question

Operant conditioning is important because it is adaptive to: a. be able to learn about consequences of behavior without direct experience b. learn to ignore events that are of little long-term significance c. learn about the consequences of behavioral responses d. learn what events in the environment signal

answer

C

question

The law of effect was formulated by which of the following individuals? a. Edward Thorndike b. Robert Rescorla c. John Watson d. Ivan Pavlov

answer

A

question

Kylee has a desk right next to her manager's office. Whenever her manager is in his office, Kylee makes sure that she works hard at her computer. However, if her manager is away from his office, she often works much more slowly and takes more breaks. Based on what is known about operant conditioning, you should conclude that the manager being in his office is acting as: a. a negative reinforcer for working hard b. an unconditioned stimulus for working hard c. a discriminative stimulus for working hard d. a positive reinforcer for working hard

answer

C

question

According to the theory of operant conditioning, when the presentation of a stimulus, after a response has occurred, increases the likelihood of the response's occurring again, the process that is at work is referred to as: a. punishment b. negative reinforcement c. classical conditioning d. positive reinforcement

answer

D

question

Luigi really likes to wash the family car, but his mom will only let him wash the car if all the dishes are done. Consequently, every Saturday Luigi has the table cleared and the dishes washed as soon as everyone has finished breakfast. Based on what is known about operant conditioning, you should conclude that for Luigi, washing the car acted as: a. a positive reinforcer for doing the dishes b. a negative punisher for doing the dishes c. a negative reinforcer for doing the dishes d. a positive punisher for doing the dishes

answer

A

question

For parents of a teenager who would like the teenager to get better grades in school, which of the following would be an example of negative reinforcement? a. The next time the teenager does well on a assignment, the parents reduce his or her chores around the house b. the next time the teenager does poorly on an assignment, the parents take away his or her video games. c. the next time the teenager does well on an assignment, the parents give him or her a reward (e.g., $20). d. All of these choices

answer

A

question

Every time Erwin cried, his father would immediately pick him up and he would stop crying. Now almost as soon as Erwin's dad gets home from work, he picks Erwin up. Based on what is known about operant conditioning, you should conclude that for Erwin's father, when the crying stopped it acted as: a. a positive reinforcer for picking Erwin up b. an unconditioned stimulus for picking Erwin up c. a negative reinforcer for picking Erwin up d. a conditioned stimulus for picking Erwin up

answer

C

question

With operant conditioning, a stimulus that has acquired reinforcing properties through prior learning is referred to as a: a. conditioned reinforcer b. contingent reinforcer c. primary reinforcer d. conditioned stimulus

answer

A

question

With operant conditioning, any event or stimulus that decreases the frequency of the behavior it follows is referred to as: a. a punishment b. a conditioned stimulus c. a reinforcement d. an unconditioned stimulus

answer

A

question

When Simon was fixing his doorbell last month, he received an electric shock. Now he is reluctant to do any more electrical work around the house. Based on what is known about operant conditioning, you should conclude that for Simon, the electric shock acted as a: a. negative reinforcer b. positive punisher c. negative punisher d. conditioned stimulus

answer

B

question

Alaya used to speed on her way to work, but last month she went through a speed trap and was given a $120 speeding ticket. She hasn't driven over the speed limit since she received the ticket. Based on what is known about operant conditioning, you should conclude that for Alaya, the $120 speeding ticket acted as a: a. positive punisher b. negative punisher c. conditioned stimulus d. negative reinforcer

answer

A

question

According to the theory of operant conditioning, when the removal of a stimulus, after a response has occurred, decreases the likelihood of the response occurring again, the process is referred to as: a. positive reinforcement b. negative reinforcement c. negative punishment d. positive punishment

answer

C

question

Kim used to arrive late for work nearly every day, and finally her boss fired her. She has since gotten a new job and she makes sure she arrives at work on time. Based on what is known about operant conditioning, you should conclude that for Kim, losing her job acted as a: a. negative reinforcer for coming to work late b. negative punisher for coming to work late c. conditioned stimulus for coming to work late d. positive punisher for coming to work late

answer

B

question

Nora has started withholding physical affection from her boyfriend when he behaves badly on their dates. Nora has starting using which of the following as a way to reduce the likelihood that her boyfriend will behave badly. a. negative punishment b. positive reinforcement c. negative reinforcement d. positive punishment

