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Behavioral perspective

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learning defined as the relatively stable, observable changes in a person's actions

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Behaviorism

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a theory of learning that focuses solely on observable actions and responses

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behaviorist perspective

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understanding the causes of behavior requires looking at the environmental factors that produce them

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associative learning

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learning that occurs when an organism makes a connection between two events

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classical conditioning

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organisms learn the association between 2 stimuli; results in organisms learn to anticipate events as result

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operant conditioning

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organisms learn the association between a behavior and consequences (ex. reward)

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association

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classical and operant conditioning involve learning through

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watching and imitation

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observational learning involves learning through

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observational learning

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learning that occurs through observing and imitating

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classical conditioning

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a learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar reponse

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reflex

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automatic response-stimulus connection (ex: salivation-food, shivering-low temp, coughing-throat congestion)

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unconditioned stimulus (US)

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stimulus that produces response without prior learning (low temp)

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unconditioned response (UR)

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an unlearned reaction that is automatically elicited by the unconditioned stimulus (shivering)

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conditioned stimulus (CS)

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previously neutral stimulus that eventually elicits a conditioned response after being paired with the unconditioned stimulus

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conditioned response (CR)

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the learned response to the conditioned stimulus that occurs after CS and US pairing

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acquisition

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the initial learning of the connection between the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned stimulus when these two stimuli are paired

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contingency

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the CS must not only precede the US closely in time, but it must also serve as a reliable indicator that the US is on its way

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contiguity

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the extent to which the CS and US occur close together in time

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generalization (classical conditioning)

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the tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response

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discrimination

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learning to respond to a certain stimuli and not others (in classical conditioning)

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extinction

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weakening of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent (in classical conditioning)

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spontaneous recovery

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a conditioned response can recur after a time delay, without further conditioning (in classical conditioning)

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conditioned stimulus

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a WHITE RAT was used as a __ __ to condition Albert

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unconditional response

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a LOUD NOISE was used as a _______ to condition Albert to fear a white rat

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counterconditioning

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a classical conditioning procedure for changing the relationship between a conditioned stimulus and its conditioned response

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aversive conditioning

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form of treatment that involves repeated pairings of a stimulus with a very unpleasant stimulus

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habituation

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the decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations; explained by classical conditioning

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voluntary

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operant conditioning is more effective in explaining ______ behaviors

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involuntary

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classical conditioning most effectively explains how neutral stimuli become associated with ____ behaviors

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Thorndike's law of effect

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behaviors followed by satisfying outcomes are strengthened and behaviors followed by frustrating outcomes are weakened

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shaping

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rewarding successive approximations of a desired behavior (operant conditioning)

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reinforcement

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a stimulus or an event following a particular behavior increases the probability that the behavior will happen again

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positive reinforcement

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addition of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to increase the frequency of that behavior

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negative reinforcement

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the removal of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to increase the frequency of that behavior

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avoidance learning

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organism learning that it can altogether avoid a negative stimulus by making a particular response

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learned helpfulness

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through experience with unavoidable aversive stimuli, an organism learns that it has no control over negative outcomes

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primary reinforcer

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is innately satisfying and it does not take any learning on the organism's part to make it pleasurable (food)

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secondary reinforcer

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acquires its positive value through an organisms experience (money)

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generalization (operant conditioning)

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preforming a reinforced behavior in a different situation

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discrimination (operant conditioning)

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occurs when an organism responds appropriately to stimuli that signal that a behavior will or will not be reinforced

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extinction (operant conditioning)

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occurs when a behavior is no longer reinforced and decreases in frequency

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continuous reinforcement (operANT conditioning)

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type of reinforcement in which organisms learn rapidly

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fixed ratio schedule

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reinforces a behavior after a set number of behaviors

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variable interval schedule

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reinforces a behavior after an inconsistent and unpredictable amount of times it has elapsed

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variable ratio schedule

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produces high, steady rates of behavior that are more resistant to extinction than other schedules

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negative punishment

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removing stimulus (time out)

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positive punishment

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adding stimulus (spanking)

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attention, retention, motor reproduction, reinforcement

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the four primary processes involved in observational learning (Bandura's model of observational learning)

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retention

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a learner encodes the info to reproduce a model's actions

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motor reproduction

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process of imitating the models actions

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goal directed

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according to E C tolman, behavior is

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latent learning

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unreinforced learning that is not immediately reflected in behavior

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insight learning

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form a problem solving in which the organism develops a sudden understanding of a problems solution; requires thinking outside box

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instinctive learning

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tendency of animals to revert to intuitive behavior that interferes with learning

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prepardness

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the species specific biological predisposition to learn in certain ways but not others

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