Psych 232 midterm uri - Flashcards

question

Life expectancy has increased by ____ years during the 20th century?

answer

30

question

Two developmental psychologists are having a conversation. One believes in the traditional view of developmental change; the other believes in the life-span view. Which of the following issues would they be most likely to differ over?

answer

whether most developmental change occurs from birth to adolescence or throughout adulthood as well as childhood

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If you subscribe to Paul Baltes' perspective of life-span development, which of hte following statements would you NOT agree with?

answer

Development is unidirectional

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When she was a child, Anna's home was wrecked by a tornado and a neighbor was killed. More than 30 years later, she is still terrifired of storms. This is an example of how a ___ event can influence a person's development.

answer

nonnormative life

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Compared with earlier decades, U.S. adults today are:

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more likely to be childless

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_____ processes refer to changes in the individual's thought, intelligence, and language.

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cognitive

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the ___ period is the time from conception to birth

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prenatal

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This is the time of establishing personal and economic independence, career development, and, for many, selecting a mate, learning to live iwth someone in an intimate way, starting a family, and rearing children.

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early adulthood

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the ____ issue involves the degree to which early traits and characteristics persist through life or change

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stability-change

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Identify the correct order of the five stages of psychosexual development set out in Freud's theory of development

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oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital

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One of the differences between Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson is that:

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Erikson emphasized the importance of both early and later experiences

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Kelly responds to her infant son's needs in a consistent and timely way. When he is tired, she puts him down for a nap and when he is hungry, she feeds him. Erikson would say that Kelly is helping her son to develop a sense of:

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trust

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Lynne, 5, loves to draw and color. She can do simple additions on her abacus or by counting on her fingers. According to Piaget;s cognitive development theory, Lynne is in the ____ stage of cognitive development

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preoperational

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Dr. Wong is a cognitive developmental theorist, so we know that he will stress the importance of ___ in understanding development

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conscious thoughts

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the information-processing theory:

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emphasizes that individuals manipulate information, moniotor it, and strategize about it

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Accorrding to Urie Bronfenbrennar's ecological theory, the person's family, peers, school, and neighboorhood constitute his or her:

answer

microsystem

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Flevy is conduting an extensive market study and has hired a big group of college students to hand out a standard set of questions to shoppers at malls and supermarkets and to seek their responses. Which of the following methods of data collection of Flevy using?

answer

survey

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Dr. Jackson's research has found that the correlation between IQ and head circumference is +.10. From this information, we can conclude that:

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there is a scant relationship between head size and IQ

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Which of the following correlations is the strongest?

answer

-.77

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Which of the following is NOT a component of the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart?

answer

genetic counseling

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the eveolutionary process that favors individuals of a species that are best adapted to survive and reproduce is called:

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natural selection

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the building blocks of cells and regulators that direct the body's processes are called what?

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proteins

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______ is the speialized form of cell division in whicha cell duplicates its chromosomes but then divides twice?

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meiosis

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humans have _____ pairs of chromosomes:

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23

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Emily, who has brown eyes, has one dominant gene and one recessive gene. When we describe her actual genetic makeup, we are describing her:

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genotype

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A genetic disorder that impairs the body's red blood cells is called:

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sickle-cell anemia

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____ of pregnancies achieved by fertility treatments result in multiple births

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25-30%

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A recent study has found that adopted adolescents are:

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less likely to be socially withdrawn

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Which of hte following terms states that development is the result of an ongoing, bidirectional interchange beween hereditiy and the environment?

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epigenetic view

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The bag in which the developing embryo floats is called the:

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amnion

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At birth, the average baby's brian has about ____ neurons which handle information processing:

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100 billion

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the mortality rate of infants born to adolescent mothers is

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two times greater than infants born to mothers in their 20s

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Researchers have found that when ___ is used prior to and during delivery, it can reduce pain and anxiety during labor and alleviate prenatal depression

answer

massage

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in the united states, about what percentage of births are attended by a midwife?