answer

A

question

Felix the cat used to jump on the Anderson's old couch every chance he got. Last week the Andersons bought a new couch, and every time Felix jumped up on the couch, he got hit with a newspaper. Felix quickly stopped jumping on the couch. Based on what is known about operant conditioning, you should conclude that for Felix, being hit with the newspaper acted as a: a. a negative punisher for jumping on the couch b. a negative reinforcer for jumping on the couch c. conditioned stimulus for jumping on the couch d. positive punisher for jumping on the couch

answer

D

question

If you wanted your best friend to spend less time talking about her boyfriend, you might try frowning every time she started talking about him. In the framework of operant conditioning, your frowning would be: a. positive reinforcement b. positive punishment c. negative reinforcement d. negative punishment

answer

B

question

For parents of a teenager who would like the teenager to get better grades in school, which of the following would be an example of negative punishment? a. the next time the teenager does well on an assignment, the parents give him or her a reward (e.g., $20). b. the next time the teenager does poorly on an assignment, the parents take away his or her video games. c. The next time the teenager does well on a assignment, the parents reduce his or her chores around the house d. All of these choices

answer

B

question

For parents of a teenager who would like the teenager to get better grades in school, which of the following would be an example of positive punishment? a. the next time the teenager does poorly on an assignment, the parents give him or her a stern scolding. b. the next time the teenager does poorly on an assignment, the parents take away his or her video games. c. The next time the teenager does well on a assignment, the parents reduce his or her chores around the house d. All of these choices

answer

A

question

A relatively permanent change in behavior or potential behavior that results from experience is called: a. development b. learning c. maturation d. cognition

answer

B

question

Learning has occurred: a. even if a change in behavior is due to maturation b. when a change in behavior is relatively permanent c. even if a change in behavior is temporary d. when a change in behavior is due to development

answer

B

question

Classical conditioning can be thought of as learning: a. to notice or ignore events b. about the consequences of our behavior c. what events signal d. by example

answer

C

question

Habituation and sensitization can be thought of as learning: a. to notice or ignore events b. about the consequences of our behavior c. what events signal d. from others

answer

A

question

Classical conditioning involves learning: a. to ignore those things that are repeated but are of no significant consequence b. that one event predicts another c. to conserve our limited resources d. novel behaviors we have never performed before

answer

B

question

A psychology professor has just purchased a collection of papers by Ivan Pavlov. In the papers, Pavlov discusses his research on learning. The papers are probably about: a. observational learning b. operant conditioning c. trial-and-error learning d. classical conditioning

answer

D

question

If a stimulus produces a response before training begins, that stimulus is: a. a conditioned stimulus b. an unconditioned stimulus c. a discriminative stimulus d. an associative stimulus

answer

B

question

In classical conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus is: a. an observable reaction to an environmental event that is elicited without any prior training b. an observable reaction to an environmental event that is elicited only after training or experience c. an environmental event that elicits an observable reaction without any prior training d. an environmental event that only elicits an observable reaction after training or experience

answer

C

question

Matthew used to like strawberries and tried some frozen strawberry daiquiris one night. After the sixth daiquiri, Matthew became extremely ill. Now Matthew finds that even the smell of strawberries can make him feel nauseated. In this example of classical conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus is: a. the illness that followed the sixth strawberry daiquiri b. the strawberry daiquiris that Matthew consumed c. the smell of strawberries d. the nausea that Matthew feels when he smells strawberries

answer

B

question

When Selma was five years old she, was terrified and became hysterical when her older brother dropped a spider down her shirt. Today, even the sight of a rubber spider is enough to make her agitated and uneasy. In this example of classical conditioning, having the spider dropped down her shirt by her older brother is: a. an unconditioned response b. a conditioned stimulus c. an unconditioned stimulus d. a conditioned response

answer

C

question

In classical conditioning, the unconditioned response is: a. an observable reaction to an environmental event that is elicited without any prior training b. an observable reaction to an environmental event that is elicited only after training or experience c. an environmental event that elicits an observable reaction without any prior training d. an environmental event that only elicits an observable reaction after training or experience

