Unit 4 Study - Flashcards | StudyHippo.com

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memory

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any indication that learning has persisted over time our ability to store and retrieve information

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encoding

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the processing of information into the memory system - for example, by extracting meaning

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storage

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the retention of encoded information over time

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retrieval

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process of getting info out of memory storage

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what is the three-stage model?

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sensory memory, working memory or short-term memory, and long term memory

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sensory memory

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the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system hold info long enough to be processed for basic physical characteristics; large capacity; duration: very brief retention of images

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working memory (short-term memory)

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activated memory that holds a few items briefly (like a phone # right before dialing) function: conscious processing of info capacity: holds 5-9 items - limited duration: brief - about 30s

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long term memory

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the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system; includes knowledge, skills, and experiences. function: organizes and stores info - more passive form of storage than working memory capacity: unlimited duration: thought by some to be permanent

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maintenance rehearsal

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mental or verbal repetition of information allows information to remain in working memory longer than the usual 30s

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parallel processing

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the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions. Contrasts with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving

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automatic processing

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unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings. we can learn automatic processing such as reading backwards

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effortful processing

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encoding that requires attention and concious effort - ex: studying for a test

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rehearsal

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the conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage - part of effortful learning Ebbinghaus studied this by using nonsense syllables

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Ebbinghaus

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studdied rehearsal by using nonsense syllables: TUV YOF GEK XOZ

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spacing effect

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the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is acheived through massed study or practice

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serial position effect

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our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list

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next-in-line effect

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when you are so anxious about being next that you can't remember what the person just before you said, but you can recall what other people around you said

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semantic encoding

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the encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words

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acoustic encoding

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encoding of sounds, esp the sound of words

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visual encoding

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the encoding of picture images

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imagery

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mental pics; a powerful aid to effortful processing, esp when combined with semantic encoding

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mnemonics

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memory aids, esp those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices

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mnemonics - method of loci

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as an aid to memorizing lengthy speeches, ancient Greek orators would visualize themselves moving through familiar locations

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mnemonics - peg word system

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memorize a jingle: "one is a bun, two is a shoe"

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chunking

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organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically break down complex info into broad concepts and further subdivide them into categories and subcategories acronyms; phone numbers

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iconic memory

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a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no longer than a few tenths of a second

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echoic memory

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a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within three or four seconds

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long-term potentiation (LTP)

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an increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory

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stress hormones and memory

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heightened emotions (stress-related or otherwise) make for stronger memories. consinued stress may disrupt memory

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flashbulb memory

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a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event; this memory is not free from errors

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amnesia

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the loss of memory

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implicit memory

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learning an action independent of conscious recollection (also called nondeclarative or procedural memory); cerebellum is important to it procedural memory enables you to perform a specific learned skills or habitual responses like riding a bike or tying shoes --- these are implicit b/c you don't have to remember how to tie shoes or ride bike - muscle memory is implicit memory

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explicit memory

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facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare; also called declarative memory --- i was at school from 8-3; hippocampus is important

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hippocampus

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a neural center that is located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage you learn...on the school campus

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recall

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a measure of memory in which a the person must retrieve info learned earlier using effort, as on a fill-in-the-blank test

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recognition

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a measure of memory in which a person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple choice test

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relearning

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a measure of memory that assesses the amt of time (or effort) saved when learning material for a second time

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retrieval cues - web of associations

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memories are held in storage by a web of associations that are like anchors that help retrieve memory; list of words without the most obvious one

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priming

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the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory to retrieve a specific memory from the web of associations, you must first activate one of the strands that leads to it. you don't have to actually remember or consciously process the primer

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deja vu

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that eerie sense that "i've experienced this before"; cues from the current situation may subconciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience

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context effects

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scuba divers recall more words underwater if they learned the list underwater, while they recall more words on land if they learned that list on land

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forgetting

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an inability to retrieve info due to poor encoding, storage, or retrieval we can't retreive what we don't encode

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mood-congruent memory

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the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood

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storage decay

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ebbinghaus studied forgetting by learning nonsense syllables and testing himself later. Ebbinghause's "forgetting curve"

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retrieval failure

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although the info is retained in the memory store, it cannot be accessed (TOT phenomenon)

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Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

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word is on the tip of your tongue but you just don't know what it is

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proactive interference

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the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information (forward acting) learning a friend's email address in high school makes it hard to remember their new college email

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retroactive interference

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the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information (backward acting) you learn a new password for a debit card so you can't remember your password for your ATM instead

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motivated forgetting

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people unknowingly revise their memories

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repression

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a defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness

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misinformation effect

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incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event

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retrograde amnesia

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inability to remember past episodic information; common after head injury

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anterograde amnesia

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inability to form new memories; related to hippocampus damage unable to make new memories that are declarative (explicit), but can form new memories that are procedural (implicit) -- learn how to play a game, don't remember that you played it, but you can play it well

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memory construction

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while tapping our memories, we filter or fill in missing pieces of info to make our recall more coherent

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source amnesia (source misattribution)

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attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined; source amnesia, along with the misinfo effect, is at the heart of many false memories

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constructed memories

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Loftus' research shows that if memories (lost at the mall or drowned in a lake) are implanted in individuals, they construct (fabricate) their memories around it.

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Loftus Experiment

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Subjects shown video of car accident - subjects asked neutral question - others asked a leadign question --- q's affect the answers

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false memories of trauma

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repressed or constructed? some adults actually do forget childhood abuse -- roseanne

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false memory syndrome

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a condition in qhich a person's identity and relationships center around a false but strongly believed memory of a traumatic experience. It is sometimes induced by well-meaning therapists.

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how to improve your memory

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study to boost recall rehearse mnemonic devices activate retrieval cues recall events while they are fresh minimize interference

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cognition

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mental activities associated with knowing, understanding, remembering, and communicating

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cognitive psychologists

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study concept formation, problem solving, decision making, judgement formation

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concept

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a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people what is a chair?

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prototype

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ental image or best example of a category. matching new items to a protoype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories what is a bird? - concept a robin is the thing you think of - prototype

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developement of concepts

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we form some concepts with definitions. for example a triangle has 3 sides. mostly, we form concepts with mental images or typical examples (prototypes). For example, a robin is a prototype of a bird, but a penguin isn't

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category hierarchies

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we organize concepts into category hierarchies

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algorithm

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methodical, logical rules or procedures that guarantee solving a particular problem; time consuming; exhaust all possibilities before arriving at a solution contrasts with the usually faster but more error prone use of heuristics

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heuristic

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simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve probs efficiently; make it easier for us to use simple priciples to arrive at solutions to probs quicker and more error prone than algorithms

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insight

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a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions "aha" moment

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creativity

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the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas

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Sternberg's five components of creativity

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imaginative thinking skills expertise adventurous intrinsic motivation creative environment

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confirmation bias

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a tendency to search for info that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort evidence a tendency to search for info that confirms a personal bias --> 2, 4, 6, the next, we think is 8

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fixation

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the inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective, by employing a different mental set. This impedes prob solving Two examples of fixation are mental set and functional fixedness

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mental set

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the tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, especially a way that has been successful in the past but may or may not be helpful in solving a new problem

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functional fixedness

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the tendency to think only of the familiar function of an object; impediment to problem solving

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representative heuristics

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judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant info

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availability heuristic

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estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory. Perhaps because it is recent, or vivid. If instances come readily to mind, we presume such events are common.

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making decision and forming judgements

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every day we make hundreds of judgments and decisions based on our intuition, seldom using systematic reasoning intuition may be perilous if unchecked, but may also be extremely efficient and adaptive

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overconfidence

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the tendency to be more confident than correct - to over estimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments

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framing decisions

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decisions and judgments may be significantly affected depending upon how an issue is framed or posed -- ex: what is the best way to market ground beef -- as 25% fat or 75% lean

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belief bias

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the tendency of one's preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning. Sometimes makes invalid conclusions seem valid or vice versa

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belief perseverance

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the tendency to cling to our beliefs in the face of contrary evidence clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited

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intuition

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an effortless, immediate, automati feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning

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framing

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the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgements -- marketing

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language

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our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning

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phoneme

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the smallest distinct sound unit in a spoken language ex: bat has 3 chat has 3 english has about 40 phonemes

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morphene

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the smallest unit that carries a meaning. it may be a word or part of a word; like a prefix or suffix and the main word ex: milk; un.happy; dis.repute.able.ly

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grammar

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system of rules in a language that enable us to communicate with and understand others; semantics and syntax make it up

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semantics

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the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sents in a given language; also, the study of meaning semantic rules tell us that adding -ed to laugh makes it in the past

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syntax

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consists of the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences ex: in englihs, syntactical rule says that adjs come before nouns; white house in spanish, it's reversed; casa blanca

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language developement

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kids learn their native languages before learning to add 2+2. after age 1 we learn about 3500 words a year, amassing 60,000 words by the time we graduate from high school

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babbling stage

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the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language - 4 months babbling resembles household language - 10 months

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one-word stage

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the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly in single words - age 1-2

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two-word stage

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the stage in speech development during which a child speaks in mostly two-word statements - age 2 yrs

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telegraphic speech

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early speech stage in which the child speaks like a telegram - "go car" - using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting "auxiliary" words like two-word stage -- about 2 yrs as well

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linguistic determinism

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Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think ex: the Hopi people don't have a past tense for verbs. Whorf said this means the Hopi can't think readily about the past. Widely discredited, but the basic ideas have been revived.

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operant learning

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Skinner believed that language development can be explained by learning principles: association, imitation, reinforcement

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inborn universal grammar

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Naom Chomsky said that the rate of language acquisition is so fast that it can't be explained through learning principles. said that language acquisition device and universal grammar is inborn

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statistical learning and critical periods

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as babies, our brains discern word breaks by statistically analyzing which syllables go together (hap-py ba-by). these statistical analyses happen during the critical period of language development

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Elizabeth Loftus

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Her research shows that if memories (lost at the mall or drowned in a lake) are implanted in individuals, they construct (fabricate) their memories around it. Subjects shown video of car accident - subjects asked neutral question - others asked a leadign question --- q's affect the answers

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Naom Chomsky

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inborn universal grammar - said that the rate of language acquisition is so fast that it can't be explained through learning principles language acquisition device and universal grammar is inborn

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rehearsal

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One way that researchers have explored short-term memory is by eliminating _____, as in the study conducted by Lloyd Peterson and Margaret Peterson.

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hippocampus

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Having read a story once, certain amnesia victims will read it faster the second time even though they can't recall having seen the story before. They have most likely suffered damage to the: amygdala. hypothalamus. hippocampus. cerebellum.

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about 7

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George Miller's research on short-term memory capacity indicated that we can only store _____ in our short-term memory. about seven bits of information twelve bits of information visual images auditory stimuli

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short term

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Theo suffers from depression and is currently in treatment. His physician is using electroconvulsive therapy, which will affect his _____ memory.

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acoustic encoding

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It is easier to remember the phrase "what sobriety conceals, alcohol reveals" than the phrase "what sobriety conceals, alcohol unmasks." This best illustrates the value of: acoustic encoding. the serial position effect. the spacing effect. implicit memory.

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right hippocampus

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Jonny has suffered hippocampal damage from a near-fatal bus crash. He is able to remember verbal information, but has no ability to recall visual designs and locations. He has probably suffered damage to his: left thalamus. left hippocampus. right thalamus. right hippocampus.

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iconic memory

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Nine-year-old Jade has just discovered something very interesting. She can look at a picture in a book and, when she closes her eyes, she can still see the picture very clearly for a few tenths of a second. Jade is experiencing: iconic memory. echoic memory. implicit memory. declarative memory.

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meaning

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Fergus Craik and Endel Tulving found that deep processing, by its _____, produced better recognition.

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chunking

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It is easier to remember information that is organized into meaningful units than information that is not. This is known as: retroactive interference. chunking. implicit memory. proactive interference.

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semantic

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Hermann Ebbinghaus observed that it is much easier to learn meaningful material than to learn nonsense material. This best illustrates the advantage of _____ encoding.

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mneumonic

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_____ aids can be used to help remember things like speeches or lists of items. These aids often incorporate the use of vivid imagery and organizational devices.

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iconic

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Research conducted by George Sperling showed that people have something akin to a fleeting photographic memory. This _____ provides a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli, like a picture-image that lasts only a few tenths of a second. explicit memory echoic memory iconic memory long-term potentiation

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semantic

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_____ encoding is the encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words.

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effortful processing

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As opposed to automatic processing, _____ refers to encoding that requires attention and conscious work. effortful processing consciousness implicit memory linguistic determinism

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effortful

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As opposed to automatic processing, _____ processing refers to encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.

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context

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Meaningful _____ helps in remembering information from novel, abstract paragraphs. retrospection priming retrieval context

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imagery

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Using mental pictures is a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding. This is called: retrospection. retrieval. imagery. priming.

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flashbulb

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John remembers very clearly the day his best friend died in a bicycle accident when he was hit by a drunk driver. This best illustrates _____ memory. explicit flashbulb echoic iconic

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context

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Meaningful _____ helps in remembering information from novel, abstract paragraphs.

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mood congruent

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_____ refers to our tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with our current mood. In other words, if you are in a bad mood, you will be more likely to have negative associations. State-dependent learning Retroactive inhibition Serial position effect Mood-congruent memory

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positive transfer

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When bits of information do not compete with each other, and actually facilitate memory, it is called: motivated remembering. egalitarian organization. facilitative memory. positive transfer.

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retrieval cues

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When you encode a piece of target information, other bits of information become associated with it. The bits of information connected with the target information are known as: sensory memories. flashbulb memories. retrieval cues. iconic memories.

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...

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Mrs. McBride cannot consciously recall how frequently she criticizes her children because it would cause her too much anxiety. Sigmund Freud would have suggested that her poor memory illustrates: repression. source amnesia. automatic processing. retroactive interference.

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herman; ivan

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_____ was to the study of memory as _____ was to the study of conditioning. Ivan Pavlov; John B. Watson Hermann Ebbinghaus; Sigmund Freud Ivan Pavlov; Hermann Ebbinghaus Hermann Ebbinghaus; Ivan Pavlov

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one

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Luca has been studying all week for his final exam in biology. He studies until he is ready to go to bed because he knows that information presented within _____ before sleep will be remembered well. three hours one hour two hours four hours

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priming

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In the process of retrieving a specific memory from a web of associations, a person needs to activate one of the strands that leads to it. This known as: iconic memory. priming. proactive inhibition. echoic memory.

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proactive interference

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Whenever Mark tries to recall his new cell phone number, he keeps getting it mixed up with his old cell phone number. Mark's failure to remember his new phone number is probably caused by: proactive interference. encoding failure. the misinformation effect. retroactive interference.

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encoding

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One reason our memories fail is because of problems with information _____.

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repression

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In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories is called: automatic processing. retroactive interference source amnesia. repression.

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state-dependent

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When people learn something while in one state (e.g., when they are feeling joyful or sad), they are better able to recall that thing while in the same state. This is known as _____ learning.

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proactive interference

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_____ occurs when something you learned previously interferes with your recall of something you learn later. Retroactive interference Proactive interference A flashbulb memory Relearning

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relearning

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One way to test memory is to check the speed of _____ for things that we once learned but have since forgotten. proactive interference retroactive interference priming relearning

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encoding

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One reason our memories fail is because of problems with information: imagery. long-term potentiation. source amnesia. encoding.

