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A ________ response is an unlearned response that is automatically elicited by a stimulus that produces a response without prior learning.

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Unconditioned

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In Pavlov's experiment, the salivation caused by the sound of the bell is called the ________.

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Conditioned response

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Define punishment

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A stimulus that decreases the probability that a previous behavior will occur again

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________ is a relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience.

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Learning

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________ is a theory of learning that focuses solely on observable behaviors, discounting the importance of mental activities such as thinking, wishing, and hoping.

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Behaviorism

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The form of associative learning where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a stimulus to which the subject has an automatic inborn response is called ________.

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Classical conditioning

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Two examples of secondary reinforcers

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Money, praise

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When a previously conditioned response decreases and eventually disappears, ________ has occurred.

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Extinction

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What is operant conditioning?

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A form of associative learning in which the consequences of a behavior change the probability of the behavior's occurrence

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Define shaping

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Reinforcement of successive approximations of a desired behavior

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Define reinforcement

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The process by which a stimulus increases the probability that a preceding behavior will be repeated

question

What are the steps in classical conditioning?

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Unconditioned stimulus presented by itself, unconditioned stimulus and neutral stimulus presented together, conditioned response elicited by conditioned stimulus

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What are schedules of reinforcement?

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Timetables that determine when a behavior will be reinforced

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On a ________, individuals can predict when reinforcement will occur.

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Fixed schedule of reinforcement

question

________ is a classical conditioning procedure for weakening a conditioned response by associating the fear-provoking stimulus with a new response that is incompatible with the fear.

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Counterconditioning

question

Define negative reinforcer

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An unpleasant stimulus whose removal leads to an increase in the probability that a preceding response will be repeated in the future

question

________ involves the initial learning of the stimulus-response link.

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Acquisition

question

In Pavlov's work, the bell became the ________ after it was paired with the ________, food.

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Conditioned stimulus; unconditioned stimulus

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In classical conditioning, a stimulus that does not bring about a response of interest is a ________ stimulus.

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Neutral

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Learning by watching the behavior of others is in social learning theory called ________ learning.

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Observational

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Two examples of primary reinforcers

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Sex, food

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Innate reinforcers that satisfy biological needs are called ________.

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Primary reinforcers

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Define negative punishment

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The removal of a stimulus to decrease a behavior.

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Within the framework of operant conditioning, spanking a child would be considered ________.

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Positive punishment

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Taking away television from a child who speaks back to her mom is an example of ________.

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Negative punishment

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An operant chamber called a ________ is a device used to study operant conditioning.

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Skinner box

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In comparison to fixed schedules, variable schedules tend to produce

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High and consistent rates of responding

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The word ________ emphasizes the point that an organism operates on its environment to produce desirable results.

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Operant

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In classical conditioning, the tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response is known as ________.

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Generalization

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The sudden reappearance of an extinguished response is called ________ recovery.

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Spontaneous

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A ________ stimulus produces a response without prior learning.

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Unconditioned

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________ is operant conditioning means responding appropriately to stimuli that signal that a behavior will or will not be reinforced.

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Discrimination

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What behavior do rats engage in while in a "Skinner box?"

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Press a lever (for food)

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Unlike classical conditioning, operant conditioning typically involves

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Voluntary responses

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The idea that consequences of a behavior can increase or decrease the likelihood that a behavior will be repeated is referred to as

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The law of effect

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________ can be especially helpful for learning tasks that require time and persistence to complete because rewards are given as subjects get closer to approximating the task.

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Shaping

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If you reinforce successive approximations of the desired behavior, you are...

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shaping the response

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The name of the researcher who originally described classical conditioning

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Pavlov

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Terms for reinforcers that are learned by association

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Secondary, also called conditioned reinforcers

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In ________ reinforcement, the reinforcer is presented every time; whereas in ________ reinforcement, the reinforcer is presented some of the time.

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Continuous; partial

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A ________ reinforces a behavior after a set number of behaviors.

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Fixed-ratio schedule

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The pattern of intermittent reinforcement in which the number of responses needed for reinforcement changes is called a ________ schedule.

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Variable-ration schedule

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The pattern of intermittent reinforcement in which responses are reinforced after time periods of different duration have passed is called a ________.

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Variable interval schedule

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The pattern of intermittent reinforcement in which responses are always reinforced after a set period of time has passed is called a ________ schedule.

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Fixed interval schedule

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Pavlov's dogs would salivate at the ring of a bell but not at the chime of a clock. What concept is this an example of?

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Stimulus discrimination

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A method of therapy that treats anxiety by teaching the client to associate deep relaxation with increasingly intense anxiety-producing situations is known as systematic ________.

answer

Desensitization

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Are emotional responses, such as fear, more likely to be learned through classical or operant conditioning?

answer

Classical

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Definition of spontaneous recovery

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An extinguished response reemerges

question

The study involving "Little Albert" and the white rat was an experiment in what type of learning?

answer

Classical conditioning

question

Watson and Raynor's study

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"Little Albert" and fear

question

Unlike primary reinforcers, secondary reinforcers are ________.

answer

Learned

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When a behavior is already well learned, is it better to reinforce it occasionally or always?

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Occasionally

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Define Associative learning

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When we make a connection between two events

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Define observational learning

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When a person observes and imitates another's behavior

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Two factors required for acquisition

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Contiguity (CS and UCS happen one after another) and contingency (CS must serve as a reliable indicator for the UCS)

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________ is the recovery of the conditioned response when the organism is placed in a novel context.

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Renewal

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Who coined the term behaviorism?

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John B. Watson

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________ conditioning consists of repeated pairings of a stimulus with a very unpleasant stimulus.

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Averse

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Robert Ader and Nicholas Cohen

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Studies that reveal CC can produce immunisuppression: rats started dying after pairing Cytoxan with a saccharin solution

question

________ behavior occurs in automatic response to a stimulus.

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Respondent

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Who developed operant conditioning?

answer

Skinner (1938)

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Operant conditioning is also called

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Instrumental conditioning

question

Thorndike's Law of Effect

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Behaviors that are followed by positive outcomes are strengthened and that behaviors followed by negative outcomes are weakened

question

Thorndike studied

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Cats in puzzle boxes

question

Skinner trained ________ to pilot missiles

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Pigeons

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Albert Bandura believed

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Many complex behaviors are the result of exposure to competent models

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E. C. Tolman

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Emphasized the purposiveness of behavior; behavior is goal-directed

question

Leon Kamin

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Conditioned a rat by pairing a tone and a shock, then added a light, which had no effect

question

Define latent learning

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Also known as implicit learning; unreinforced learning that is not immediately reflected in behavior

question

________ learning is a form of problem solving in which the organism develops a sudden understanding of a problem's solution

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Insight

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Wolfgang Kohler

answer

The stick and the box problem

question

________ is the tendency of animals to revert to instinctive behavior that interferes with learning

answer

Instinctive drift

question

Keller and Marion Breland

answer

Used operant conditioning to train animals to perform at fairs etc.

question

________ is the species-specific biological predisposition to learn in certain ways but not others

answer

Preparedness

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Susan Mineka and Arne Ohman

answer

Snakes and fear; studied the preparedness of animals to associate snakes with fear

question

Carol Dweck

answer

Studies first year pre-med students and their mindsets

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