answer

A

question

Anton was dancing with his new girlfriend at an Elvis tribute. When the band started playing "Can't Help Falling in Love With You," his girlfriend gave him a long, passionate kiss, which Anton found very enjoyable. Now Anton finds that every time he hears "Can't Help Falling in Love With You" on the radio, he becomes mildly excited. In this example of classical conditioning, the unconditioned response is: a. the song "Can't Help Falling in Love With You" b. the enjoyment Anton experienced when his girlfriend kissed him c. the long, passionate kiss d. the excitement Anton experiences when he hears the song on the radio

answer

B

question

In classical conditioning, an environmental event that only elicits an observable reaction after training or experience is referred to as: a. an unconditioned stimulus b. an unconditioned response c. a conditioned stimulus d. a conditioned response

answer

C

question

In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiments, the dog's salivating following the sounding of a the bell was: a. the unconditioned stimulus b. the unconditioned response c. the conditioned stimulus d. the conditioned response

answer

D

question

In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiments, before the dog learned the association, the food functioned as which of the following? a. the unconditioned stimulus b. the unconditioned response c. the conditioned stimulus d. the conditioned response

answer

A

question

One Saturday, Adolf was sitting at home when the telephone rang. A local company was making promotional calls and told Adolf he had just won a $1,000 gift certificate. He felt a rush of excitement at the thought of what he could do with $1,000. Now Adolf finds that whenever he hears a telephone ring, he feels a small surge of excitement. In this example of classical conditioning, the conditioned stimulus is: a. the ringing of a telephone b. the rush of excitement that Adolf felt when he won the gift certificate c. the news that he had won a $1,000 gift certificate d. the rush of excitement that Adolf feels whenever he hears a ringing telephone

answer

A

question

Nicole was having dinner at Appleby's with her boyfriend last year. When their food arrived, he and she began to argue. The argument was serious and continued the entire evening. Now Nicole finds that every time she is in Appleby's, she begins to feel tense and upset. In this example of classical conditioning, being in Appleby's is: a. a conditioned stimulus b. an unconditioned stimulus c. an unconditioned response d. a conditioned response

answer

A

question

In classical conditioning, an observable reaction to an environmental event that is elicited only after training or experience is referred to as: a. an unconditioned stimulus b. an unconditioned response c. a conditioned response d. a conditioned stimulus

answer

C

question

In classical conditioning, the conditioned response is: a. an observable reaction to an environmental event that is elicited without any prior training b. an observable reaction to an environmental event that is elicited only after training or experience c. an environmental event that elicits an observable reaction without any prior training d. an environmental event that only elicits an observable reaction after training or experience

answer

B

question

When Natasha was five years old she was terrified and became hysterical when her older brother dropped a spider down her shirt. Today, even the sight of a rubber spider is enough to make her agitated and uneasy. In this example of classical conditioning, the conditioned response is: a. having the spider dropped down her shirt by her older brother b. the agitation Natasha experiences when she sees a rubber spider c. the hysterical reaction Natasha had when she was five years old d. the sight of a rubber spider

answer

B

question

Troy is trying to study, and his sister is in the next room, playing with some balloons. She counts "one, two, three," and just as she says "three" she pops one of the balloons with a pin. Each time a balloon pops Troy is startled and jumps. By the time his sister has popped six balloons Troy begins to cringe when he hears the counting start, before he actually hears the balloon pop. In this example of classical conditioning, the cringing that Troy experiences when he hears his sister start counting is: a. a conditioned response b. an unconditioned stimulus c. an unconditioned response d. a conditioned stimulus

answer

A

question

Sarah used to like strawberries and tried some frozen strawberry daiquiris one night. After the sixth daiquiri, Sarah became extremely ill. Now Sarah finds that even the smell of strawberries can make her feel nauseated. In this example of classical conditioning, the conditioned response is: a. the illness that followed the sixth strawberry daiquiri b. the smell of strawberries c. the strawberry daiquiris that Sarah consumed d. the nausea that Sarah feels when she smells strawberries

answer

D

question

Research has shown that the most effective classical conditioning association will form when the unconditioned stimulus occurs: a. just before the conditioned stimulus b. soon after the unconditioned response c. soon after the conditioned stimulus d. just before the conditioned response

answer

C

question

Elizabeth wants to train her cat to drool at the sound of the telephone, so she plans to pair the sound of the ringing telephone with a tasty piece of tuna. To use classical conditioning most effectively, Elizabeth should present the tuna: a. approximately five minutes after the telephone rings b. a few seconds before the telephone rings c. at the same time as the telephone is ringing d. a few seconds after the telephone rings

answer

D

question

Research has shown that classical conditioning will be most effective when the conditioned stimulus: a. is paired with another stimulus that is already an effective signal for the unconditioned stimulus b. occurs with a wide variety of other stimuli c. provides new information about the occurrence of the unconditioned stimulus d. is presented on its own, with no unconditioned stimulus

answer

C

question

Behaviorists considered the study of consciousness inappropriate for a scientific psychology.