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rehearsal time

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Hermann Ebbinghaus found that the more times he practiced the nonsense syllables on Day 1, the fewer repetitions he needed to relearn the information on Day 2 because he had increased his: proactive time. automatic processing time. rehearsal time.

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proactive

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_____ interference occurs when something you learned before interferes with your recall of something you learn later.

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recall

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Which of the following measures of retention is the LEAST sensitive in triggering retrieval? recall relearning They are all equally sensitive. recognition

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rapid initial decline in retention becoming stable thereafter

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Which of the following best describes the typical forgetting curve? a steady, rapid decline in retention over time a steady, slow decline in retention over time a slow initial decline in retention becoming rapid thereafter a rapid initial decline in retention becoming stable thereafter

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retrieval

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Which of the following is NOT a measure of retention? relearning retrieval recall recognition

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relearning

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One way to test memory is to check the speed of _____ for things that we once learned but have since forgotten.

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The greatest recall for the words happened when learning and testing were in the same context (e.g., learn underwater, get tested underwater).

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In 1975, Duncan Godden and Alan Baddeley conducted a study using two groups of scuba divers. One group listened to a list of words while sitting on a beach. The other group listened to the same list of words while 10 feet underwater. What did the researchers discover about context and learning after both groups were retested in both the same and different environments? The greatest recall for the words happened when learning and testing were in the same context (e.g., learn underwater, get tested underwater). Participants who listened to the words on the beach did best, regardless of where they were asked to recall them. There was no difference between the two groups. Participants who listened to the words underwater did best, regardless of where they were asked to recall them.

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mood-congruent memory

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Those suffering from depression are more likely to have their memories affected by priming negative associations. This is known as: state dependent learning. retroactive inhibition. mood-congruent memory. serial position effect.

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william james

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He referred to priming as the "wakening of associations." Eugen Bleuler Sigmund Freud Raymond Cattell William James

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repressing

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According to Sigmund Freud, one reason that people forget is because they are _____ painful memories. retrieving processing repressing focusing

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the book was never purchased

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Events that are forgotten are like books that cannot be found in a library. Which of the following scenarios can BEST be used to explain the encoding problem? The book was never purchased. The book was thrown away. The card catalog is wrong. The book is on the wrong shelf.

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priming

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In an effort to recall his early life experiences, Aaron formed vivid mental images of the rooms in his childhood home. Aaron was engaged in the process of: priming. iconic memory. implicit memory. automatic processing.

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retroactive interference

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_____ occurs when something you learn now interferes with your ability to recall something you learned earlier. Retroactive interference Relearning Proactive interference A flashbulb memory

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retrieval codes

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The happier Judie feels, the more readily she recalls experiences with former teachers who were warm and generous. This best illustrates that emotional states can be _____.

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overlearning

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even after you learn the material _____ increases retention

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recall

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which is least sensitive in triggering retrieval?

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a rapid initial decline in retention becoming stable thereafter

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Which of the following best describes the typical forgetting curve? a slow initial decline in retention becoming rapid thereafter a steady, rapid decline in retention over time a rapid initial decline in retention becoming stable thereafter a steady, slow decline in retention over time

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it is easier to relearn for the second time

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Katrina studied the Russian language in high school. Although she was not fluent, she did accumulate a large vocabulary. Years later, she decided to go to Russia, so she wanted to brush up on her vocabulary. She picked up the vocabulary much more quickly because: it is easier to relearn; that is, to learn the material for a second time. of the implicit memory effect. it is easier for adults to learn a language. of the serial position effect.

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james

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_____ referred to priming as the "wakening of associations."

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priming

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In the process of retrieving a specific memory from a web of associations, a person needs to activate one of the strands that leads to it. This known as:

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implicit

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Our unconscious capacity for learning how to do something is known as _____ memory.

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working

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_____ memory associates new and old information and solves problems.

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short term

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This activated memory holds a few items such as a phone number briefly before the information is stored or forgotten. immediate memory sensory memory short-term memory long-term memory

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explicit

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Our memory of facts and experiences that we consciously know and can easily recite is known as _____ memory.

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sensory

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Which stage of memory involves the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system? long-term memory short-term memory sensory memory flashbulb memory

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long-term memory

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This is a relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of your memory system. long-term memory immediate memory short-term memory sensory memory

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short term memory

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In the movie Memento, the main character has to write everything on his body and take notes, otherwise he quickly forgets. This is because he has sustained an injury that has left him without: long-term memory. echoic memory. short-term memory. flashbulb memory.

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reflect a persons biases and assumptions

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Research on memory construction reveals that memories: reflect a person's biases and assumptions. are stored as exact copies of experience. even if long term, usually decay within about five years. may be chemically transferred from one organism to another.

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minimize retrieval cues

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Which of the following is NOT a way to improve memory? sleep more use mnemonic devices make the material meaningful minimize retrieval cues

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source amnesia

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_____ occurs when we mistakenly attribute a memory. Source amnesia Blocking Infantile amnesia Mood-congruent memory

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debated

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Whether or not repressed memories can be retrieved by certain therapist-aided techniques is _____.

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false memories

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Repeatedly imagining nonexistent actions and events is called imagination inflation and can create _____.

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constructed

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Because memories are _____, "hypnotically refreshed" memories may prove inaccurate, especially if the hypnotist asks leading questions. encoded constructed proactive state-dependent

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misinformation effect

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_____ occurs when one incorporates misleading information into one's memory of an event. The misinformation effect Persistence Priming Transience

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overconfidant

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Our ability to recognize material can make us feel _____, which might lead to poorer performance on certain tests.

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source amnesia

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Lonnie often has vivid dreams. In the morning, he can recall them in great detail. This sometimes gets him in trouble, because he can't figure out if he is remembering a dream or something that he actually experienced. This problem is known as _____.

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improving

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SQ3R is a method for _____ memory.

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source misattribution

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Six months after a patient committed suicide, your attorney is asking if the patient called you before committing the act. You respond that the patient did not. Three months later, opposing counsel asks you similar questions and you respond that the patient did call you, confusing this patient with one of your current patients. This is an example of: the self-reference effect. mood-congruent memory. proactive interference. source misattribution.

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elizabeth

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Which researcher conducted experiments to better understand false memories of childhood traumas? Karl Jung Sigmund Freud Karl Lashley Elizabeth Loftus

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source amnesia

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t is not uncommon for us to recognize a person, but to have no idea where we met him or her. Or, we may HEAR something but later recall instead that we SAW it. This type of misattribution is known as: transience. source amnesia. persistence. priming.

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whether "repressed" memories of childhood abuse that are "recovered" using hypnosis, guided imagery, or other highly suggestive techniques are false memories or memories of actual experiences.

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The controversy regarding claims of repressed and recovered memories is best described as involving: price-gouging by pharmaceutical companies that have developed memory-enhancing medications for people with repressed memories. [[Although this may be true, it is not the best answer.] whether the hippocampus or the prefrontal cortex is the main brain area in which repressed memories are processed. whether "repressed" memories of childhood abuse that are "recovered" using hypnosis, guided imagery, or other highly suggestive techniques are false memories or memories of actual experiences. whether deception should be used in studies that involve creating false memories in the participants.

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inflation

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Repeatedly imagining nonexistent actions and events is called imagination _____ and can create false memories.

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Most psychologists who are experts in memory strongly encourage the use of hypnosis or guided imagery to increase the accuracy of the recovered memories of abuse.

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According to the text discussion about the recovery of repressed memories, which of the following statements is FALSE? Most psychologists who are experts in memory believe that it is very unlikely that anyone could repress all memories of repeated incidents of sexual abuse. False memories can seem just as vivid, detailed, and accurate as real memories. Most psychologists who are experts in memory strongly encourage the use of hypnosis or guided imagery to increase the accuracy of the recovered memories of abuse. Rather than repressed and unavailable memories, most people who have survived a traumatic event are troubled by recurring memories, thoughts, and flashbacks of the traumatic event.

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imagination inflation

answer

When people repeatedly imagine nonexistent actions and events, they can inadvertently create false memories. In one experiment students were asked to repeatedly imagine breaking a toothpick. Following this, they were more likely to think they had actually broken a toothpick. This is known as: retroactive interference. imagination inflation. linguistic determinism. source amnesia.

question

weak;exercised

answer

New memories are _____; they need to be _____ if one wants to remember them. strong; rehearsed weak; exercised misunderstood; practiced strong; applied

question

false memories

answer

Stephen Ceci and Maggie Bruck found that most preschoolers and many older children could be induced to report: mixed emotions. false memories. daily events sequentially. positive affect.

question

could not tell real memories from fake, nor could the children

answer

It has been demonstrated that professional psychologists who specialize in interviewing children : could tell real memories from fake, along with the children. could not tell real memories from fake, but the children could. could not tell real memories from fake, nor could the children. could tell real memories from fake, but the children could not.

question

memory

answer

learning that has persisted over time, information that has been stored and can be retrieved

question

encoding

answer

the processing of information into the memory system; get information into the brain

question

storage

answer

the retention of encoded information over time

question

retrieval

answer

the process of getting information out of memory storage

question

connectionism

answer

views memories as emerging from interconnected neural networks

question

sensory memory

answer

the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system

question

short-term memory

answer

activated memory that holds a few items briefly

question

long-term memory

answer

the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences

question

working memory

answer

a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory

question

automatic processing

answer

unconscious encoding of incidental info, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned info such as words and meanings

question

effortful processing

answer

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort; produces durable and accessible memories; rehearsal

question

rehearsal

answer

conscious repetition

question

time

answer

The amount remembered depends on the _____ spent learning

question

spacing effect

answer

the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice (cramming)

question

serial position effect

answer

our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list

question

recency effect

answer

b/c the last items of a list are still in working memory people briefly recall them especially quickly and well

question

primary effect

answer

after a delay; people shift their attention from the last items on the list; their recall become best for the first items

question

visual encoding

answer

the encoding of picture images

question

acoustic encoding

answer

the encoding of sound , especially the sound of words

question

semantic encoding

answer

the encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words.

question

semantic encoding

answer

which type of encoding produces better recognition

question

self-reference effect

answer

tendency for people to remember things that have to do with themselves

question

imagery

answer

mental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding

question

mnemonics

answer

memory aids; especially those techniques that use vivid memory and organizational devices

question

chunking

answer

organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically

question

hierarchies

answer

composed of a few broad concepts divided and subdivided into narrower concepts and facts

question

iconic memory

answer

fleeting photographic memory; lasts no more than a few tenths of a second

question

echoic memory

answer

memory of auditory stimuli; lingers for about 3-4 seconds

question

fewer

answer

short memory can hold _____ signs (sign language) than spoken words

question

limitless

answer

our capacity for storing long-term memories is essentially ________

question

long-term potentiation (LTP)

answer

an increase in a synapse's firing potential after a brief rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory

question

more serotonin efficient

answer

when learning occurs, the slug releases _______ of the neurotransmitter ________ at certain synapses. These synapses then become more ______ at transmitting signals

question

flashbulb memory

answer

a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

question

amnesia

answer

the loss of memory

question

implicit memory

answer

retention independent of conscious recollection (nondeclarative); learning how to do something but cannot declare that you know it; motor and cognitive skills, conditioned responses

question

explicit memory

answer

memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare" (declarative memory)

question

hippocampus

answer

temporal lobe neural center; helps process explicit memories for storage

question

left-hippocampus damage

answer

results in people having trouble remembering verbal information

question

right-hippocampus damage

answer

results in people having trouble remembering visual designs and locations

question

rear area of hippocampus

answer

processes spatial memory

question

cerebellum

answer

plays a key role in forming and storing the implicit memories created by classical conditioning

question

recall

answer

the definition of memory to most people; the ability to retrieve information not in conscious awareness

question

recognition and relearning

answer

the other 2 parameters that psychologists indicate has memory

question

recognition

answer

a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test

question

relearning

answer

a measure of learning that asses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time

question

retrieval cues

answer

anchor points you can use to access the target information when you want to retrieve it later

question

priming

answer

the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory

question

deja vu

answer

the eerie sense that "I've seen this before"; cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience

question

mood-congruent memory

answer

the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood

question

3 sins of forgetting

answer

absent mindedness, transience (storage decay over time), blocking

question

3 sins of distortion

answer

misattribution (confusing the source of information), suggestibility, bias

question

One sin of intrusion

answer

persistence (unwanted memories)

question

proactive interference

answer

the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information

question

retroactive interference

answer

the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information

question

repression

answer

in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings and memories. Freud

question

misinformation effect

answer

after exposure to subtle misinformation, many people misremember

question

source amnesia

answer

we retain the memory of the event, but not of the context of which we acquired it

question

limbic system

answer

part of brain associated with smell and memory

question

7 plus or minus 2

answer

we can store 5-9 pieces of information in or short term/working memory at a time

question

next-in-line-effect

answer

when you are so anxious about being next that you cannot remember what the person just before you in line says, but you can recall what other people around you say. Interrupts rehearsal

question

motivated forgetting

answer

people unknowingly revise history

question

d

answer

The predictability of an association between a conditioned stimulus (CS) and an unconditioned stimulus (US) facilitates an organism's ability to expect or anticipate the occurrence of the US. This fact is most likely to be highlighted by a _____________ perspective. A. neuroscience B. behaviorist C. Pavlovian D. cognitive

question

d

answer

Walter was bitten by a dog when he was five-years-old. To this day, he will not pet dogs; however, he will pet cats. This reaction best illustrates: A. generalization. B. an unconditioned response (UR). C. operant conditioning. D. discrimination

question

a

answer

Findings from Garcia's research on taste aversion in rats indicate that: A. rats are more likely to develop aversions to taste than they are to sights or sounds. B. the unconditioned stimulus (US) MUST immediately follow the conditioned stimulus (CS). C. rats are more likely to develop aversions sights or sounds than they are to taste. D. organisms do NOT have biological predispositions when learning associations.

question

d

answer

Although Skinner and other behaviorists did not think that it was necessary to refer to thoughts or expectations when explaining human learning, findings from experiments with rats suggest otherwise. Which of the following findings suggests that cognitive processes are involved in operant learning: A. Children learn from observing their parents, and exhibit the learning immediately. B. Rats do NOT seem to develop a cognitive map of mazes. C. Learning is merely the association of a response with a consequence. D. Rats appear to experience latent learning while exploring mazes.

question

b

answer

During a typical morning, Colin will check the clock more frequently as the time for his regularly scheduled lunch break approaches. In this case, Colin's clock checking behavior is reinforced on a ________ schedule. A. fixed-ratio B. fixed-interval C. variable-ratio D. variable-interval

question

c

answer

Jack finds it extremely difficult to pull himself away from the blackjack table. He keeps thinking he will break even as the next hand will be his winning one. This is a ________ schedule. A. fixed-ratio B. fixed-interval C. variable-ratio D. variable-interval

question

c

answer

Which pioneering learning researcher highlighted the antisocial effects of aggressive models on children's behavior? A. Skinner B. Pavlov C. Bandura D. Watson

question

d

answer

If a child is watching a favorite sibling getting scolded for misbehavior, which type of neuron is likely to be activated in an empathetic response to this observation? A. interneuron B. motor neuron C. sensory neuron D. mirror neuron

question

b

answer

Tina is a seven-year-old girl who frequently witnesses her father's anger and physically abusive acts on her mother. In her room she is playing with her toys and begins to yell at them and hit them for "being so stupid and not having dinner ready." Her behavior is a clear example of: A. classical learning. B. observational learning. C. reinforced learning. D. observational conditioning.

