memories

answer

recall and recognition

question

memories are retrieved with few or no external cues

answer

recall

question

looking at or hearing information and matching it to what is already in memory

answer

recognition

question

these can occur during recognition

answer

false positives

question

tendency of information at the beginning and end of a body of information to be remembered more accurately than information in the middle of the body

answer

serial position effect

question

tendency to remember information at the beginning of body of info better than info that follows

answer

primacy effect

question

tendency to remember info at end of body of info better than info at beginning

answer

recency effect

question

strong emotional associations can lead to vivid and detailed "flashbulb" memories

answer

automatic encoding

question

types of automatic encoding that occurs because unexpected event has strong emotional associations for person remembering it

answer

flashbulb memories

question

two types of long-term memory

answer

procedural (nondeclarative) and declarative (explicit)

question

habits, etc. that may or may not be in conscious awareness

answer

procedural (nondeclarative or implicit) memory

question

where procedural/nondeclarative/implicit memories are located

answer

cerebellum

question

ya know that ya know it

answer

declarative/explicit memory

question

two types of declarative/explicit memory

answer

semantic and episodic

question

knowledge, formal education

answer

semantic memory

question

personal information

answer

episodic memory

question

helps process explicit memories for storage

answer

hippocampus

question

don't remember your younger years (generally before 3) because hippocampus is the last to develop

answer

infantile amnesia

question

used in semantic & episodic, long-term memories

answer

frontal and temporal lobes

question

used in short-term memory

answer

prefrontal cortex and temporal lobes

question

caused by problems in brain function

answer

organic amnesia

question

two types of encoding

answer

effortful and automatic

question

parallel processing, unconscious encoding of incidental info; space, time, frequency; well learned info (ex: word meanings)

answer

automatic processing

question

requires attention and conscious effort

answer

effortful processing

question

forgetting is very fast within first hour after learning, then tapers off gradually

answer

curve of forgetting

question

discovered longer time spent equals longer retention and overlearning

answer

Ebbinghaus

question

additional learning

answer

overlearning

question

used with flashbulb memories

answer

amygdala

question

type of encoding specificity

answer

deja vu

question

activation of memory (ex: eating a mint to prime memory if you ate one while studying)

answer

priming

question

error of recognition, recognizing stimulus not in memory

answer

false positive

question

creation of innacurate/false memories through suggestion of others, often while person is under hypnosis

answer

false memory syndrome

question

attributing to the wrong source of an event

answer

source amnesia

question

referring to retrieval of memories in which memories are altered, etc.

answer

constructive processing

question

tendency of misleading info presented after an event to alter memories of event itself

answer

misinformation effect

question

info never enters long-term mem

answer

(forgetting as) encoding failure

question

forward disruptive effect of prior learning on recall of new info, affects later stuff; old info affects newer info (ex: learn french, learn spanish, take spanish test, remember french)

answer

proactive (forward acting) interference

question

info today interferes with old info

answer

retroactive interference

question

going back to memory, neuron firing is stronger

answer

long-term potentiation

question

changes that take place in structure and functioning of neurons when a memory is formed- memory trace

answer

consolidation

question

memory for facts and events related to one's personal life story; begins to develop after language

answer

autobiographical memory

question

no longer able to produce new long-term memory from point of trauma forward

answer

anterograde amnesia

question

forgetting events at time of traumatic event

answer

retrograde amnesia

question

knowingly revising memories

answer

motivated forgetting

question

defensive mechanism that banishes bad thoughts from consciousness

answer

repression

question

unwanted memories

answer

persistence

question

remembering things better than they actually were

answer

rosy retrospective

AP psych learning and memory – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards