question

What type of signal is brief and can work among obstructions at night?

answer

Auditory

question

What type of signal is fast and requires daylight with no obstructions?

answer

Visual

question

Circannual rhythms in birds are influenced by

answer

Periods of daylight and darkness

question

Upon returning to its hive, a European honeybee communicates to other worker bees the presence of a nearby food source it has discovered by _____

answer

Performing a round dance

question

Displays of nocturnal mammals are usually _____

answer

Olfactory and auditory

question

A cage containing male mosquitos has a small earphone placed on top, through which the sound of a female mosquito is played. All the males immediately fly to the earphone and go through all of the steps of copulation. What is the best explanation for this behavior?

answer

Copulation is a fixed action pattern, and the female flight sound is a sign stimulus that initiates it

question

A stickleback fish will attack a fish model as long as the model has red coloring. What animal behavior idea is manifested by this observation?

answer

Sign stimulus

question

Which of the following experiments best addresses the hypothesis that moths stop flying in response to high-intensity bat sounds?

answer

Play prerecorded high-intensity bat sounds to flying moths

question

A lizard's bobbing dewlap (a colorful flap of skin hanging from an Anolis lizard's throat) is an example of a

answer

Signal

question

What was the main reason the honeybees switched from the "round dance" to the "Waggle dance?"

answer

The preferred food source was farther away

question

From the figure above, what can we determine about the location of the food source?

answer

The waggle dance in the bottom figure indicates that the food is 90 degrees to the right of the Sun.

question

If the figure above shows the dances of bees in a hive at twelve noon on March 21 in the northmen hemisphere, which dance is communicating that the food is to the south of the hive?

answer

It is not possible to tell if any of the dances indicate the food is to the south of the hive.

question

Scientists believe that the direction birds of when migrating is guided in part by

answer

I, II and III (the stars in the night sky, the Sun during the day, the magnetic field of the Earth)

question

Which of the following examples describes a behavioral pattern that results from a proximate cause?

answer

A female bird lays its eggs because the amount of daylight is decreasing slightly each day

question

The proximate causes of behavior are interactions with the environment, but behavior is ultimately shaped by

answer

Evolution

question

During a field trip, an instructor touched a moth resting on a tree trunk. The moth raised its forewings to reveal large eyespots on its hind wings. The instructor asked why the moth lifted its wings. One student answered that sensory receptors had fired and triggered a neuronal reflex culminating in the contraction of certain muscles. A second student responded that the behavior might frighten predators. Which statement best describes these explanations?

answer

The first explanation refers to proximate causation, whereas the second refers to ultimate causation.

question

Which of the following is required for a behavioral trait to evolve by natural selection?

answer

An individual's reproductive success depends in part on how the behavior is performed.

question

In testing a hypothesis that "territorial defense in European robins is a fixed action pattern that is released by the sight of orange feathers," researchers found that robins defended their territory by attacking anything that was of similar size and had an orange patch. What experiment would you perform next to determine that the color initiated the defense response?

answer

Repeat the experiment using a blue patch instead of an orange patch

question

Through trial and error, a rat learns to run a maze without mistakes to receive a food reward.

answer

Operant conditioning

question

A human baby performs a sucking behavior perfectly when it is put in the presence of the nipple of its mother's breast

answer

Innate behavior

question

A mother goat can recognize its own kid by smell

answer

Imprinting

question

Every morning at the same time, John went into the den to feed his new tropical fish. After a few weeks, he noticed that the fish swam to the top of the tank when he entered the room. This is an example of _____.

answer

Classical conditioning

question

Some dogs love attention, and Frodo the beagle learns that if he barks, he gets attention. Which of the following might you use to describe this behavior?

answer

The dog's behavior is a result of operant conditioning.

question

Scientists have tried raising endangered whooping cranes in captivity by using sandhill cranes as foster parents. This strategy is no longer used because _____.

answer

C) none of the fostered whooping cranes formed a mating pair-bond with another whooping crane

question

White-crowned sparrows can only learn the "crystallized" song for their species by _____.

answer

A) listening to adult sparrow songs during a sensitive period as a fledgling, followed by a practice period until the juvenile matches its melody to its memorized fledgling song

question

One way to understand how early environment influences behaviors in similar species is through the "cross-fostering" experimental technique. Suppose that the curly-whiskered mud rat differs from the bald mud rat in several ways, including being much more aggressive. How would you set up a cross-fostering experiment to determine if environment plays a role in the curly-whiskered mud rat's aggression?

answer

B) You would place newborn curly-whiskered mud rats with bald mud rat parents and place newborn bald mud rats with curly-whiskered mud rat parents. Finally, let some mud rats of both species be raised by their own species. Then you would compare the outcomes.

question

Which of the following is true of innate behaviors? Innate behaviors _____.

answer

D) are expressed in most individuals in a population

question

A region of the canary forebrain shrinks during the nonbreeding season and enlarges when breeding season begins. This change is probably associated with the annual _____.