answer

True

question

Classical conditioning refers to behavioral responding that occurs without conscious effort.

answer

True

question

It takes many months for an infant to learn how to blink, but eventually they do.

answer

False

question

A person's wave is an observable stimulus.

answer

True

question

A person's wave is an observable response.

answer

True

question

A green cowboy hat is a good example of a neutral stimulus for dog salivating.

answer

True

question

Spontaneous recovery is usually temporary.

answer

True

question

Ivan Pavlov did research on dog salivating.

answer

True

question

A "conditioned response" follows the presentation of an "unconditioned stimulus."

answer

False

question

All "conditioned stimuli" began life as a "neutral stimulus."

answer

True

question

The term operant is derived from the word operate.

answer

True

question

The term negative means removed.

answer

True

question

The term positive means added.

answer

True

question

Classical conditioning primarily works with the skeletal muscles.

answer

False

question

Operant conditioning uses a "schedule of reinforcement" to train animals and people.

answer

True

question

Positive reinforcement refers to adding something desirable to an organism's environment.

answer

True

question

Variable interval is a "time" based schedule of reinforcement.

answer

True

question

Operant conditioning uses a "schedule of reinforcement" to train animals and people.

answer

True

question

Fixed ratio is a "count" based schedule of reinforcement.

answer

True

question

Positive punishment refers to adding something undesirable to an organism's environment.

answer

True

question

Detecting electric fields on the head is a way to detect and measure brain activity.

answer

True

question

To experience smell, our brain detects molecules.

answer

True

question

The brain is an electronic device.

answer

True

question

A person is considered conscious if they are aware of themselves and their surroundings.

answer

True

question

The ears are most like a radio antenna.

answer

False

question

One explanation as to why animals sleep is to save energy.

answer

True

question

SCN stands for suprachiasmatic nucleus.

answer

True

question

Sleep progresses through a series of stages.

answer

True

question

In the context of the brain, a "nucleus" refers to a group of neuron cell bodies.

answer

True

question

Re-synchronizing the circadian rhythm is easier after flying west, the same direction as the sun seems to rise.

answer

True

question

Unpleasant dreams are called nightmares.

answer

True

question

Most dreams do not include visual content.

answer

False

question

Sleep spindles tend to occur during stage 2 sleep.

answer

True

question

A less synchronized bran is a "more" active brain.

answer

True

question

A lucid dream refers to a dream someone forgets.

answer

False

question

Behaviorism began, in part, as a protest against psychologists who tried to study

answer

mental experiences.

question

A tone is followed by a puff of air to the eyes. After several repetitions, subjects blink their eyes when they hear the tone. In this experiment blinking is

answer

both the conditioned response and the unconditioned response.

question

Your clock makes a clicking sound just before the alarm goes off. Even though you didn't wake up to the clicking sound initially, now you do, due to classical conditioning. What is the unconditioned response?

answer

waking up to your alarm

question

A tone is followed by a puff of air to the eyes. After several repetitions, subjects blink their eyes when they hear the tone. The tone is the __________ and blinking is the __________.

answer

conditioned stimulus...conditioned response

question

Pavlov paired the presentation of food with a sound and measured salivation to each. In this experiment the sound was the

answer

conditioned stimulus.

question

A tone is followed by a puff of air to the eyes. After several repetitions, subjects blink their eyes when they hear the tone. The tone is the

answer

conditioned stimulus.

question

After classically conditioning some response, how might one produce extinction of the response?

answer

Repeatedly present the CS alone, without the UCS.

question

A tone is followed by a puff of air to the eyes. After several repetitions, subjects blink their eyes when they hear the tone. What is the unconditioned stimulus?

answer

the puff of air

question

Your clock makes a clicking sound just before the alarm goes off. Even though you didn't wake up to the clicking sound initially, now you do, due to classical conditioning. The clicking is the

answer

conditioned stimulus.