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8%

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the _____ is used to assess the health of newborns at one and five minutes after birth

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apgar scale

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Regarding bonding, which of the following statements are FALSE?

answer

some physicians believe that during the period shortly after birth, the parents and newborn need to form an emotinal attachement as a foundation for optimal developement

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Infants can see objects before they can control their torso, and they can use tehir hands long before they can crawl or walk. This would indicate thhat they have a _____ pattern of growth:

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cephalocaudal

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Infants usually double their birth weight by the age of:

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4 months

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Which of the following statements is true about brain development?

answer

Extensive brain development continues after birth, through infancy and later

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In the cerebral cortex, the ____ lobes are involved in voluntary movement, thinking, personality, and intentionality or purpose:

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frontal

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While scooting on the floor, baby Giovanni fell down the stairs. If she can no longer see, it is likely that her ____ lobe was damaged:

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occipital

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Which of the following statements is true about specialization of function in a hemisphere of the cerebral cortex?

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Complex functions such as reading or performing msuic involve both hemispheres

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A(n) ____ is a layer of fat cells that encases many axons, insulates axons, and helps electrical signals travel faster down the axon:

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myelin sheath

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Which of the following statements is true of how many neurons change in the first years of life?

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The synaptic connections that are used become strengthened and survive, while the unused ones are replaced by other pathways or disappear

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14 year old Michael Rehbein had the left hemisphere of his brain removed to end uncontrollable seizures, and gradually his right hemisphere began to reorganize and take over functions that normally occur in the brain's left hemisphere. This case study is cited in text in order to demonstrate that:

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the brain is both flexible and resilient

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Of the following infants, who is the most at risk for SIDS?

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MIMI, her mother smokes

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A national study of more than 3,000 randomly selected 4 to 24 month olds documented that:

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by 15 months, French fries were the most common vegetable that babies ate

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For years, debate has focused on whether breast feeding is better for the infant than bottle feeding. The growing concensus is that:

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breast feeding is better for the baby's health

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which of the following is an issue in interpreting the benefits of breast feeding that was underscored in a recent large-scale research review?

answer

breast fed babies could be healthier because women who breast feed are wealthier, older, more educated, and likely more health-conscious

question

Some people take Baruti's swollen belly to be a sign that he is well-fed and healthy. But the boy sufferes from a condition that cuases his vital organs to collect the nutrients that are present, thus depriving other parts of the body of those nutrients. Baruti's thin, brittle, and colorless hair, swollen feet and stomach, and listless behavior are all tell-tale signs that he suffers from:

answer

Kwashiorkor

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The view of development that sees motor skills developing as a solution to an infant's problems is known as:

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dynamic systems

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According to Erik Erikson, the psychosocial stage that characterizes early childhood is:

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initiative versus guilt

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When Edie, 4 years old, says "My teacher is nice," it reflects how young children

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begin to perceive others in terms of psychological traits

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Self-conscious emotions do not appear to develop until self-awareness appears around _____ of age.

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18 months

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Four-year-old Melody is throwing a tantrum because her mother told her that she could not stay up late with her older sister to watch television. Melody's mother said, "I can see that you are angry, but your bedtime is 8:00. We can read a book together in bed to help you calm down." Compared to her peers, Melody is more likely to:

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be better at self-soothing when she does not get her way

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Developmental psychologists would describe Jennifer as an "emotion-dismissing" parent. It is likely that she would also be described as:

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a "rejecting" parents

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Jennie is in third grade and is tempted to cheat on a test but chooses not to because she knows that it would be wrong. According to the psychoanalytic theory of moral development, what is responsible for keeping Jennie from doing wrong?

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Guilt

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Katrina becomes extremely upset when her brother tries to change the rules of their game, yelling, "You can't do that! You can't change rules!" Katrina is exhibiting which of the following types of moral reasoning?

answer

heteronomous morality

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Twice each month, Gini helps to serve dinner at the "Community Table," a program that assists homeless people in the town. She brings her two children, ages 9 and 11, with her and talks to them about the need to share time, food, and kindness with others who are less fortunate. Behavioral theorists would say that:

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Gini's children are likely to develop moral behavior that includes helping others

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_____ refers to acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role.