question

c

answer

John B. Watson believed that psychology should be the science of: A. genetic predispositions. B. cognitive processes. C. observable behavior. D. emotional outcomes.

question

b

answer

In classical conditioning, this is the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth. A. neutral stimulus B. unconditioned response (UR) C. conditioned/neutral stimulus (CS) D. conditioned response (CR)

question

a

answer

All of the following are Pavlov's major contributions to the field of psychology EXCEPT: A. his methods demonstrated the importance of subjective judgments. B. principles of learning apply across species. C. the discipline of psychology could be based on objective laboratory methods. D. significant psychological phenomena can be studied objectively.

question

d

answer

Secondary reinforcers are powerful tools for shaping behavior because they have become associated with primary reinforcers. Which of the following is NOT a secondary reinforcer? A. grades B. praise C. money D. food

question

d

answer

Michael is busy with his work project that he brought home. His son wants him to put a movie in the DVD player. Michael tells him to wait 10 minutes; however, his son whines and complains so much that Michael decides to put the movie in right now. This best illustrates the value of: A. secondary reinforcement. B. positive reinforcement. C. erratic behavior. D. negative reinforcement.

question

b

answer

According to operant conditioning principles, which of the following would NOT be recommended when dealing with a young girl who is resistant to going to school every morning? A. Parents should ignore complaints or whining about school. B. Parents should express their anger by yelling at the girl. C. If the girl refuses to get in the car, parents should explain why this is a problem and use time-outs. D. Parents should reward the girl when she cooperates by getting into the car in the morning.

question

a

answer

Mirror neurons are found in the brain's ______________ and are believed to be the neural basis for: A. frontal lobe; observational learning. B. frontal lobe; classical conditioning. C. temporal lobe; observational learning. D. temporal lobe; operant conditioning.

question

d

answer

An empathic husband who observes his wife in pain will exhibit some of the same brain activity she is showing. This best illustrates the functioning of: A. cognitive maps. B. spontaneous recovery. C. the law of effect. D. mirror neurons.

question

a

answer

In Bandura's experiment, compared to children not exposed to the adult model, those who observed the model's aggressive outburst were ________________ to lash out at the doll. A. much more likely B. equally C. unable D. much less likely

question

b

answer

Long after her conditioned fear of dogs had been extinguished, Marcy experienced an unexpected surge of nervousness when she first met her cousin's new cocker spaniel. Her unexpected nervousness best illustrates: A. latent learning. B. spontaneous recovery. C. shaping. D. delayed reinforcement.

question

a

answer

Most learning involves the process of association. With classical conditioning, an organism comes to associate: A. two stimuli. B. something observed and its consequences. C. a neutral stimulus and a reward. D. a response and its consequences.

question

b

answer

During a typical morning, Colin will check the clock more frequently as the time for his regularly scheduled lunch break approaches. In this case, Colin's clock checking behavior is reinforced on a ________ schedule. A. variable-interval B. fixed-interval C. variable-ratio D. fixed-ratio

question

a

answer

_______________________ involves any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response. A. Negative reinforcement B. Moderate reinforcement C. Neutral reinforcement D. Positive reinforcement

question

d

answer

Classical conditioning focuses on ________________ behavior, whereas operant conditioning focuses on ________________ behavior. A. controllable; uncontrollable B. voluntary; involuntary C. hidden; observable D. respondent; operant

question

a

answer

A guest will be spending time in your classroom. To make sure your students imitate this person's prosocial behaviors, you should pick a guest who the children think: A. is similar to them. B. is kind of average but works hard. C. is boring. D. is different from them.

question

b

answer

Which pioneering learning researcher highlighted the antisocial effects of aggressive models on children's behavior? A. Pavlov B. Bandura C. Watson D. Skinner

question

c

answer

When a four-year-old girl suddenly picks up her ironing board and plays it like it is an electric guitar, it is likely that she has seen someone playing a real electric guitar in the same manner. Thus she has learned via: A. classical conditioning. B. operant conditioning. C. observation. D. neural networks.

question

b

answer

Henry, a heavy smoker, is interested in quitting. Given what you know about the cognitive processes involved in classical conditioning, what is the most likely reason he still has trouble quitting after he is treated with a drug that induces nausea when he smokes a cigarette? A. Reinforcement does not work as well as punishment. B. He realizes his nausea is due to the drug, not simply the cigarette. C. The nausea does NOT immediately follow his inhalation of the smoke. D. He is afraid of the side effects of the drug.

question

b

answer

Findings from Garcia's research on taste aversion in rats indicate that: A. organisms do NOT have biological predispositions when learning associations. B. rats are more likely to develop aversions to taste than they are to sights or sounds. C. rats are more likely to develop aversions sights or sounds than they are to taste. D. the unconditioned stimulus (US) MUST immediately follow the conditioned stimulus (CS).

question

d

answer

You repeatedly hear a tone just before having a puff of air directed into your eye. Blinking in response to a tone presented without a puff of air is a(n): A. conditioned stimulus (CS). B. unconditioned response (UR). C. unconditioned stimulus (US). D. conditioned response (CR).

question

a

answer

Michael is busy with his work project that he brought home. His son wants him to put a movie in the DVD player. Michael tells him to wait 10 minutes; however, his son whines and complains so much that Michael decides to put the movie in right now. This best illustrates the value of: A. negative reinforcement. B. secondary reinforcement. C. erratic behavior. D. positive reinforcement.

question

a

answer

Critics of B. F. Skinner were concerned that: A. he relied too heavily on animals to explain general learning principles. B. his research methods were flawed. C. he ignored the influence of stimulus-response associations. D. he dehumanized people because he ignored the existence of personal freedom and dignity.

question

d

answer

Critics of B. F. Skinner were concerned that: A. he relied too heavily on animals to explain general learning principles. B. his research methods were flawed. C. he ignored the influence of stimulus-response associations. D. he dehumanized people because he ignored the existence of personal freedom and dignity.

question

d

answer

The majority of correlational studies that have examined television violence and aggressive behavior suggest that the more hours children spend watching violent television shows, the more likely they are to exhibit aggressive behaviors. What is the major problem with these findings? A. Girls were not included in these studies. B. They do not apply to elementary school-aged children. C. The studies don't take operant conditioning into account. D. Correlation does not prove causation.

question

c

answer

One chimpanzee watches a second chimp solve a puzzle for a food reward. The first chimp then imitates how the second chimp solved the puzzle. This best illustrates: A. spontaneous recovery. B. operant conditioning. C. observational learning. D. respondent behavior.

question

c

answer

Johnny is "hammering" the nail in with his toy hammer as his father is hammering the deck boards. His behavior is a clear example of: A. reinforced learning. B. observational conditioning. C. modeling. D. classical learning.

question

a

answer

In classical conditioning, this is the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth. A. unconditioned response (UR) B. conditioned response (CR) C. neutral stimulus D. conditioned/neutral stimulus (CS)

question

d

answer

Jane had leukemia as a child and had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. She had associated the waiting room with nausea. Now 35 years old, she had to take her mother to the same hospital for breast cancer treatment. She became nauseous while in the waiting room with her mother. Her nausea best illustrates: A. latent learning. B. shaping. C. delayed reinforcement. D. spontaneous recovery.

question

c

answer

Watson and Rayner taught "Little Albert" to fear white rats by: A. negatively reinforcing Albert when he approached a rat. B. showing Albert a white rat and then punishing him when he touched it. C. repeatedly pairing a loud noise with the presentation of a white rat. D. showing Albert movies of children being bitten by rats.

question

a

answer

_______________________ involves any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response. A. Positive reinforcement B. Neutral reinforcement C. Negative reinforcement D. Moderate reinforcement

question

d

answer

Matt regularly buckles his seatbelt simply because it turns off the car's irritating warning buzzer. This best illustrates the value of: A. spontaneous recovery. B. erratic behavior. C. secondary reinforcement. D. negative reinforcement.

question

a

answer

At work, there is a vending machine that gives extra candy bars when you select either the "A" or "B" choices. You continue to frequent this machine regularly. This best illustrates: A. operant conditioning. B. respondent behavior. C. latent learning. D. spontaneous recovery.

question

c

answer

In Bandura's experiment, compared to children not exposed to the adult model, those who observed the model's aggressive outburst were ________________ to lash out at the doll. A. unable B. much less likely C. much more likely D. equally

question

d

answer

You are conducting a research study with 24 men on the effects of movies and sexual violence. You will have the men watch three violent films over the next two days and then assess their attitudes toward women and violent sexual acts by reading actual cases of rape victims. You find that: A. the men became more empathic toward the rape victims. B. the men became bothered by the violent acts. C. the men expressed more sympathy for the rape victims. D. the men expressed less sympathy for the rape victims.

question

b

answer

It is not unreasonable to predict that when today's U.S. teenagers are in their mid-70s, they will have watched TV for the equivalent of about _______ years. A. 6 B. 9 C. 15 D. 3

question

learning

answer

a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience

question

associative learning

answer

learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning)

question

classical conditioning

answer

a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

question

behaviorism

answer

the view that psychology 1) should be an objective science that 2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2).

question

operant conditioning

answer

a type of learning in which one learns to associate a response (our behavior) and its consequence and thus to repeat acts followed by good results and avoid acts followed by bad results.

question

NS neutral stimulus

answer

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning.

question

UR unconditioned response

answer

in classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US) such as salivation when food is in the mouth.

question

US unconditioned stimulus

answer

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally-- naturally and automatically -- triggers a response.

question

CR conditioned response

answer

in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS)

question

CS conditioned stimulus

answer

in classical conditioning, a previously neutral stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US) comes to trigger a conditioned response.

question

acquisition

answer

in classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response.

question

higher-order conditioning

answer

a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus. For example, an animal that has learned that a tone predicts food might then learn that a light predicts the tone and begin responding to the light tone alone.

question

higher-order conditioning

answer

also called second-order conditioning

question

extinction

answer

the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS);

question

extinction

answer

occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced.

question

acquisition

answer

In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response.

question

spontaneous recovery

answer

the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response.

question

generalization

answer

the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for a stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses.

question

discrimination

answer

in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus.

question

John Watson

answer

_____________ believed that human emotions and behaviors, though biologically influenced, are mainly a bundle of conditioned responses.

question

Watson and Rayner

answer

worked with an 11 month old named Albert and conditioned him to fear rats

question

Pavlov

answer

believed that classical conditioning applies to human health and well-being.

question

b

answer

Dogs can learn to respond (by salivating, for example) to one kind of stimulus (a circle, for example) and not to another (a square). This process is an example of a. generalization b. discrimination c. acquisition d. spontaneous recovery

question

d

answer

Early behaviorists believed that for conditioning to occur, the unconditioned stimulus (US) must immediately follow the neutral stimulus (NS). _____________ demonstrated this was not always so. a. The Little Albert experiment b. Pavlov's experiments with dogs c. Watson's behaviorism theory d. Garcia and Koelling's taste-aversion studies

question

respondent behavior

answer

behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus.

question

operant conditioning

answer

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher.

question

operant behavior

answer

behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences

question

law of effect

answer

Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely

question

operant chamber

answer

in operant conditioning research, a chamber (also known as a Skinner box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking.

question

shaping

answer

an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior.

question

reinforcer

answer

in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

question

positive reinforcement

answer

increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.

question

positive reinforcer

answer

any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.

question

negative reinforcement

answer

increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus, that when removed after a response, strengthens the response. (NOT punishment)

question

negative reinforcer

answer

any stimulus, that when removed after a response, strengthens the response.

question

primary reinforcer

answer

an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need.

question

conditioned reinforcer

answer

a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer

question

conditioned reinforcer

answer

also known as a secondary reinforcer

question

continuous reinforcement

answer

reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

question

partial intermittent reinforcement

answer

reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement

question

fixed ratio schedule

answer

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses.

question

variable-ratio schedule

answer

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses.

question

fixed interval schedule

answer

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed.

question

variable interval schedule

answer

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals.

question

BF Skinner

answer

believed that external influences (not internal thoughts and feelings) shape behavior.

question

d

answer

Salivating in response to a tone paired with food is a (an) ___________; pressing a bar to obtain food is a (an) ___________ a. primary reinforcer; conditioned reinforcer b. conditioned reinforcer; primary reinforcer c. operant behavior; respondent behavior d. respondent behavior; operant behavior

question

c

answer

Thorndike's law of effect became the basis for operant conditioning and the "behavioral technology" developed by a. Ivan Pavlov b. John Garcia c. B.F. Skinner d. John B. Watson

question

b

answer

The partial reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable times is a a. fixed interval schedule b. variable interval schedule c. fixed ratio schedule d. variable ratio schedule

question

c

answer

A medieval proverb notes that "a burnt child dreads the fire." In operant conditioning, the burning would be an example of a a. primary reinforcer b. negative reinforcer c. punisher d. positive reinforcer

question

observational learning

answer

learning by observing others

question

modeling

answer

the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior.

question

mirror neurons

answer

frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so.

question

mirror neurons

answer

The brain's mirror of another's action that may enable imitation and empathy.

question

prosocial behavior

answer

positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior.

question

d

answer

In the example of classical conditioning in which the child feared the doctor, the CS was: A. fear. B. a painful injection. C. a severe illness. D. the presence of the doctor.

question

d

answer

In the example of the child fearing the doctor, the child's fear of a scientist in a white lab coat illustrates the process of: A. shaping. B. spontaneous recovery. C. latent learning. D. generalization. E. secondary reinforcement.

question

c

answer

A single acquisition trial may be sufficient for classical conditioning when the: A. CS is a neutral stimulus. B. UCS is presented before the CS. C. UCS is a very powerful stimulus. D. UCR quickly follows the UCS.

question

d

answer

In the experiment in which you were to condition a subject to blink her eye whenever she heard a certain tone, the UCS was a(n): A. bright light. B. eye blink. C. tone. D. puff of air.

question

a

answer

In the experiment in which you were to condition a subject to blink her eye whenever she heard a certain tone, an eye blink was most likely to be scored as a ________ when it preceded the ________. A. CR; UCS B. CR; CS C. UCR; UCS D. UCR; CS

question

c

answer

In this PsychSim activity, you were asked to consider whether finding your way from one location to another is facilitated by ________ or by ________. A. classical conditioning; operant conditioning B. generalization; discrimination C. chained associations; cognitive maps D. continuous reinforcement; partial reinforcement E. reinforcement; punishment

question

d

answer

If you learn the way from home to school as a specific sequence of right and left turns, you have learned by means of: A. classical conditioning. B. a cognitive map. C. generalization. D. chained associations. E. continuous reinforcement.

question

b

answer

Travelers whose familiar route to a destination is blocked are often able to reach their destination quickly and easily by taking an unusual sequence of turns down other streets. This suggests that people often find their way by means of: A. generalization. B. cognitive maps. C. partial reinforcement. D. chained associations. E. negative reinforcement.

question

a

answer

In this PsychSim activity, you were asked to find your way through the different mazes. The reinforcer for reaching the goal box in each case was: A. cheese. B. bread. C. cake. D. water. E. meat.

question

c

answer

In the maze-learning task, most people make ________ turns on their ________ run. A. more left-hand; second B. more right-hand; second C. fewer wrong; second D. fewer wrong; first

question

b

answer

If we stop nagging a young boy as soon as he makes his bed, we are giving him ________ reinforcement for making his bed. A. intermittent B. negative C. spontaneous D. unconditional E. variable

question

c

answer

Continuous reinforcement produces ________ learning and ________ extinction. A. fast; slow B. slow; fast C. fast; fast D. slow; slow

question

d

answer

In the experiment in which you reinforced various rats for pressing a bar, the reinforcement was: A. negative. B. secondary. C. delayed. D. intermittent. E. spontaneous.