answer

A) addition of new syllables to a canary's song repertoire

question

Although many chimpanzees live in environments containing oil palm nuts, members of only a few populations use stones to crack open the nuts. The likely explanation is that _____.

answer

C) the cultural tradition of using stones to crack nuts has arisen in only some populations

question

You observe a species of bird that, upon hatching, has contact with its parents only while being fed. You also never hear the parents sing during the feeding process. What would you propose about song learning in this species of bird?

answer

D) Song learning in this species is most likely innate.

question

Learning has the most influence on behavior when _____.

answer

A) making mistakes does not result in death

question

You have captured a number of rats from a wild population and quickly surmise with tests that they are very good at avoiding food with poisons. What would best explain this observation? A) Rats are probably just intelligent enough to avoid poison.

answer

B) Rats may experience a large variety of toxins in their environment and learn to avoid them.

question

You observe scrub jays hiding food and notice that one particular individual only pretends to hide food. What kind of experiment could you perform to test whether this behavior was random or in response to another signal?

answer

B) Hypothesize a set of signals that could produce this behavior and try to match the behaviors with the signals.

question

35) You observe scrub jays hiding food and notice that one particular individual only pretends to hide food. Your experiments associate the presence of other individuals with the frequency of pretending to cache food. A colleague shows you animals of the same species that do not perform this pretend caching. How does this information affect your conclusions about this behavior?

answer

A) It suggests that this behavior might be learned.

question

You discover a rare new bird species, but you are unable to observe its mating behavior. You see that the male is large and ornamental compared with the female. On this basis, you can probably conclude that the species is _____.

answer

A) polygamous

question

) Fred and Joe, two unrelated, mature male gorillas, encounter one another. Fred is courting a female. Fred grunts as Joe comes near. As Joe continues to advance, Fred begins drumming (pounding his chest) and bares his teeth. Joe then rolls on the ground on his back, gets up, and quickly leaves. This behavioral pattern is repeated several times during the mating season. Choose the most specific behavior described by this example.

answer

A) agonistic behavior

question

Feeding behavior with a high energy intake-to-expenditure ratio is called _____.

answer

optimal foraging

question

Which of the following might affect the foraging behavior of an animal in the context of optimal foraging?

answer

I, II, III, IV Risk of predation, prey size, prey defenses, prey density

question

Which of the following is most likely associated with the evolution of mating systems?

answer

D) sexual dimorphism

question

Females are typically larger and more ornamented than males where _____ occurs.

answer

B) polyandry

question

Which of the following statements is true about certainty of paternity?

answer

D) Paternal behavior exists because it has been reinforced over generations by natural selection.

question

Which of the following best describes "game theory" as it applies to animal behavior?

answer

A) The fitness of a particular behavior is influenced by other behavioral phenotypes in a population.

question

The color of throats of males in a population of side-blotched lizards is determined by _____.

answer

D) the success of the mating behavior of each of the throat color phenotypes

question

In the figure above, which of the following conclusions is most logical based on the data?

answer

A) Females produce more eggs more quickly when exposed to breeding males

question

Upon observing a golden eagle flying overhead, a sentry prairie dog gives a warning call to other foraging members of the prairie dog community

answer

Imprinting

question

The fru gene in fruit flies _____.

answer

D) I, II, III, IV I) controls sex-specific development in the fruit fly II) is a master regulatory gene that directs expression of many other genes III) can be genetically manipulated in females so that they will perform male sex behaviors IV) programs males for appropriate courtship behaviors

question

Pair-bonding in a population of prairie voles can be prevented by _____.

answer

B) administering a drug that inhibits the brain receptor for vasopressin in the central nervous system (CNS) of males

question

Which of the following statements about evolution of behavior is correct?

answer

A) Natural selection will favor behavior that enhances survival and reproduction

question

Animals that help other animals of the same species _____.

answer

C) are usually related to the other animals helped

question

The presence of altruistic behavior is most likely due to kin selection, a theory maintaining that _____.

answer

A) genes enhance survival of copies of themselves by directing organisms to assist others who share those genes

question

If a prairie dog had the opportunity to perform an altruistic act (that is, give an alarm call) to help its relatives, which combination of the following relatives would the prairie dog be most likely to help (base your answer solely on the genetic relationships)?

answer

D) The prairie dog would be equally likely to act altruistically to each of the combinations described.

question

Behaviors are diverse and important for survival and reproduction. Some behaviors are learned, such as the species-specific song of a yellow warbler which is different from the song of a blue-winged warbler. Other behaviors are innate, such as a female cat in heat urinating more often and in many places to attract a mate or honeybees do a "dance" that indicates the distance and direction of a food source when they return to their hive. Which of the following statements supports the idea that behaviors are important in survival and therefore affect natural selection?

answer

B) Innate behaviors are the result of selection for individual survival and reproductive success.

question

A male stickleback fish will attack other male sticklebacks that invade its nesting territory. It will only attack male fish, which display the red belly characteristic of the species. Why has natural selection favored this behavior?

answer

C) The behavior allows the male to establish a defined space for breeding with female sticklebacks.

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