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gender typing

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____ psychologists propose that men have gradually changed over time to have dispositions that favor competition and risk-taking.

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evolutionary

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Psychological evolutionary theories of gender differences fail to take into account:

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cultural and individual variations in gender differences

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Research on peer pressure to conform to traditional gender roles suggests that:

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there is greater pressure for boys

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Which parenting style is demanding and controlling, while also being rejecting, and unresponsive?

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authoritarian

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Penelope has low self-esteem and is unhappy. She appears to be anxious around her peers and has few friends. Her teacher asked her why she sat by herself at lunch. Penelope stated that the other kids would not want her to join them, because she is ugly and dumb. It is most likely that she grew up in a home with parents who were _____

answer

authoritarian

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Four-year old Becky has just hit her sister, again. What should Becky's mom do? Most developmental psychologists would suggest:

answer

explaining to Becky that "hitting hurts"; she is old enough to understand the consequences of her behavior for others

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Following divorce, custodial mothers experience the loss of about _____ of their predivorce income.

answer

25 to 50 %

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In general in the United States, African American and Latino family orientations differ from white family orientations in that:

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the extended family plays a greater role in African American and Latino families

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Constructive play:

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engages children in their own solution to a problem

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Steur, Applefield, and Smith randomly assigned children to two groups. One group watched cartoons containing violence, and the other group watched cartoons with the violence removed. During a free-play session, the children who watched the cartoons containing violence showed more aggression than children who watched the nonviolent cartoons. Which conclusion was drawn from this study?

answer

exposure to TV violence caused aggression in children in this investigation

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During elementary school years, most children double their:

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strength capabilities

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Advances in the _____ of the brain are linked to children's _____.

answer

prefrontal cortex; improved attention, reasoning and cognitive control

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Eight-year-old Milaka can use scissors to cut small paper dolls out of construction paper, something she could not do at age 3. What best accounts for her improving dexterity?

answer

increased myelination of the central nervous system

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In one historical comparison, the percentage of children involved in daily P.E. programs in schools _____ between 1969 and 1999.

answer

decreased dramatically

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Approximately _____ of all children from 3 to 21 years of age in the United States receive special education or related services.

answer

14%

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Research indicates that it is unlikely that learning disabilities:

answer

reside in a single, specific brain location

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A child is presented with two identical balls of clay. The experimenter rolls one ball into a long, thin shape; the other remains in its original ball. The child is then asked if there is more clay in the ball or in the long, thin piece of clay. If the child answers the problem correctly, the child most likely is in which stage of Piaget's cognitive development theory?

answer

concrete operational stage

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According to Ellen Langer, _____ being alert, mentally present, and cognitively flexible while going through life's everyday activities and tasks—is an important aspect of thinking critically.

answer

mindfulness

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Colin does not earn high grades on standardized tests but has a black belt in martial arts. According to Gardner, Colin has _____ skills.

answer

bodily-kinesthetic

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Considering how early intervention programs to improve intellectual development— such as the Abecedarian Intervention program—have shown marked improvements in the IQ of participants, it can be inferred that the main reason that children from low-income group families earn lower scores on IQ tests is that:

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many low-income parents have difficultly providing an intellectually stimulating environment for their children

question

Which of the following is true of giftedness?

answer

individuals with world-class status in the arts, mathematics, science, and sports all report strong family support

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Jaymon is a third-grader and has been asked by his teacher to describe himself. What is the MOST likely description Jaymon will give?

answer

"I am friendly"

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Many of today's children grow up receiving praise for mediocre or even poor performance. What could be a possible consequence of this?

answer

they may have difficulty handling competition and criticism

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Albert Bandura called the belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes _____.

answer

self-efficacy

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Julio cannot get his science project to work. In fact, it seems to him that nothing he makes ever works properly. According to Erik Erikson, Julio is at risk for developing a sense of:

answer

inferiority

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Which of the following statements represents a criticism of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development?