question

a

answer

The highest rates of responding occurred when rats reinforced for pressing a bar were placed on ________ and ________ schedules of reinforcement. A. fixed-ratio; variable-ratio B. fixed-ratio; fixed-interval C. variable-ratio; variable-interval D. variable-interval; fixed-interval

question

d

answer

Which schedule of reinforcement produces the greatest resistance to extinction? A. fixed ratio B. fixed interval C. variable ratio D. variable interval

question

a

answer

Albert Bandura's classic "Bobo doll" experiments demonstrated the importance of _______ in the shaping of young children's behavior through ________ learning. A. modeling; observational B. conditioning; classical C. reinforcement; behavioral D. cognition; unconditioned

question

c

answer

The children in the control group in the original Bobo doll experiment: A. acted exactly the same way as the children in the experimental group. B. did not have their toys taken away from them. C. did not observe an aggressive model attacking the Bobo doll. D. invented new ways of being aggressive toward the Bobo doll.

question

d

answer

After watching the model interact with the Bobo doll, the children in the experimental group: A. hugged and kissed the Bobo doll. B. cried in fear when they saw the Bobo doll. C. didn't know what to do with the Bobo doll. D. attacked the Bobo doll.

question

c

answer

Bandura concluded that children learn two things from observing an aggressive model-how to perform the specific aggressive acts and: A. when to stop aggressing. B. aggression is wrong. C. aggression can be fun. D. aggression cannot be controlled.

question

d

answer

Children can learn to be kind and helpful through observing prosocial behavior, an important aspect of: A. generalization. B. respondent behavior. C. spontaneous recovery. D. socialization.

question

c

answer

In humans and monkeys, the premotor cortex is involved in: A. coordinating movements. B. returning muscles to the resting state after movement. C. planning movements. D. causing endorphins to be released in response to pain.

question

c

answer

Mirror neurons that are found in the premotor cortex of monkeys: A. are exactly the same as certain neurons found in the motor cortex. B. fire excitedly after every movement. C. fire excitedly when the monkey watches a movement just as they did when the monkey performed the same movement. D. enable the monkey to perform movements in reverse order.

question

c

answer

In humans, mirror neurons might enable: A. observational learning. B. homeostasis. C. discovery of repressed memories. D. heightened physical sensation.

question

d

answer

The area in the human brain that corresponds to the F5 area in the monkey's brain is: A. the occipital lobe. B. Wernicke's area. C. the amygdala. D. Broca's area.

question

d

answer

Evolutionary psychologists believe mirror neurons may have played an important role in: A. sexual selection. B. genetic diversity. C. sensory adaptation. D. the evolution of language.

question

d

answer

Four-month-old, Shayna, is starting to say things like "ah-goo" and "da-da-da-da." Shayna is in the: A. two-word stage. B. one-word stage. C. stage of telegraphic speech. D. babbling stage.

question

d

answer

Linguistic determinism suggests that ___________ think differently when they are speaking: A. people; to their animals. B. children; out loud. C. adults and children; to each other. D. bilingual people; in one of their two languages.

question

d

answer

Dierdri is a figure skater preparing for the upcoming national championships. Her coach has suggested she practice mentally for the competition. Which of the following would you recommend she imagine? A. She should imagine calling her mother after the competition and telling her the good news. B. She should imagine herself bending down to have the medal placed around her neck. C. She should imagine the crowd cheering as she skates onto the ice and bows. D. She should imagine her jumps and spins while listening to her skating music.

question

b

answer

Most of your instructors use the generic pronoun "he" when referring to psychologists and the generic pronoun "she" when referring to administrative assistants. In your mind, you automatically think of psychologists as men and administrative assistants as women. Why? A. Linguistic determinism predicts that your thinking shapes your language. B. Linguistic determinism predicts that the language shapes your thinking. C. It is due to availability statistics. D. Classical conditioning causes you to pair the gender with the occupation.

question

d

answer

Operant conditioning is to Skinner, as language acquisition device is to: A. Whorf. B. Tversky. C. Bortfield. D. Chomsky.

question

a

answer

Chinese-born Min has lived in the U.S. since she the age of 7. Min reports that when she is speaking Chinese to her family and friends, she thinks about things differently than when she is speaking English. This is a good illustration of: A. linguistic determinism. B. functional fixedness. C. the representativeness heuristic. D. telegraphic speech.

question

b

answer

The _____________ is the most widely used intelligence test for adults. It includes subtests for verbal comprehension and processing speed. A. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) B. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) C. U.S. Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT) D. Binet's Intelligence Test (BIT)

question

a

answer

At about _______ months of age, the two-word stage of language development typically begins. A. 24 B. 10 C. 6 D. 36

question

b

answer

At the zoo, a chimpanzee has figured out how to use the right kind of stones to crack open the nuts thrown to him by spectators. His problem solving has been shaped by: A. functional fixedness. B. reinforcement. C. observation. D. punishment.

question

b

answer

Dr. Zane has been studying monkeys' ability to classify photographs of cats and dogs. After the monkeys became competent at this classifying task, Dr. Zane found that certain of their frontal lobe neurons fired in response to new "catlike" or "doglike" images. This suggests that the monkeys: A. are not prone to functional fixedness. B. can form concepts. C. are smarter than 3-year-old children. D. have the ability to form syntax.

question

b

answer

Japanese-born Makita moved to Canada when she was 11 years old. Half her classes are taught in English and half in Japanese. Research has shown that non-English speaking children taught in bilingual programs tend to ________________ than if they had gone to an English-only school. A. have LOWER levels of creativity and HIGHER levels of academic achievement B. have HIGHER levels of creativity and academic achievement C. have LOWER levels of creativity and academic achievement D. have HIGHER levels of creativity and LOWER levels of academic achievement

question

c

answer

To expand language is to expand the ability to: A. reflect. B. misunderstand. C. think. D. act.

question

c

answer

___________ refers to the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language. A. Associative learning B. Semantics C. Syntax D. Grammar

question

b

answer

Shelia says things like "me go", "mama bye", and "dada go." She is in the: A. babbling stage. B. two-word stage. C. stage of telegraphic speech. D. one-word stage.

question

c

answer

___________________ refers to children's ability to learn to inhibit one language while using their other language. A. Multilingual advantage B. Unilingual advantage C. Bilingual advantage D. Trilingual advantage

question

b

answer

Gary says things like "doggy", "mama", and "dada." He is in the: A. babbling stage. B. one-word stage. C. stage of telegraphic speech. D. two-word stage.

question

a

answer

According to __________, language development can be explained using the principles of learning, such as association and reinforcement. A. Skinner B. Pinker C. Chomsky D. Watson

question

c

answer

Bilingual children learn to inhibit one language while using their other language. Thus, if asked to say whether a sentence is grammatically correct ("Why is the cat barking so loudly?"), bilingual children can focus more quickly on grammar alone. According to Lambert and colleagues, this bilingual advantage is due to: A. positive reinforcement. B. regression toward the mean. C. increased word power. D. opponent-process theory.

question

d

answer

The linguistic determinism hypothesis could be challenged by the finding that: A. infants' babbling contains many phonemes that do not occur in their own language and that they therefore cannot have heard. B. the Eskimo language contains a number of words for snow, whereas English has only one. C. chimps can learn to communicate spontaneously by using sign language. D. people with no word for a certain shape can still perceive that shape accurately.

question

a

answer

Learning a spoken language during early childhood __________ the ability to learn sign language during adolescence. Learning sign language during early childhood __________ the ability to learn a spoken language during adolescence. A. facilitates; facilitates B. inhibits; inhibits C. inhibits; facilitates D. facilitates; inhibits

question

a

answer

Marcy was not exposed to spoken or signed language during her early years because of abuse and neglect. We know that: A. her ability to master any language is lost. B. her ability to master her native language is not lost. C. her ability to master a foreign language is not lost. D. her ability to master sign language is not lost.

question

d

answer

An African gray parrot at a pet store has been trained to "count" objects. For example, if you show him a tray of balls and ask him how many are red, he will answer correctly about 80 percent of the time. This parrot is displaying: A. concept formation. B. functional fixedness. C. self-recognition. D. numerical competence.

question

d

answer

Sammie is celebrating his first birthday today. He can say numerous words like da-da, kitty, fish. Chomsky would say that Sammie is able to do this effortlessly because: A. he has made associations between words and objects. B. his parents reinforce every word he says. C. he is brighter than most children his age. D. he is equipped with a language acquisition device.

question

c

answer

In the English language, adjectives are typically placed before nouns (e.g., "green car"). This illustrates an English language rule of: A. phonemes. B. semantics. C. syntax. D. algorithms.

question

c

answer

Dr. Tan is interested in studying primate behavior as related to primate thought. If she wants to study behavior that other animal researchers have already found in primates, which of the following topics should she choose? A. transmission of cultural patterns across generations B. family loyalty C. All of these behaviors have been found in primates. D. altruism

question

a

answer

_____________, most children are in the one-word stage. A. Around their first birthday B. At 20 months C. At 8 months D. At 18 months

question

d

answer

Raul is using complete sentences when he talks to his parents with phrases like "Mommy get food." He is at least how old? A. 28 months B. 10 months C. 18 months D. 24 months

question

c

answer

Sharon is just learning to speak. She says words like da-da, kitty, ma-ma. This is not unusual because, whatever the language, when children begin to speak they tend to use mostly: A. adverbs. B. verbs. C. nouns. D. adjectives.

question

a

answer

_______________ maintains that our capacity for developing language is natural and quick because we come equipped with a language acquisition device. A. Chomsky B. Watson C. Skinner D. Pinker

question

c

answer

At the zoo, a group of chimpanzees has found a way to groom each other with branches from a fake tree in their cage. The younger chimpanzees invented this grooming technique and are passing it on to their peers and offspring. Thus, they are: A. using telegraphic language. B. suffering from functional fixedness. C. transmitting cultural innovations. D. creating a syntax.

question

b

answer

Akira was born to a Japanese-speaking mother and English-speaking father and is fluent in both languages. She recently participated in a study of bilingual university students. When she took a personality test in Japanese she had very different results than when she took the same test in English. According to Whorf, this difference is due to: A. unreliable tests. B. linguistic determinism. C. self-serving bias. D. invalid tests.

question

c

answer

During a lecture, your professor says, "A child learns language as he interacts with caregivers." This generic use of the pronoun "he" is more likely to trigger images of males than of females. This best illustrates the impact of: A. insight on decision making. B. functional fixedness on problem solving. C. language on thinking. D. telegraphic speech on concept formation.

question

c

answer

You have "adopted" a great ape at the zoo, and you have observed it very closely for the past year. You have noticed its capacity for language acquisition, which is similar to that observed in: A. 8-year-old humans. B. pigeons. C. 2-year-old humans. D. African gray parrots.

question

a

answer

Your friend has a cockatiel that he has trained to discriminate between pictures of dogs and cats. Your friend shows him a picture of a dog and the bird pecks at a dog symbol on the cage. Your friend shows him a picture of a cat and the bird pecks at a cat symbol. The bird is showing: A. that it can form concepts. B. syntactic language. C. telegraphic language. D. linguistic determination.

question

c

answer

Zara is a ten-year-old female chimpanzee. Her zookeepers are trying to train her to communicate in sign language. How successful do you think they will be? A. They will be successful, but only if they try to teach Zara how to use symbols. B. They will not be successful, because chimpanzees cannot learn to use their hands for expressing themselves. C. They will not be successful, since early exposure is necessary for gaining language competence. D. They will be successful, because chimpanzees have been known to develop the vocabulary of 10-year old human children.

question

b

answer

According to Chomsky, children have a ______________ that is "turned on" as they are exposed to language during a critical period. A. category hierarchy B. language acquisition device C. concept formation D. availability heuristic

question

a

answer

Sinjon is fluent in both English and French. His parents spoke both languages to him when he was a very young child. Sinjon has an amazing capacity to inhibit his attention to irrelevant information, which helps him as he does simultaneous interpretation. Linguists would suggest that his ability to focus is due to a bilingual advantage resulting from: A. his increased word power. B. his practice at interpretation. C. his spatial intelligence. D. reciprocal determinism.

question

a

answer

By around ____________ of age, babies enter a babbling stage of language development. A. 4 months B. 5 months C. 6 months D. 2 months

question

c

answer

Ahote is a 25-year-old Hopi. The Hopi have no past tense for their verbs, and it is very difficult for Ahote to readily think about the past. Whorf would suggest that this is due to: A. functional fixedness. B. confirmation bias. C. linguistic determinism. D. telegraphic speech.

question

a

answer

Brain scans reveal that identical twins have very similar _____ matter volume. A. gray B. white C. black D. blue

question

d

answer

Some researchers are reporting that _______________ are associated with higher intelligence. A. FASTER neurological speed and SLOWER perceptual speed B. SLOWER neurological speed and SLOWER perceptual speed C. SLOWER neurological speed and FASTER perceptual speed D. FASTER neurological speed and FASTER perceptual speed

question

b

answer

Twenty-four-year-old Janice recently took an intelligence test that indicated her score was 65. Her academic skills are equivalent to those of a sixth-grader. The degree of Janice's mental retardation is: A. severe. B. mild. C. profound. D. moderate.

question

a

answer

Linguistic determinism suggests that ___________ think differently when they are speaking: A. bilingual people; in one of their two languages. B. people; to their animals. C. adults and children; to each other. D. children; out loud.

question

a

answer

Your brother is considering adopting an infant from an orphanage that has a reputation for minimal child-caregiver interaction. A one-year-old boy is available for adoption, but he is passive and not speaking yet. What advice would you give your brother? A. Provided with responsive caregiving, the chances are good that the boy will learn to talk. B. The change in environment will not have an impact on the boy's verbal abilities. C. Don't worry. The boy's verbal ability is determined by genetics, as opposed to environment. D. Be prepared that the boy will never learn to speak, even if provided with responsive caregiving.

question

d

answer

Beethoven is to ______________ as Van Gogh is to: A. naturalistic intelligence; spatial intelligence. B. spatial intelligence; musical intelligence. C. musical intelligence; kinesthetic intelligence. D. musical intelligence; spatial intelligence.

question

d

answer

If eight-year-old Edie had responded to the original Stanford-Binet with the proficiency of an average ten-year-old child, she would be said to have an IQ of: A. 110. B. 80. C. 100. D. 125.

question

c

answer

The most common form of thinking involves mental representations called: A. images. B. objects. C. concepts. D. sets.

question

d

answer

Some thinking depends on verbal concepts, while another kind of thinking involves: A. speaking out loud. B. mentally manipulating words. C. rehearsal. D. manipulating mental images.

question

c

answer

Which of these activities is not an example of thinking with verbal concepts? A. reading a book B. deciding what to do for the weekend C. doing a jigsaw puzzle D. completing a crossword puzzle

question

a

answer

Shepard and Metzler found that the reaction time for solving mental rotation tasks ________ as the difference in orientation ________ from zero to 180 degrees. A. increased; increased B. decreased; increased C. increased; decreased D. decreased; decreased

question

b

answer

Research on mental rotation found that males performed ________ females at almost every orientation. A. slower than B. faster than C. the same as D. worse than

question

c

answer

There is no universally accepted definition of intelligence because: A. there is no way to measure it properly. B. there are so many kinds of intelligences that it is difficult to define overall intelligence. C. each culture defines intelligence in terms of what it values in a highly functioning human being. D. researchers are reluctant to share their results with other psychologists.