answer

its not what one thinks, but one does that is most important for morality

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Carol Gilligan reports that males tend to use a(n) _____ perspective when making moral judgments, whereas females tend to use a(n) _____ perspective.

answer

justice; care

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Reasoning that focuses on conventional rules that have been established by social consensus in order to control behavior and maintain the social system as known as:

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social conventional reasoning

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Boys are much more likely than girls to be behaviorally disruptive in the classroom. This is because:

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boys show less self-regulation

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Which of the following is the approach of the bullying intervention program created by Dan Olweus?

answer

decreasing opportunities and rewards for bullying

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Which of the following is used to assess children's perspective-taking skills?

answer

Theory of mind tasks

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Mr. Trahan teaches English from a constructivist approach to learning. In his classroom, it is LEAST likely that the students will be:

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memorizing the names of all the Shakespeare's plays

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Which of the following is true of schools in low-income areas?

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teaching is more likely to encourage rote learning

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All of the following are effective ways to improve relationships among ethnically diverse students EXCEPT:

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turning the classroom into a segregated learning experience

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Carol Dweck (2006) concluded that individuals have one of two mindsets, which are fixed mindset or:

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growth mindset

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Physical activities such as sucking, grasping, and walking are examples of:

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behavioral schemes

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. _____ occurs when children adjust their schemes to take new information and experiences into account.

answer

assimilation

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Two-year-old Anita has learned the word "dog" to identify the family pet Rover. Now Anita says the word "dog" when she sees any animal. Anita has _____ these animals into her existing scheme.

answer

assimilated

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4. What makes one stage more advanced than another in Jean Piaget's theory?

answer

the child's new way of understanding the world

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. Alice is three weeks old. According to Piaget, Alice is in substage of _____ and will latch on to and suck anything that is touched to her lips. a. simple reflexes

answer

simple reflexes

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During which substage of sensorimotor development do infants begin to incorporate sensation and action?

answer

first habits and primary circular reactions

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Antonio swings his arms while lying in his crib. One of his arms accidentally hits the mobile hanging above him. This causes the mobile to begin to move. Antonio continues to swing his arms but is unable to strike the mobile again. This is an example of a:

answer

primary circular reaction

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. The understanding that objects and events continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard, or touched is called:

answer

object permanence

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Which of the following is a key criticism of Jean Piaget's theory of sensorimotor cognitive development?

answer

Jean Piaget failed to conduct observations in the infant's everyday environment

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. In considering the big issue of whether nature or nurture plays the more important role in infant development, Elizabeth Spelke endorses a _____ approach, which states that infants are born with domain-specific innate knowledge systems.

answer

core knowledge

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Most researchers find that babies start to develop explicit memory when they are about: a. six months old.

answer

six months old

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A newborn baby widens her eyes after her mother widens her eyes and mouth and smiles at the baby. Meltzoff would say that this baby is:

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engaging in true imitation

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Research on categorization has shown all of the following EXCEPT that:

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girls have more and stronger interests in categories than boys

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The current version of this widely used assessment method of infant development has five scales: cognitive, language, motor, socioemotional, and adaptive.

answer

Bayley Scales of Infant Development

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Which of the following is NOT one of the five rules of language?

answer

Reciprocity

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Kevin loves to say, "Da, da, da, da" over and over again. This is an example of what type of communication?

answer

babbling

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. When Alice speaks to her six-month old niece, her voice immediately takes on a higher pitch, her speech becomes slower, and she begins using more simplistic words and phrases. This change in Aunt Allie's language behavior provides an example of:

answer

child-directed speech

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Feelings or affects that occur when a person is in a state or an interaction that is important to him or her, especially to his/her well being are known as:

answer

emotions

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What is the opinion of experts on infant socioemotional development, such as Jerome Kagan, on the infant's capacity to display emotions like guilt, pride, despair, shame, empathy, and jealousy in the first year?

answer

the structural immaturity of the infant brain makes it unlikely that such emotions can be experienced in the first year

question

Which of the following statements is NOT true of crying?

answer

newborns repsond with postive facial expressions when they hear other newborns cry

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. Which of the following occurs FIRST in development?

answer

reflexive smiling

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Easy," "difficult," and "slow to warm up" are three basic types of _____ identified by psychiatrists Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas

answer

temperament

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When Josh was dropped off at preschool on the very first day of class, he was quite upset. He cried for a long time and would not play with the other children. What type of temperament does Josh have?

answer

difficult

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In the United States, parents tend to prefer children with an _____ temperament, whereas in China, an _____ temperament is more highly valued.

answer

active; inhibited

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What is the term used to describe "reading" emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation?

answer

social referencing

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What is the significant finding of Harlow's experiments on monkeys reared by surrogate mothers?

answer

contact comfort is the crucial element in the attachment process

question

When put on the floor to play, baby Elaine cries as if she wants to be held. When her mother picks her up, though, Elaine pushes away with both arms and turns her head away. Mary Ainsworth would say that Elaine is:

answer

insecure resistant

question

Which of the following statements about brain development and early childhood is true?

answer

by age 6, the brain has reached about 95 percent of its adult size

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Scientists found that the _____ did not show dramatic growth in the 3- to 15-year age range, but that the _____ dramatically changed

answer

overall size of the brain; local patterns within the brain

question

When 4 and 5-year olds scramble over jungle gyms and race their friends, they are demonstrating their:

answer

gross motor skills

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Gross motor skills are to fine motor skills as _____ is to _____.

answer

hopping; writing

question

A recent national study revealed all of the following about the eating habits of children today except:

answer

children eat out half as less today than they did in the 1980s

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Which of the following is NOT a factor in increasing the physical activity of preschool children?

answer

participating in sedentary outdoor play

question

Which of the following statements regarding parental smoking is true?

answer

children are at risk for health problems when they live in homes in which a parent smokes

question

The inability to distinguish between one's own perspective and someone else's perspective is known as _____.

answer

egocentrism

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Piaget called the second substage in preoperational thought "intuitive" because of the absence of the use of _____ in children in that stage.

answer

rational thinking

question

Which of the following best describes the relation between centration and conservation?

answer

lack of conservation is reflected in centration

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In general, conservation involves the ability to understand that changes in physical arrangement:

answer

does not change an object's basic properties

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A toddler is likely to learn something in the zone of proximal development (ZPD) if:

answer

the task is more difficult than the child can do alone

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When teachers adjust their level of support and guidance to the level of skill of the student, it is called:

answer

scaffolding

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When Martha wants to feed her newborn son, she gently brushes her nipple against his cheek and in a ____ reflex, he turns head toward the side that was touched and immediately latches on to her breast

answer

rooting

question

what is the foundation needed for gross motor skills to develop?

answer

postural control

question

3 month old Hermes mother is in Jamacia

answer

hermes will walk sooner

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Jake, age 11 months, is able to pick up cereal and bits of fruit off the tray of his high chair by grasping htem with his thumb and forefinger. jake has developed the:

answer

pincer grip

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in the "sticky mittens" reserach project, it was found that:

answer

the infants in the mitten group developed grasping skills earlier

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the theorists who developed the ecological view of perceptual development in infancy are:

answer

Eleanor and James Gibson

question

habituation is the name given to ___ to a stimulus after repeated presentations of the stimulus

answer

decreased responsiveness

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the technique of ___ consists of eye movements that follow a moving object and can be used to evaluate an infants early visual ability

answer

tracking

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sheena would like to hang one picture above her baby's crip. which of hte following is liekly to attract the most attention from the infacnt?

answer

a drawing of a face

question

it is possible that infants could discriminate some colors as early as ___ weeks of age

answer

4 to 8

question

Winne is considering the use of anesthesia during the circumscision of her newborn son. She wants to know if newborns can feel pain. what woul you tell her?

answer

yes; recent research indicated that infants can feel pain

question

which of hte following statements about perceptual-motor coupling in infants is true?

answer

babies coordinate their movements with perceptual information

question

amanda is 6 days old. which of hte following statements about Amanda's hearing is true?

answer

amanda is more able to hear high-pitched sounds than low-pitched sounds

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