question

a

answer

Spearman theorized that underlying all mental abilities lay the ________, or ________ intelligence. A. g factor; general B. s factor; specific C. s factor; spatial D. g factor; genuine

question

d

answer

The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, the most widely used intelligence test, consists of eleven subtests yielding a(n) ________ and a ________ score. A. physical; mental B. emotional; practical C. learning; memory D. verbal; performance

question

a

answer

Gardner proposed a theory of eight different kinds of intelligence, while ________ proposed a theory of three kinds of intelligence. A. Sternberg B. Spearman C. Wechsler D. Shepard

question

b

answer

The ability to perceive, understand, and express emotions is called: A. creativity. B. emotional intelligence. C. savant syndrome. D. analytic intelligence.

question

language

answer

our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning.

question

babbling stage

answer

beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language.

question

one word stage

answer

the stage in speech development from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words.

question

two word stage

answer

beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements

question

telegraphic speech

answer

early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram-- "go car" -- using mostly nouns and verbs.

question

4

answer

babbling stage begins at _____ months

question

10

answer

babbling stage with household language begins at ____ months

question

12

answer

one word stage begins at ______ months

question

24

answer

two word telegraphic speech stage begins at ______ months

question

24+

answer

speech stage in which rapid development, complex sentences begins.

question

Skinner

answer

Behaviorist _________ believed we can explain language development development with familiar principles, such as asspciation, imitation, and reinforcement.

question

Chomsky

answer

Linguist _________ argued that children acquire untaught words and grammar at a rate too extraordinary to be explained solely by learning principles. He said that given adequate nurture, language will naturally occur.

question

7

answer

age at which the window in the mind closes, and children who have not been exposed to either a spoken or a signed language gradually lose their ability to master any language.

question

linguistic determinism

answer

Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think.

question

Whorf

answer

__________ contended that language determines the way we think. He developed the linguistic determinism hypothesis.

question

d

answer

Skinner's view that we learn language the same way we learn other behaviors -- association, imitation, and reinforcement is most helpful in explaining a. the onset of babbling b. the speech behavior of deaf infants c. the seemingly effortless mastery of grammatical rules by very young children d. why language learn their household's language

question

a

answer

Our language influences the way we perceive and think about the world. This idea, adapted from Whorf's hypothesis, helps explain why a. a person who learns a second language thinks differently in that language b. children have a built-in readiness to learn grammatical rules c. children's babbling contains sounds not found in the languages spoken in their homes d. artists, athletes, and others are able to think in visual images.

question

b

answer

Of the examples discussed in this section, the problem-solving behavior that most closely resembled insight was a. Loulis the chimpanzee's ability to learn signs by observing Washoe. b. Sultan the chimpanzee's use of a short stick to pull in a long stick. c. Kanzi the pygmy chimpanzee's ability to understand grammatical differences in English sentences. d. Washoe the chimpanzee's use of sign language to request her baby.

question

a

answer

Most researchers agree that apes can a. communicate through symbols b. reproduce the most human speech sounds c. master language in adulthood d. surpass a human 3 year old in language skills

question

intelligence

answer

mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations

question

(g)

answer

a general intelligence factor that, according to Spearman and others, underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test.

question

factor analysis

answer

a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a person's total score.

question

savant syndrome

answer

a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing.

question

Gardner

answer

_________'s Eight Intelligences include linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, spacial, bodily-kinesthetic, intrapersonal (self), interpersonal (other people), and naturalistic

question

linguistic

answer

The poet, T.S. Eliot, is an example of what aptitude?

question

logical-mathematical

answer

The scientist, Albert Einstein, is an example of what aptitude?

question

musical

answer

The composer, Igor Stravinsky, is an example of what aptitude?

question

spatial

answer

The artist, Pablo Picasso, is an example of what aptitude?

question

bodily-kinesthetic

answer

The dancer, Martha Graham, is an example of what aptitude?

question

intrapersonal (self)

answer

The psychiatrist, Sigmund Freud, is an example of what aptitude?

question

interpersonal (other people)

answer

The leader, Mahatma Gandhi, is an example of what aptitude?

question

naturalist

answer

The _________, Charles Darwin, is an example of what aptitude? (same answer)

question

Sternberg

answer

_________ agrees that there is more to success than traditional intelligence. And he agrees with Gardner's idea of multiple intelligences, but he proposes a triarchic theory of three, not eight intelligences.

question

analytical, creative, and practical

answer

Sternbert's three intelligences

question

creativity

answer

the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas.

question

emotional intelligence

answer

the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions

question

intelligence test

answer

a method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores.

question

mental age

answer

a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet; the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance. Thus, a child who does as well as the average 8-year-old is said to have a ________ of 8.

question

Stanford Binet

answer

the widely used American revision (by Terman at Stanford University) of Binet's original intelligence test.

question

intelligence quotient (IQ)

answer

defined originally as the ratio of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100 (thus, ___ = ma/ca x 100). On contemporaty intelligence tests, the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100.

question

WAIS

answer

The ______ is the most widely used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests

question

WAIS

answer

Abbreviation for Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale

question

standardization

answer

defined meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group

question

normal curve

answer

the symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes. Most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes.

question

reliability

answer

the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, or on retesting.

question

validity

answer

the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to.

question

content validity

answer

the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest.

question

predictive validity

answer

the success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict; it is assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior.

question

mild

answer

intelligence scores from 50-70; May learn academic skills up to sixth grade level. Adults may, with assistance, achieve self-supporting social and vocational skills.

question

moderate

answer

intelligence scores from 35-50; May progress to second grade level academically. Adults may contribute to their own support by laboring in sheltered workshops.

question

severe

answer

intelligence scores from 20-35; May learn to talk and to perform simple work tasks under close supervision but are generally unable to profit from vocational training.

question

profound

answer

intelligence scores below 20; Require constant aid and supervision.

question

intellectual disability

answer

a condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life; varies from mild to profound. Formerly known as mental retardation.

question

down syndrome

answer

a condition of mild to severe intellectual disability and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21.

question

c

answer

The existence of savant syndrome-- limited mental ability combined with an exceptional specific skill-- seems to support a. Sternberg's distinction among three aspects of intelligence b. Spearman's notion of general intelligence, or g factor c. Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences d. Thorndike's view of social intelligence

question

c

answer

Sternberg's three aspects of intelligence are a. spatial, academic, and artistic b. musical, athletic, and academic c. academic, practical, and creative d. emotional, practical, and spatial

question

d

answer

Emotionally intelligent people tend to a. seek immediate gratification b. understand their own emotions but not those of others c. understand others' emotions but not their own d. succeed in their careers

question

b

answer

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a creative person: a. expertise b. extrinsic motivation c. a venturesome personality d. inaginative thinking skills

question

d

answer

Intelligence quotient, or IQ, was originally defined as mental age divided as mental age divided by chronological age and multiplied by 100. By this definition, the IQ of a 6 year old with a measured mental age of 9 would be a. 67 b. 133 c. 86 d. 150

question

c

answer

The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) yields an overall intelligence score as well as separate verbal and performance (nonverbal) scores. The WAIS is best able to tell us a. what part of an individual's intelligence is determined by genetic inheritance b. whether the test-taker will succeed in a job c. how the test-taker compares with other adults in vocabulary and arithmetic reasoning d. whether the test-taker has specific skills for music and the performing arts

question

b

answer

The Stanford-Binet, the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, and the Weschler Intelligence Scale for Children are known to have very high reliability (about +.9). This means that a. a pretest has been given to a representative sample b. the test yields consistent results, for example on retesting c. the test measures what it is supposed to measure d. the results of the test will predict future behavior, such as college grades or success in business.

question

heritability

answer

the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes. The heritability of a trait may vary, depending on the range of populations and environments studied

question

stereotype threat

answer

a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype

question

a

answer

The strongest support for heredity's influence on intelligence is the finding that a. identical twins, but not other siblings, have nearly identical intelligence test scores b. the correlation between intelligence test scores of fraternal twins is higher than that for other siblings. c. mental similarities between adopted siblings increase with age d. children in impoverished families have similar intelligence scores

question

c

answer

To say that heritability of intelligence is about 50 percent means that 50 percent of a. an individual's intelligence is due to genetic factors b. the similarities between men and women are attributable to genes c. the variation in intelligence within a group of people is attributable to genetic factors d. intelligence is due to mother's genes and the rest is due to the father's genes.

question

c

answer

The environmental influence that has the clearest, most profound effect on intellectual development is a. being enrolled in a head start program b. growing up in an economically disadvantaged home or neighborhood c. being raised in conditions of extreme deprivation d. being an identical twin

question

b

answer

Because she has oversight responsibility for the servicing and repair of her company's fleet of cars, Rhonda frequently calls the garage mechanic to inquire whether service on various cars has been completed. Because service completion times are unpredictable, she is likely to be reinforced with positive responses to her inquiries on a ________ schedule. a.fixed-interval b.variable-interval c.fixed-ratio d.variable-ratio

question

c

answer

Airline frequent flyer programs that reward customers with a free flight after every 50,000 miles of travel illustrate the use of a ________ schedule of reinforcement. a.fixed-interva b.variable-interval c.fixed-ratio d.variable-ratio

question

c

answer

If the onset of a light reliably signals the onset of food, a rat in a Skinner box will work to turn on the light. In this case, the light is a ________ reinforcer. a.partial b.primary c.conditioned d.delayed

question

c

answer

The predictability of an association between a CS and a US facilitates an organism's ability to anticipate the occurrence of the US. This fact is most likely to be highlighted by a ________ perspective. a.biological b.behaviorist c.cognitive d.social-cultural

question

a

answer

Conditioning seldom occurs when a ________ comes after a(n) ________. a.CS; US b.UR; CS c.secondary reinforcer; operant behavior d.negative reinforcer; operant behavior

question

b

answer

Punishment ________ the rate of operant responding, and negative reinforcement ________ the rate of operant responding. a.increases; decreases b.decreases; increases c.decreases; decreases d.has no effect on; has no effect on

question

b

answer

Which pioneering learning researcher highlighted the antisocial effects of aggressive models on children's behavior? a.Watson b.Bandura c.Pavlov d.Skinner

question

c

answer

An empathic husband who observes his wife in pain will exhibit some of the brain activity she is showing. This best illustrates the functioning of a.cognitive maps. b.spontaneous recovery. c.mirror neurons. d.the law of effect.

question

c

answer

A pigeon receives food for pecking a key, but only rarely and on unpredictable occasions. This best illustrates a.generalization. b.latent learning. c.partial reinforcement. d.higher-order conditioning.

question

b

answer

Matt regularly buckles his seat belt simply because it turns off the car's irritating warning buzzer. This best illustrates the value of a.respondent behavior. b.negative reinforcement. c.secondary reinforcement. d.spontaneous recovery.

question

b

answer

After being bitten by his neighbor's dog, Miguel experienced fear at the sight of that dog but not at the sight of other dogs. This best illustrates the process of a.extinction. b.discrimination. c.conditioned reinforcement. d.latent learning.

question

c

answer

You repeatedly hear a tone just before having a puff of air directed to your eye. Blinking to the tone presented without an air puff is a a.UR. b.US. c.CR. d.CS.

question

c

answer

If you have a "frightening experience" immediately after hearing a strange sound, your fear may be aroused when you hear that sound again. This best illustrates a.generalization. b.spontaneous recovery. c.classical conditioning. d.the law of effect.

question

c

answer

If you have a "frightening experience" immediately after hearing a strange sound, your fear may be aroused when you hear that sound again. This best illustrates a.generalization. b.spontaneous recovery. c.classical conditioning. d.the law of effect.

question

d

answer

Researchers condition a flatworm to contract when exposed to light by repeatedly pairing the light with electric shock. The electric shock is a(n) a.negative reinforcer. b.conditioned stimulus. c.conditioned reinforcer. d.unconditioned stimulus.

question

c

answer

You repeatedly hear a tone just before having a puff of air directed to your eye. Blinking to the tone presented without an air puff is a a.UR. b.US. c.CR. d.CS.

question

a

answer

Months after she was raped, Courtney's heart pounds with fear merely at the sight of the place in which she was attacked. The location of her attack is most likely a(n) ________ for Courtney's anxiety. a.conditioned stimulus b.negative reinforcer c.unconditioned stimulus d.partial reinforcer

question

b

answer

After being bitten by his neighbor's dog, Miguel experienced fear at the sight of that dog but not at the sight of other dogs. This best illustrates the process of a.extinction. b.discrimination. c.conditioned reinforcement. d.latent learning.

question

b

answer

If you get violently ill a couple of hours after eating contaminated food, you will probably develop an aversion to the taste of that food but not to the sight of the restaurant where you ate or to the sound of the music you heard there. This best illustrates that associative learning is constrained by a.the violence-viewing effect. b.biological predispositions. c.conditioned reinforcers. d.the law of effect.

question

c

answer

If children get attention from their parents for doing cartwheels, they will repeat the trick in anticipation of more attention. This best illustrates a.spontaneous recovery. b.respondent behavior. c.operant conditioning. d.latent learning.

question

b

answer

Matt regularly buckles his seat belt simply because it turns off the car's irritating warning buzzer. This best illustrates the value of a.respondent behavior. b.negative reinforcement. c.secondary reinforcement. d.spontaneous recovery.

question

d

answer

A word of praise is to a soothing back rub as ________ is to ________. a.delayed reinforcer; immediate reinforcer b.operant conditioning;classical conditioning c.partial reinforcement; continuous reinforcement d.conditioned reinforcer; primary reinforcer

question

c

answer

A pigeon receives food for pecking a key, but only rarely and on unpredictable occasions. This best illustrates a.generalization. b.latent learning. c.partial reinforcement. d.higher-order conditioning.

question

d

answer

For professional baseball players, swinging at a pitched ball is reinforced with a home run on a ________ schedule. a.fixed-interval b.variable-interval c.fixed-ratio d.variable-ratio

question

a

answer

During a typical morning, Colin checks the clock frequently before being reinforced with confirmation that the time for his regularly scheduled lunch break has arrived. In this case, Colin's behavior is reinforced on a ________ schedule. a.fixed-interval b.variable interval c.fixed-ratio d.variable-ratio

question

d

answer

To reduce the personally harmful behavior of some self-destructive children, therapists have squirted water in their faces whenever they bite themselves. The squirt of water is a a.conditioned reinforcer. b.negative reinforcer. c.primary reinforcer. d.punishment.

question

d

answer

In attempting to find and purchase high-quality cosmetics, Megan reminds herself that the most expensive brands are the best. Megan's self-reminder illustrates the use of a.an algorithm. b.confirmation bias. c.framing. d.a heuristic.

question

c

answer

Because he erroneously believes that older workers are not as motivated as younger workers to work hard, a factory foreman is especially vigilant for any signs of laziness among his senior workers. His supervision strategy best illustrates a.the availability heuristic. b.the framing effect. c.confirmation bias. d.the representativeness heuristic.

question

d

answer

A defense attorney emphasizes to a jury that her client works full-time, supports his family, and enjoys leisure-time hobbies. Although none of this information is relevant to the trial, it is designed to make the defendant appear to be a typical member of the local community. The lawyer is most clearly seeking to take advantage of a.confirmation bias. b.algorithms. c.belief perseverance. d.the representativeness heuristic.

question

a

answer

Prompt feedback regarding your performance on psychology practice tests is most likely to inhibit a.overconfidence. b.the framing effect. c.the representativeness heuristic. d.linguistic determinism.

question

b

answer

When her professor failed to recognize that Judy had her hand raised for a question, Judy began to think her professor was unfriendly. Although she subsequently learned that the professor's limited vision kept him from seeing her raised hand, she continued thinking the professor was unfriendly. Judy's reaction best illustrates a.the framing effect. b.belief perseverance. c.confirmation bias. d.category hierarchies.

question

d

answer

Vocal sounds that are not included in one's native language first begin to disappear from usage during the ________ stage of language development. a.one-word b.two-word c.telegraphic d.babbling

question

c

answer

Which language theorist would have been most likely to emphasize that children master the rule for forming the past tense of regular verbs like "push" before they learn common past tense constructions of irregular verbs like "go"? a.Skinner b.Whorf c.Chomsky d.Tversky

question

a

answer

During a lecture, your professor says, "A child learns language as he interacts with caregivers." This generic use of the pronoun he is more likely to trigger images of males than of females. This best illustrates the impact of a.language on thinking. b.fixation on problem solving. c.telegraphic speech on universal grammar. d.insight on decision making.

question

a

answer

Pigeons can reliably discriminate pictures of cars from pictures of chairs. This best illustrates their capacity to develop a.concepts. b.syntax. c.heuristics. d.algorithms.

question

d

answer

Which procedure is used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie people's intelligence scores? a.standardization b.validation c.heritability estimates d.factor analysis

question

d

answer

When Phoebe strongly disagrees with her sister's opinion, she effectively controls her own anger and responds with empathy to her sister's frustration regarding their dispute. Her behavior best illustrates a.factor analysis. b.analytic intelligence. c.divergent thinking. d.emotional intelligence.

question

d

answer

An 8-year-old who responded to the original Stanford-Binet with the proficiency of an average 10-year-old was said to have an IQ of a.80. b.100. c.110. d.125.

question

a

answer

When retested on the WAIS, people's second scores generally match their first scores quite closely. This indicates that the test has a high degree of a.reliability. b.content validity. c.heritability. d.predictive validity.

question

b

answer

Increasing years of schooling over the last half century have most likely contributed to a.stereotype threat. b.the Flynn effect. c.the normal curve. d.neural plasticity.

question

d

answer

Women have been found to score lower on math tests when they are tested alongside men. This best illustrates the impact of a.the Flynn effect. b.intrinsic motivation. b.intrinsic motivation. d.stereotype threat.

question

b

answer

We more quickly recognize that a blue jay is a bird than that a penguin is a bird because a blue jay more closely resembles our ________ of a bird. a.heuristic b.prototype c.algorithm d.fixation

question

c

answer

To find Tabasco sauce in a large grocery store, you could systematically search every shelf in every store aisle. This best illustrates problem solving by means of a.the availability heuristic. b.factor analysis. c.an algorithm. d.the representativeness heuristic.

question

a

answer

Students are more likely to choose a condom that is said to be effective when informed that it has a 95 percent success rate than when told it has a 5 percent failure rate. This best illustrates the impact of a.framing. b.confirmation bias. c.belief perseverance. d.the representativeness heuristic.

question

b

answer

Using different words for two very similar objects enables people to recognize conceptual distinctions between the objects. This illustrates a.telegraphic speech. b.linguistic determination. c.fixation. d.the representativeness heuristic.

question

d

answer

Although diagnosed with autism and hardly able to speak coherently, 18-year-old Andrew can produce intricate and detailed drawings of scenes he has viewed only once. Andrew illustrates a condition known as a.g factor. b.Down syndrome. c.emotional intelligence. d.savant syndrome.

question

a

answer

Superior performance on the Stanford-Binet most clearly corresponds with Sternberg's concept of a.analytical intelligence. b.emotional intelligence. c.creative intelligence. d.practical intelligence.

question

d

answer

The extent to which differences in intelligence among a group of people are attributable to genetic factors is known as the ______ of intelligence. a.standardization b.factor analysis c.predictive validity d.heritability

question

a

answer

Girls are likely to outperform boys in a a.spelling bee. b.math problem-solving test. c.computer-programming contest. d.chess tournament.

question

d

answer

The easier it is for people to remember an instance in which they were betrayed by a friend, the more they expect such an event to recur. This best illustrates the impact of a.framing. b.the representativeness heuristic. c.insight. d.the availability heuristic.

question

c

answer

Professor Chadwick evaluated a graduate student's research proposal negatively simply because he had heard a rumor about the student's incompetence. When later informed that the rumor had been patently false, the professor's assessment of the student's research proposal remained almost as negative as it was originally. This best illustrates a.the representativeness heuristic. b.the availability heuristic. c.belief perseverance. d.framing.

question

b

answer

Mary's bathroom scale always overstates people's actual weight by exactly six pounds. The scale has ________ reliability and ________ validity. a.low; high b.high; low c.low; low d.high; high

question

b

answer

The principles of learning emphasized by B. F. Skinner are most helpful in explaining why children a.generate sentences they have never heard. b.add new words to their vocabulary. c.develop language through a uniform sequence of stages. d.use mostly verbs rather than nouns when they first begin speaking.

question

c

answer

University students who focus on the interest and challenge of their schoolwork rather than on simply meeting deadlines and securing good grades are especially likely to demonstrate a.emotional intelligence. b.creativity. c.reliability. d.convergent thinking.

question

memory

answer

process by which we collect prior experiences, information and skills

question

episodic memory

answer

a specific event. ex. Last Christmas, Birthday

question

flashbulb memory

answer

a very special episodic even with many details

question

generic memory

answer

general knowledge

question

procedural memory

answer

skills, procedures you have learned

question

Encoding

answer

traslting information into a form in which it can be stored

question

context-dependent memory

answer

the situation, place you were in when the memory was created, encoded

question

application

answer

take witnesses back to the crime scene, tests in the same room you learn in

question

state-dependent memory

answer

memories are recalled more easily when you are in the same emotional state as when you first encoded the memory

question

Tip-of-the-tongue Phenomenon

answer

trying to record unorganized or incomplete memories

question

activity

answer

the importance of organization in storage

question

iconic memory

answer

"snapshot" that lasts a split second

question

eidetic memory

answer

"photographic" extremely rare

question

echoic memory

answer

sound memories, held several seconds

question

short-term memory

answer

"working memory" about 20 seconds

question

primacy effect

answer

tendency to recall first items in a list

question

recency effect

answer

tendency to recall last items in a list

question

chunking

answer

breaking information into small units

question

interference

answer

new information replaces what is already in fhort-term memory

question

schemas

answer

ideas that help you organize information

question

recognition

answer

identfying objects or events that have been encountered before, Henry Bahrick study, 1975

question

recall

answer

to reconstruct a memory in your mind

question

relearning

answer

we relearn previously learned material very quickly

question

decay

answer

fading away of memory

question

repression

answer

we push memories out of our conciousness

question

amnesia

answer

severe loss due to brain injury, shock, fatigue, illness, repression

question

infantile amnesia

answer

we seldom remember events before the age of three

question

anterograde amnesia

answer

memory loss from trauma that prevents forming new memories

question

retrograde amnesia

answer

loss of memory of events prior to a traumatic event

question

encoding failure

answer

After suffering a brain injury in a motorcycle accident, Adam cannot form new memories. He can, however, remember his life experiences before the accident. Adam's memory difficulty most clearly illustrates

question

effortful processing

answer

The extensive rehearsal necessary to encode nonsense syllables best illustrates

question

the serial position effect

answer

At a block party, Cyndi is introduced to eight new neighbors. Moments later, she can only remember the names of the first three and last two neighbors. Her experience illustrates

question

semantic encoding

answer

Although Jordan could not recall the exact words of a poem he had recently heard, he clearly remembered the meaning of the poem. This best illustrates the importance of

question

acoustic encoding

answer

It is easier to remember "what sobriety conceals, alcohol reveals" than to recall "what sobriety conceals, alcohol unmasks." This best illustrates the value of

question

a mnemonic device

answer

Employing the single word "HOMES" to remember the names of North America's five Great Lakes best illustrates the use of

question

long-term potentiation

answer

believed to be the synaptic basis for learning and memory

question

amygdala

answer

Memories of emotional events are especially likely to be facilitated by activation of the

question

explicit memory and implicit memory

answer

Mr. Nydam suffers amnesia and is unable to remember playing golf on a particular course. Yet the more he plays the course, the more his game improves. His experience illustrates the need to distinguish between

question

recognition

answer

A measure of your memory in which you need to pick the correctly learned answer from a displayed list of options is known as a measure of

question

retrieval cues

answer

The happier Judie is, the more readily she recalls experiences with former teachers who were warm and generous. This best illustrates that emotional states can be

question

proactive interference

answer

During her evening Spanish language exam, Janica so easily remembers the French vocabulary she studied that morning that she finds it difficult to recall the Spanish vocabulary she rehearsed that afternoon. Her difficulty best illustrates

question

repression

answer

Mrs. McBride can't consciously recall how frequently she criticizes her children because it would be too anxiety-arousing to do so. Sigmund Freud would have suggested that her poor memory illustrates

question

the misinformation effect

answer

After Teresa was verbally threatened by someone in a passing car, she was questioned as to whether she recognized the man who was driving the car. Several hours later, Teresa mistakenly recalled that the driver was a male rather than a female. Teresa's experience best illustrates

question

source amnesia

answer

Recalling something that you had once merely imagined happening as something you had directly experienced best illustrates

question

flashbulb

answer

Many people can easily recall exactly what they were doing when they heard the news of the 9/11 terrorist tragedy. This best illustrates ________ memory.

question

automatic processing

answer

When you hear familiar words in your native language, it is virtually impossible not to register the meanings of the words. This best illustrates the importance of

question

rehearsal

answer

An understanding of the spacing effect provides insight into effective strategies for

question

semantic encoding

answer

Ebbinghaus observed that it is much easier to learn meaningful material than to learn nonsense material. This best illustrates the advantage of

question

visual encoding

answer

The method of loci relies heavily on the use of

question

chunking

answer

The combination of individual letters into familiar words enables you to remember more of the letters in this sentence. This best illustrates the value of

question

short-term

answer

When you have to make a long-distance call, dialing an unfamiliar area code plus a seven-digit number, you are likely to have trouble retaining the just-looked-up number. This best illustrates the limited capacity of ________ memory.

question

a conditioned fear of guns

answer

Which of the following is most likely to be stored as an implicit memory? a. a mental image of one's best friend b. the date of one's own birth c. a conditioned fear of guns d. one's own name

question

hippocampus

answer

Certain patients with amnesia are incapable of recalling activities, yet they can be conditioned to blink their eyes in response to a specific sound. They have most likely suffered damage to the

question

priming

answer

In an effort to recall his early life experiences, Aaron formed vivid mental images of the various rooms in his childhood home. Aaron was engaging in the process of

question

mood-congruent memory

answer

Whenever Valerie experiences intense feelings of fear, she is overwhelmed with childhood memories of her abusive parents. Valerie's experience best illustrates

question

retrieval failure

answer

While taking the final exam in her American history class, Marie was surprised and frustrated by her momentary inability to remember the name of the first president of the United States. Her difficulty most clearly illustrates

question

motivated forgetting

answer

Although Ron typically smokes two packs of cigarettes a day, he recalls smoking little more than a pack a day. This poor memory best illustrates

question

memory contruction

answer

The surprising ease with which people form false memories best illustrates that the processes of encoding and retrieval involve

question

source amnesia

answer

Several months after watching a science fiction movie about spaceship travel and alien abductions, Steve began to remember that he had been abducted by aliens and personally subjected to many of the horrors portrayed in the movie. His mistaken recall best illustrates

question

memory

answer

the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information.

question

recall

answer

a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test.

question

recognition

answer

a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test.

question

relearning

answer

learning something more quickly when you learn it a second or later time.

question

encoding

answer

the processing of information into the memory system—for example, by extracting meaning.

question

storage

answer

the retention of encoded information over time.

question

retrieval

answer

the process of getting information out of memory storage.

question

sensory memory

answer

the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system.

question

short-term memory

answer

activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten.

question

long-term memory

answer

the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system; includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.

question

classic 3-stage memory forming process

answer

Record to-be-remembered information as a fleeting sensory memory; 2. Process information into short-term memory, where we encode it through rehearsal; 3. Information moves into long-term memory for later retrieval.

question

updated 3-stage memory forming process

answer

includes automatic processing; uses term "working memory" in lieu "short-term memory".

question

automatic processing

answer

unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings; how some information slips into long-term memory via a "back door," without our consciously attending to it.

question

working memory

answer

a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory; more than just a temporary shelf for holding incoming information.

question

central executive

answer

hypothetical manager of working memory that focuses attention and pulls information from long-term memory to help make sense of new information.

question

explicit memories

answer

memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare"; also called declarative memory.

question

effortful processing

answer

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.

question

implicit memory

answer

retention independent of conscious recollection; also called nondeclarative memory;

question

automatic processing

answer

occurs with matter of space, time, and frequency.

question

iconic memory

answer

a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second.

question

echoic memory

answer

a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds.

question

capacity of short-term memory

answer

7+/-2 (Miller); 7 digits, 6 letters, 5 words.

question

12 seconds

answer

lifespan of short-term memories.

question

working memory capacity

answer

varies, esp. by age - young adults are best at multi-tasking; reflects intelligence level.

question

chunking

answer

organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically.

question

mnemonics

answer

memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.

question

peg-word system

answer

memorize this jingle an then use visual imagery to associate items with each "peg": one is a bun; two is a shoe; three is a tree; four is a door; five is a hive; six is sticks; seven is heaven; eight is a gate; nine is swine; ten is a hen.

question

hierarchies

answer

dividing up broad concepts which are then divided into narrower concepts and facts; helps us retrieve information efficiently.

question

spacing effect

answer

the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice.

question

massed practice

answer

cramming; poor retention rates.

question

distributed practice

answer

when encoding is distributed over time; best shot at retention.

question

testing effect

answer

enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply reading, information; also sometimes referred to as a retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning.

question

shallow processing

answer

encoding on a basic level based on structure or appearance of words; tends to yield least retention.

question

deep processing

answer

encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention.

question

memory mismatches

answer

occur when we encode something different from what reality; results in recall errors.

question

rephrasing info into meaningful terms

answer

strategy for avoiding memory mismatches.

question

self-reference effect

answer

information deemed "relevant to me" is processed more deeply and remains more accessible.

question

brain simulation "memories"

answer

invented, not relived, flashbacks;

question

rat brain removal

answer

rat never fully unlearned maze even when parts of brain were removed; proves that memories do not "live" discrete, precise locations.

question

frontal lobes and hippocampus

answer

brain network that processes and stores your explicit memories.

question

left front lobe recall ex.

answer

password

question

right frontal lobe recall ex.

answer

visual scene

question

hippocampus

answer

a neural center located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage; "save" button for explicit memories; memories NOT permanently stored here (archived elsewhere).

question

left hippocampus damage

answer

people have trouble remembering verbal information, but they have no trouble recalling visual designs and locations.

question

right hippocampus damage

answer

people have trouble recalling visual designs and locations, but they have no trouble remembering verbal information.

question

rear hippocampus

answer

processes spatial memory.

question

sleep

answer

sleep supports memory consolidation; during deep sleep, the hippocampus processes memories for later retrieval.

question

cerebellum

answer

plays a key role in forming and storing the implicit memories created by classical conditioning; req'd by implicit memories; why TBI patient couldn't remember doc from day to day, but did recoil from handshake when he pricked her hand with a tack during the previous day's handshake.

question

basal ganglia

answer

deep brain structures involved in motor movement, facilitate formation of our procedural memories for skills (like riding a bike).

question

infantile amnesia

answer

our conscious memory of our first three years is blank; due to how we index much of our explicit memory using words that nonspeaking children have not learned and how hippocampus is one of the last brain structures to mature.

question

explicit memory formation

answer

frontal lobes and hippocampus

question

implicit memory formation

answer

cerebellum and basal ganglia

question

emotion-related memory formation

answer

amygdala

question

amygdala

answer

two limbic system, emotion-processing clusters.

question

flashbulb memory

answer

a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event (like 9/11); Stronger emotional experiences make for stronger, more reliable memories.

question

long-term potentiation (LTP)

answer

an increase in a cell's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation; believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory.

question

aplysia experiment

answer

conditioning experiment in which researchers realized a sea slug releases more of the neurotransmitter serotonin onto certain neurons when learning occurs; these released-upon cells then become more efficient at transmitting signals.

question

glutamate

answer

neurotransmitter that enhances LTP.

question

CREB

answer

protein that enhances LTP.

question

propranolol

answer

blocks memory post trauma and prevents stress disorder

question

retention measures

answer

recall, recognition, and relearning speed

question

recognition memory

answer

quick and vast

question

overlearning

answer

Additional rehearsal of verbal information that increases retention, especially when practice is distributed over time.

question

we remember more than...

answer

... we can recall!

question

recall ?s

answer

short-answer or fill-in-the-blank self-test questions

question

recognition ?s

answer

multiple-choice questions

question

retrieval cues

answer

when you encode into memory a target piece of information, such as the name of the person sitting next to you in class, you associate with it other bits of information about your surroundings, mood, seating position, and so on; these bits can serve as retrieval cues; more cues, better chance of retrieval.

question

priming

answer

the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response; the memoryless memory.

question

priming ex.

answer

how we are more like to perceive "hare" instead of "hair" after being shown an image of a rabbit.

question

context-dependent memory ex.

answer

getting up to sharpen pencil but can't remember what set out to do when you enter a new room; scuba divers remembering better underwater b/c that is where their learning took place.

question

context-dependent memory

answer

putting yourself back in the context where you experienced something can prime your memory retrieval; can improve recall.

question

state-dependent memory

answer

what we learn in one state—be it drunk or sober—may be more easily recalled when we are again in that state.

question

state-dependent memory ex.

answer

can't find money hid while drunk unless get drunk again.

question

mood congruent memory

answer

the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood; explains why our moods persist b/c we lock in a priming cycle.

question

mood congruent memory ex.

answer

bad mood primes negative memories.

question

serial position effect

answer

our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list.

question

recency effect

answer

ability to briefly recall the last items especially quickly and well.

question

primacy effect

answer

how recall is best for the first items once recency effect subsides.

question

forgetting pros

answer

lets us get rid of useless memories and make room for new ones; helps thinking abstractly—generalizing, organizing, evaluating.

question

anterograde amnesia

answer

an inability to form new memories; can be classically conditioned; they can learn how to do something, but they will have no conscious recall of learning their new skill.

question

retrograde amnesia

answer

an inability to retrieve information from one's past.

question

forgetting causes

answer

encoding failure; storage decay; retrieval failure

question

forgetting curve

answer

the course of forgetting is initially rapid, then levels off with time; speaks to storage decay.

question

storage decay

answer

the fading of memories; happens on a curve.

question

tip-of-the-tongue forgetting

answer

retrieval failure; e.g., when a name is on the tip of your tongue, just beyond reach.

question

sources of retrieval failure

answer

tip-of-tongue, interference, and motivated forgetting.

question

proactive interference

answer

the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information; aka forward-acting interference.

question

retroactive interference

answer

the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information; aka backward-acting interference.

question

interference

answer

how to do with memory clutter; can be proactive or retroactive.

question

proactive interference ex.

answer

if you buy a new combination lock, your memory of the old combination may interfere.

question

retroactive interference ex.

answer

tai chai latte v. chai tea latte

question

the hour before sleep

answer

good time to commit information to memory.

question

positive transfer

answer

when previously learned information often facilitates our learning of new information.

question

positive transfer ex.

answer

how knowing latin helps you learn french.

question

repression

answer

in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness; may happen, but probably with neutral NOT traumatic memories.

question

reconsolidation

answer

every time we "replay" a memory, we replace the original with a slightly modified version.

question

misinformation effect

answer

incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event.

question

imagination inflation

answer

even repeatedly imagining nonexistent actions and events can create false memories; the more vividly we can imagine things, the more likely they are to become memories.

question

imagination and misinformation effect

answer

occur partly because visualizing something and actually perceiving it activate similar brain areas.

question

source amnesia

answer

attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined; aka source misattribution.

question

deja vu

answer

that eerie sense that "I've experienced this before"; cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience.

question

memory construction

answer

process that is highly subject to error; unreal memories feel like real memories.

question

false memories

answer

can be created using suggestive interviewing technique; b/c frontal lobes have not matured or are declining, children and old people most susceptible to

question

recovered memories

answer

cued by a remark or an experience, we all recover memories of long-forgotten events, both pleasant and unpleasant; Memories that surface naturally are more likely to be verified.

question

letting go of abuse memories

answer

more likely when: the experience, when it occurred, was strange, uncomfortable, and confusing, rather than severely traumatic; the abuse happened once or only a few times; victims have not spent time thinking about the abuse, either because of their own resilience or because no reminders are available.

question

theory of mind.

answer

Four-year-old Katie observed Maggie, two years younger, begin to cry when she fell down. Katie immediately ran over to Maggie and patted her on the back and told her everything would be alright. She even began to cry herself. Katie's ability to infer Maggie's mental and emotional state is an example of:

question

mirror neurons

answer

Studies show that a significant number of children who are victims of child abuse become child abusers themselves. This unfortunate tendency is learned through observational learning and the area of the brain that models this behavior involves the _____.

question

Observational learning

answer

Lana is in dental school and is learning the correct way to take an X-ray of the mouth. Her instructor first shows the class a video that demonstrates the proper procedures for taking an X-ray and then demonstrates these same procedures using Lana as a "patient." Lana and her class are learning how to take an X-ray of patients' teeth through the use of _____.

question

mirror neurons.

answer

In a study conducted by Singer et al. (2004) that utilized an fMRI, the pain imagined by an empathic romantic partner triggered some of the same brain activity experienced by the loved one actually having the pain. This study demonstrated that empathy is a function of:

question

Enviornmental

answer

Monkeys who were reared apart from their mothers and exposed to high levels of aggression showed greater aggression as adults. This is evidence for the _____ transmission of aggression.

question

Our brain's mirror neurons underlie our intensely social nature.

answer

Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding the function of mirror neurons?

question

Modeling

answer

Four-year-old Mia watched her mother sing while she was brushing her hair. The next day Mia's mother saw Mia singing while brushing her dog. Mia was _____ her mother's behavior that she acquired through observational learning.

question

imitation; desensitization

answer

The violence-viewing effect, with respect to television viewing, seems to stem from at least two factors: _____ and _____.

question

Frontal Lobe

answer

Mirror neurons are found in the brain's _____ and are believed to be the neural basis for observational learning

question

Albert Bandura; observational learning

answer

The famous Bobo doll research was conducted by _____ and showed the power of _____.

question

much more likely

answer

In Bandura's experiment, compared to children not exposed to the adult model, those who observed the model's aggressive outburst were _____ to lash out at the doll.

question

negative reinforcement.

answer

Michael is busy with the work project that he brought home. His son wants him to put a movie in the DVD player. Michael tells him to wait 10 minutes; however, his son whines and complains so much that Michael decides to put the movie in right now. This best illustrates the value of:

question

learning that is not demonstrated until one is motivated to perform the behavior.

answer

Latent learning is:

question

Robert Rescorla

answer

In a 1972 classical conditioning study, _____ showed that an animal can learn the predictability of an event.

question

survival

answer

According to Darwin's principle of natural selection and Garcia's later work, taste aversions increase the likelihood of _____ in humans and other animals.

question

instinctive drift.

answer

Juan easily taught his cat to jump through a hoop for the reward of food, but could not get his cat to fetch a ball and return the ball to him. The cat would chase the ball but use his paws to roll the ball so he could chase the ball again. The reason the cat had difficulties with fetching the ball was because of:

question

Generalization

answer

In Laurie's psychology laboratory she and her lab partner conditioned a rat to press a lever for food when a red light was on, but discovered that the rat would also press the lever when a white light was on. Laurie and her partner reported that the rat had exhibited.

question

biological predispositions.

answer

If you get violently ill a couple of hours after eating contaminated food, you will probably develop an aversion to the taste of that food but not to the sight of the restaurant where you ate or to the sound of the music you heard there. This best illustrates that associative learning is constrained by:

question

reward Jamal for not interrupting her during a phone call.

answer

Whenever Tamika tries to talk on the telephone, her 10-year-old son Jamal repeatedly interrupts her. If Tamika wanted to use operant conditioning principles to successfully alleviate the behavior, the most efficient response would be to:

question

Variable

answer

Jack finds it extremely difficult to pull himself away from the blackjack table. He keeps thinking he will break even as the next hand will be his winning one. This is a(n) _____-ratio schedule

question

operant conditioning.

answer

At work, there is a vending machine that gives extra candy bars when you select either the "a" or "b" choices. You continue to frequent this machine regularly. This best illustrates:

question

latent learning.

answer

Learning that is not immediately demonstrated in overt behavior is called:

question

Mark is reinforced for working quietly in class instead of being punished for disrupting class.

answer

According to B. F. Skinner, which of the following alternatives to punishment represents the best method for reducing an undesirable behavior?

question

fixed-interval

answer

During a typical morning, Colin will check the clock more frequently as the time for his regularly scheduled lunch break approaches. In this case, Colin's clock-checking behavior is reinforced on a _____ schedule.

question

biological preparedness

answer

Psychologist John Garcia found that rats did not learn to associate a taste with flashing lights and noise. However, rats do learn to associate a taste with getting ill. Which of the following concepts best accounts for this observation?

question

Parents should express their anger by yelling at the girl.

answer

According to operant conditioning principles, which of the following would NOT be recommended when dealing with a young girl who is resistant to going to school every morning

question

red

answer

In a series of experiments conducted by Elliot and Niesta (2008) in which subjects were shown photographs of women that controlled for other factors (such as the brightness of the image), men (but not women) found women more attractive and sexually desirable when framed in the color:

question

thoughts

answer

B.F. Skinner believed that external influences, not _____, shape animal and human behavior.

question

guide an organism to exhibit a complex behavior using successive approximations.

answer

Shaping is a method used by Skinner to:

question

Keller and Marian Breland

answer

The idea that an animal's natural behavior patterns did not matter and had little or no effect on the effectiveness of operant conditioning principles was challenged by research conducted by _____.

question

operant conditioning

answer

The cognitive processes in _____ involve the organism developing an expectation that a response will be reinforced or punished with or without reinforcement.

question

Operant; respondent

answer

_____ behavior operates on the environment, whereas _____ behavior occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus.

question

classical

answer

Lightning is associated with thunder and regularly precedes it. Thus, when we see lightning, we often anticipate that we will hear thunder soon afterward. This is an example of _____ conditioning.

question

Conditioned response

answer

Jane had leukemia as a child and had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. The chemotherapy always made her nauseous. As she underwent a year of treatment, the waiting room started to make her nauseous. The nausea from the waiting room is the classical conditioning principle called the _____.

question

He will experience the craving for drugs when in these situations due to classical conditioning.

answer

Tyler has just been released from a drug rehabilitation center where he was treated for heroin addiction. His therapist recommended that he stay away from old drug-related associates and places where he used the drug. Studies show this is a wise recommendation. Why?

question

unconditioned stimulus.

answer

Jane had leukemia as a child and had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. The chemotherapy always made her nauseous. As she underwent a year of treatment, the waiting room started to make her nauseous. The chemotherapy is the:

question

the bee sting

answer

Marshall takes his 1-year-old son, Marcus, out for a walk. Marcus reaches over to touch a red ﬂower and is stung by a bumblebee sitting on the petals. The next day, Marcus's mother brings home some red ﬂowers. She removes a ﬂower from the arrangement and takes it over for her baby to smell. Marcus cries loudly as soon as he sees it. According to the principles of classical conditioning, what is the unconditioned stimulus in this example?

question

repeated pairing of coffee with the immune enhancing drug

answer

According to Ader and Cohen (1985) classical conditioning even works on the body's disease-fighting immune system. According to this research which of the following would be the most likely to produce this response?

question

operant conditioning

answer

If Jamal wanted to train his dog to sit and lay down when he commanded the behavior, which of the following types of conditioning should he utilize to train his dog?

question

lemonade with the immune-enhancing drug

answer

Researchers have found that classical conditioning can be used to produce an immune response in patients. Of the following pairings, which would be the most likely to produce this response?

question

Crying

answer

Marshall takes his 1-year-old son, Marcus, out for a walk. Marcus reaches over to touch a red ﬂower and is stung by a bumblebee sitting on the petals. The next day, Marcus's mother brings home some red ﬂowers. She removes a ﬂower from the arrangement and takes it over for her baby to smell. Marcus cries loudly as soon as he sees it. According to the principles of classical conditioning, the conditioned response is the _____.

question

habitual

answer

John just started his vacation from work and scheduled a tee time with friends to play golf Monday morning. On Monday morning he started driving his car to work instead of the golf course. Driving his car to work instead of the golf course is an example of _____ behavior.

question

Objective

answer

One of Pavlov's major contributions to the field of psychology was to show how psychology could be based on _____ methods.

question

Conditioned Response

answer

Pavlov noticed that dogs began salivating at the mere sight of the person who regularly brought food to them. For the dogs, the sight of this person had become a(n) _____.

question

Observational

answer

Jim and Laurie hosted some friends over for a cook-out. One of the visiting couples had a 3-year old daughter, Bethany, who was playing with Jim and Laurie's 3-year-old-daughter, Kirsten. While the food was being set out Bethany noticed some cookies were being placed on the table and requested a cookie. Bethany's parents refused, which caused Bethany to throw a tantrum. Bethany's parents gave her a cookie so she would stop the tantrum. All of this took place while Kirsten was watching. The next day Jim and Laurie were preparing dinner and Kirsten requested a cookie and she was told she could have a cookie, but not until after dinner. Kirsten then proceeded to throw a tantrum, which she had never done before. Kirsten's behavior is an example of _____ learning.

question

fear of the white rat

answer

In Watson and Rayner's experiment with Little Albert the _____ was the conditioned response (CR).

question

association; imitation

answer

Classical and operant conditioning involves learning through _____, whereas observational learning involves learning through _____.

question

the discipline of psychology could be based on objective laboratory methods.

answer

One of Pavlov's major contributions to the field of psychology was to show how

question

unconditioned response (UR)

answer

In classical conditioning, this is the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth.

question

Selective attention

answer

Change blindness is an example of _____.

question

Melatonin

answer

When light dims, it increases the human body's production of _____, the hormone associated with sleep

question

night terrors

answer

Which sleep disorder is most likely to be accompanied by sleepwalking and sleep talking?

question

Selective Attention

answer

The fact that drivers detect traffic signals more slowly if they are also conversing on a cell phone illustrates the impact of _____.

question

hypnagogic sensations

answer

Shortly after going to bed, some people claim to have been abducted by space aliens. These people commonly recall floating off their beds. It is most likely that they have incorporated _____ into their memories.

question

A researcher can tell that Julie is looking at a telephone based on cortical activation patterns.

answer

Based on research from cognitive neuroscience, which scenario is true?

question

REM Sleep

answer

When Maria goes into the bedroom to check on the child she is babysitting, she observes that his eyes are rapidly moving back and forth rapidly under his eyelids. The baby is also lying very still. It is likely that he is experiencing _____.

question

the cocktail party effect.

answer

You are at a large party with lots of music and conversations going on simultaneously. While talking to a friend of yours about their latest romantic break-up, you hear your name spoken from the other side of the room. You immediately look in the direction of the voice to see the person who spoke your name while conversing with another person. Your ability to detect your name being spoken in this situation is an example of:

question

Roger became fully aroused during REM sleep.

answer

Roger went to see his doctor with complaints of erectile dysfunction (ED). His doctor has him participate in a sleep disorder study to determine the cause of his ED. The cause of his ED was determined to be psychological. How?

question

change deafness.

answer

During commencement, a parent sat waiting for his child's name to be called. He failed to realize that the person initially reading off the graduate names left and that a new person was now reading. This scenario illustrates:

question

Manifest

answer

Michael remembers a dream in which a car was parked in front of his house and a woman with a basketball kept getting in and out of the car. According to Sigmund Freud's theory, the specific dream details that Michael remembers are the _____ content.

question

Rebound

answer

To ensure she gets the most she can out of her cruise vacation, Natasha stays up late every night while on the cruise. She tries to sleep during the day, but her cabin is too noisy, and she suffers from REM sleep deprivation. Natasha can expect to experience REM _____ during her first several nights back home.

question

Collin should try to maintain the same bedtime throughout the week.

answer

Collin stays up very late most Saturday nights. He finds Monday mornings difficult because he often sleeps until noon on Sunday and has trouble going to sleep at a reasonable time on Sunday night. What advice would you give him to help him with his Monday morning problem?

question

Parallel processing

answer

Without fail, when you are talking to your best friend about something important, she continues to check her smart phone and watch for people she knows. Her behavior is evidence of _____.

question

Process

answer

Studying for her final exams, Natividad is forced to do a great deal of memorization. Unfortunately, her next-door neighbor has a dog that barks at night. The dog's barking coincides almost precisely with Natividad's REM sleep cycle, interrupting her ability to dream. Natividad does poorly on her exams. According to the information-processing theory of dreams, an explanation for her poor performance is that the barking interfered with her REM sleep, which interfered with her ability to _____ memories.

question

20 percent

answer

David, a Las Vegas magician, recruits volunteers from the audience for his new hypnosis trick. According to research on susceptibility to hypnosis, what percentage of the audience will be excellent candidates for hypnosis?

question

Dissociation

answer

______ has been used as an explanation for hypnotic pain relief.

question

overcome pain.

answer

Many people who are hypnotized can:

question

role playing.

answer

In an experiment, hypnotized subjects are told to scratch their ears every time they hear the word "psychology." The results indicate that they do this only when they think the experiment is still under way. These findings most clearly support the theory that hypnosis involves:

question

Hypnotism

answer

_____ is considered by some people to be no more than a social interaction, during which one person suggests to another person that various feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will occur spontaneously.

question

Post hypnotic

answer

Reggie has asthma. He wants to find a way to control his asthma without always relying on his rescue inhaler. He visits a hypnotherapist and within a month is less reliant on his inhaler because of the _____ suggestions.

question

She was reacting to her husband's negative comment concerning hypnosis.

answer

To lose weight, a woman goes to a therapist who practices hypnosis. At her first appointment, she is successfully hypnotized and is very excited at the prospect of achieving her weight-loss goals. The day after she is hypnotized, her husband tells her that she is just being gullible. At her second appointment, she is unable to be hypnotized. According to social-influence theory, which of the following BEST explains this change?

question

He would be able to perform the same feat.

answer

While at a comedy club, Rebekah sees a hypnotized man follow a hypnotic suggestion to stand still on one leg (like a flamingo) for five minutes. What does Rebekah know about that man when he's NOT hypnotized?

question

contends that hypnosis is a special state of consciousness.

answer

Hilgard's dissociation theory of hypnosis:

question

Research supports the claim that hypnosis cannot reduce the experience of pain.

answer

Which statement about the effectiveness of hypnosis is false?

question

hypnotized subjects are people caught up in playing the role of hypnotic subject for the hypnotist.

answer

Advocates of the social influence theory of hypnosis would suggest that:

question

Pseudomemori

answer

_____ can inadvertently be created when hypnosis is used to aid recall.

question

have rich fantasy lives.

answer

A researcher is interested in studying hypnosis, but she only wants to include people with high hypnotic ability. She should choose study participants who:

question

lose weight.

answer

Dawn has a friend with numerous personal problems. He knows she is studying psychology, and he asks her opinion on hypnosis. Dawn tells him that treatment with hypnosis is MOST likely to help him:

question

posthypnotic

answer

Jane has asthma. She wants to find a way to control her asthma without always relying on her rescue inhaler. She visits a hypnotherapist and within a month is less reliant on her inhaler because of the _____ suggestions.

question

90 million

answer

According to the World Health Organization, approximately how many people suffer from addiction?

question

decrese

answer

Nicotine triggers a(n) _____ in anxiety and an increase in mental alertness.

question

Membership in fraternities or sororities does not influence consumption of alcohol.

answer

Which of the following is an UNTRUE statement about college students and drug use?

question

amphetamines

answer

Which of the following drugs are powerfully addictive chemicals that stimulate the central nervous system, with sped-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes and that, over time, appear to reduce baseline dopamine levels?

question

having a parietal lobe seizure.

answer

All of the following are ways a person could experience a mystical experience EXCEPT:

question

biopsychosocial

answer

Dr. Brooks has a client who suffers from substance abuse. In therapy, she suggests that his abusive home environment, limited sense of life purpose, and deficient dopamine reward circuits might account for his abuse. Dr. Brooks is most clearly using a(n) _____ approach to understanding addictive behaviors.

question

decreasing the amount time spent in REM sleep.

answer

Alcohol consumption disrupts the processing of recent experiences into long-term memory by:

question

More of the drug is needed for the desired effect, which causes a worsening of aftereffects in the absence of the drug.

answer

Emotions produce opposing emotions, which tend to linger after the original emotion disappears. With that in mind, which of the following patterns can explain both tolerance and withdrawal?

question

cocaine.

answer

Montell was rushed to the emergency room because he had convulsions and went into cardiac arrest after trying:

question

Men who were given cocaine were MORE likely to punish a pseudo-participant.

answer

Cocaine is powerful stimulant that can produce increased levels of aggressive behavior. A research team interested in studying this effect hypothesizes that participants who are given cocaine will show higher levels of aggression than participants who are not given cocaine. In the experiment, which of the following findings would support their hypothesis?

question

Likely because approximately to 15% of people who experience cardiac arrest recall near-death experiences.

answer

Your friend was in a car accident in which his heart stopped briefly and he had to be resuscitated. He informs you that he had a near-death experience. How likely are you to believe him?

question

She should be somewhat nervous as about 10% of people have difficulty stopping taking any psychoactive drug.

answer

Marge just discovered that she needs to go on morphine after a car accident left her in pain. How nervous should she be at the possibility of becoming addicted?

question

temporal lobe

answer

Patients who have experienced _____ seizures have reported profound mystical experiences, sometimes similar to those of near-death experiences.

question

a 15-year-old girl who has a history of physical abuse and depression

answer

Of the following teenage girls, which do you think might be most at risk for drug abuse?

question

Biological

answer

Jake just started first grade and is very disruptive. He constantly interrupts others and usually blurts out an answer to the teacher's question before it is completely asked. His _____ traits make it more likely he will abuse later.

question

His genetic traits make it more likely he will abuse later.

answer

Jake just started first grade and is very disruptive. He constantly interrupts others and usually blurts out an answer to the teacher's question before it is completely asked. Why is he at risk for drug dependency as a teenager?

question

Leading

answer

Sally was asked the question: "Did Uncle Al touch your private parts?" This later became a false memory and Uncle Al was wrongly prosecuted. The problem with the question was that it was _____.

question

source amnesia.

answer

Several months after watching a science fiction movie about space travel and alien abduction, Steve began to remember that aliens had abducted him and had subjected him to many of the horrors portrayed in the movie. His mistaken recall best illustrates:

question

Misinformation

answer

Yancy was sitting in the park one day and witnessed a robbery. When asked by the police to describe the young criminal, Yancy recalled erroneously that the criminal was a teenager rather than a young adult. Yancy's experience best illustrates the _____ effect.

question

imagination inflation.

answer

As a practical joke, Nadine tells her younger brother a story about an event that did NOT happen when he was 4 years old. She said he called "911" to report a fight they were having. Nadine repeated this story several times, until her brother really imagines dialing the phone. This is an example of:

question

minimize retrieval cues

answer

Which of the following is NOT a way to improve memory?

question

source amnesia.

answer

Walid has been working 70-hour work weeks and has been getting his days and nights mixed up as well as having trouble separating his dreams from reality. Just yesterday, he thought a project had been completed, but in reality it was only a dream. This problem is known as:

question

overconfident

answer

Our ability to recognize material can make us feel _____, which might lead to poorer performance on certain tests.

question

Misinformation

answer

When people are given subtle misleading information about a past event, they often misremember the true details surrounding the event. This is known as the _____ effect.

question

could not tell real memories from fake, nor could the children.

answer

It has been demonstrated that professional psychologists who specialize in interviewing children :

question

imagination inflation

answer

This occurs partly because visualizing something and actually perceiving it activate similar brain areas.

question

interference

answer

At a loud party, Maggie met so many new people that when she ran into one of her new acquaintances on campus the next day, she was unable to remember her name. The most likely explanation for her forgetting the name of her new acquaintance is called _____.

question

mood-congruent memory.

answer

Whenever Valerie experiences intense feelings of fear, she is overwhelmed with childhood memories of her abusive parents. Valerie's experience best illustrates:

question

repression

answer

Mrs. McBride cannot consciously recall how frequently she criticizes her children because it would cause her too much anxiety. Sigmund Freud would have suggested that her poor memory illustrates _____.

question

mood-congruent memory.

answer

Those suffering from depression are more likely to have their memories affected by priming negative associations. This is known as:

question

long-term memory

answer

John has been diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. While he is quite forgetful, he is still able to recall events from his teenage and young adult years. His _____ is still intact.

question

Proactive

answer

Whenever Mark tries to recall his new cell phone number, he keeps getting it mixed up with his old cell phone number. Mark's failure to remember his new phone number is probably caused by _____ interference.

question

relearning

answer

One way to test memory is to check the speed of _____ for things that we once learned but have since forgotten.

question

retrieval cues

answer

When you encode a piece of target information, other bits of information become associated with it. The bits of information connected with the target information are known as:

question

encoding

answer

One reason our memories fail is because of problems with information:

question

mood-congruent memory.

answer

When people get depressed, they are often flooded with thoughts of failed relationships and missed chances. This experience best illustrates:

question

a rapid initial decline in retention becoming stable thereafter

answer

Which of the following best describes the typical forgetting curve?

question

retrieval cues

answer

The happier Judie feels, the more readily she recalls experiences with former teachers who were warm and generous. This best illustrates that emotional states can be _____.

question

motivated forgetting.

answer

Aaron went to school one day with his zipper down. He considers it his most embarrassing moment ever and would rather forget that the event ever occurred. Aaron is exhibiting:

question

the context in which learning occurred.

answer

Professor Mollier suggests that her students study for an exam in a room that has sound and lighting similar to their own classroom. She even suggests that they wear the same type of clothing while studying and while taking the exam. To increase their memory retention while studying, Professor Mollier wants the students to consider:

question

Proactive interference

answer

_____ occurs when something you learned previously interferes with your recall of something you learn later.

question

rehearsal time

answer

Hermann Ebbinghaus found that the more times he practiced the nonsense syllables on Day 1, the fewer repetitions he needed to relearn the information on Day 2 because he had increased his:

question

hippocampus

answer

Lara is trying to remember events from her life at 18 months of age. However, as hard as she might try, she has no conscious memory for anything that occurred before her third birthday. This is likely caused by the fact that her _____, which is involved in storing explicit memories, was not fully developed at that age.

question

chunking

answer

When asked to memorize the 15 letters C I A C B S A B C F B I I R S, Mary reorganized them into CIA, CBS, ABC, FBI, and IRS. Mary used the tactic called:

question

Stress hormones increase glucose activity, which then fuels brain activity.

answer

A long time ago, Leslie was stuck in an elevator for more than three hours! Though generally not claustrophobic, after two hours she felt like the elevator walls were closing in on her. Now, 10 years later, she still vividly recalls the details of the emotionally traumatic experience. What is most likely causing her long-lasting robust memory of this event?

question

Semantic

answer

Hermann Ebbinghaus observed that it is much easier to learn meaningful material than to learn nonsense material. This best illustrates the advantage of _____ encoding.

question

automatically

answer

We _____ process information about space. For example, while reading a textbook, we encode the place on a page where certain material appears.

question

infantile amnesia.

answer

Six-year-old Fiona has no memory of a trip she took to the hospital when she was two years old, yet the rest of her family recalls what happened in vivid detail. Her inability to remember this event is known as:

question

lasts longer than visual sensory memory.

answer

Echoic sensory memory:

question

hippocampus.

answer

Having read a story once, certain amnesia victims will read it faster the second time even though they can't recall having seen the story before. They have most likely suffered damage to the:

question

You remember exactly what you were doing when you heard about the attacks on the United States on September 11, 2001.

answer

Which of the following is the best example of a flashbulb memory?

question

sensory memory

answer

Although _____ is rich and detailed, we lose the information in it quickly unless we use certain strategies that transfer it into other memory systems.

question

serotonin

answer

When learning occurs in the Aplysia snail, the snail releases more of this neurotransmitter at certain synapses.

question

iconic memory

answer

Research conducted by George Sperling showed that people have something akin to a fleeting photographic memory. This _____ provides a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli, like a picture-image that lasts only a few tenths of a second.

question

explicit memory and implicit memory

answer

Mr. Nydam suffers amnesia and is unable to remember playing golf on a particular course. However, the longer he plays the course, the more his game improves. His experience illustrates the difference in:

question

helps us to understand how memory works.

answer

Professor Wallace studies memory in people who have had strokes. Professor Hansen studies people who claim to have clear memories of events that happened over three decades ago. Such research on the extremes of memory:

question

90

answer

Imagine a study in which participants are shown 2,000 slides of houses and storefronts, each for only 10 seconds. Later, these same participants are shown 300 of the original slides paired with slides they have not seen before. According to research, these participants would be able to recognize _____ percent of the slides they had seen before.

question

your conditioned fear of guns

answer

Which of the following will you most likely store as an implicit memory?

question

implicit memory.

answer

Our unconscious capacity for learning how to do something is known as:

question

recall

answer

Dr. Napleton prefers to give his students all essay and fill-in-the-blank questions to fully test their:

question

explicit memory

answer

Our memory of facts and experiences that we consciously know and can easily recite is known as:

question

long-term potentiation

answer

Coined by Gary Lynch, this prolonged strengthening of potential neural firing is believed to be the basis for learning and memory and is known as:

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