question

Your clock makes a clicking sound just before the alarm goes off. Even though you didn't wake up to the clicking sound initially, now you do, due to classical conditioning. Waking up is

answer

both the conditioned response and the unconditioned response.

question

In a classical conditioning experiment, what (if anything) occurs on the first trial?

answer

an unconditioned response

question

Which of the following would a behaviorist be least likely to study?

answer

b. human thought processes

question

When the drill sergeant shouts, "fire," the artillery shoots, making a loud sound that makes you flinch. After a few repetitions, you flinch at the word "fire." What is the conditioned response?

answer

flinching

question

When the drill sergeant shouts, "fire," the artillery shoots, making a loud sound that makes you flinch. After a few repetitions, you flinch at the word "fire." What is the unconditioned stimulus?

answer

the loud sound

question

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of behaviorism?

answer

interest in the difference between conscious and unconscious thought

question

In Pavlov's experiment on classically conditioning salivation to a sound, what procedure produces spontaneous recovery?

answer

Present the sound without food, and then wait a long time before testing again.

question

A tone is followed by a puff of air to the eyes. After several repetitions, subjects blink their eyes when they hear the tone. The tone is the __________ and the puff of air is the __________.

answer

conditioned stimulus...unconditioned stimulus

question

A behaviorist would state that your thoughts and feelings do not cause your behavior, because

answer

events in the past and present environment cause your thoughts and feelings.

question

How can one extinguish a classically conditioned response?

answer

Repeatedly present the conditioned stimulus by itself.

question

In general, behaviorists accept the assumption that

answer

all behavior follows cause-and-effect relationships.

question

When the drill sergeant shouts, "fire," the artillery shoots, making a loud sound that makes you flinch. After a few repetitions, you flinch at the word "fire." What is the conditioned stimulus?

answer

the word "fire"

question

What is a conditioned response?

answer

a learned response to the conditioned stimulus

question

Under what circumstances do we see spontaneous recovery of a learned response?

answer

After a response is extinguished, the subject is given a delay and then tested again.

question

A professor gives unannounced quizzes at unpredictable times. Therefore students must study equally every night. Which type of schedule of reinforcement is this?

answer

variable interval

question

In the presence of a light, an animal makes a response that is followed by food. The food is given only when the animal makes the response. Which type of learning is this?

answer

operant conditioning

question

If you like to go fishing, and the fish are biting on some days and not others, you are reinforced on which schedule?

answer

variable-interval

question

If you want to determine whether some example of learning qualifies as classical conditioning or operant conditioning, which question should you ask?

answer

Did the individual's responses control the outcomes?

question

Suppose we want to find an event that will serve as an effective reinforcer for a given person. According to the disequilibrium principle, we should begin by determining

answer

which behaviors the person has recently not had an opportunity to do.

question

The ability of a stimulus to encourage some responses and discourage others is known as

answer

stimulus control.

question

If you learn to turn off a dripping faucet to end the "drip, drip, drip" sound, your behavior was changed through

answer

negative reinforcement.

question

An individual receives a reinforcement for the first response after some period of time, but the amount of time changes. Sometimes the individual has to wait as much as 3 minutes, sometimes as little as 10 seconds. This is an example of which type of schedule of reinforcement?

answer

variable interval

question

Responses that are followed by satisfaction to the animal will be more firmly connected with the situation so that they will be more likely to recur in the future. This is a brief statement of the

answer

law of effect.

question

Which of the following is an example of discrimination in operant conditioning?

answer

You have learned to buy Ida brand potato chips, which are always fresh, and to avoid Hoe brand, which are usually stale.

question

Thorndike's cats improved their ability to escape his puzzle boxes gradually, not suddenly. What conclusion did he draw from this observation?

answer

Learning is based on strengthening responses, not on insights.

question

Shaping (in the context of operant conditioning) means

answer

reinforcing successive approximations to a desired behavior.

question

Under a continuous schedule of reinforcement, when is the animal reinforced?

answer

after every response.

question

The more lottery tickets you buy, the greater your chances of winning. However, you have no way of knowing how many tickets you will have to buy before you win. It might be fewer than ten; it might be more than a million. This is an example of which type of schedule of reinforcement?

answer

variable ratio

question

A little boy has learned to get candy by crying. What procedure would lead to extinction of this response?

answer

Listen to the crying without responding.

question

The main difference between classical and operant conditioning is that in classical conditioning

answer

the animal's responses do not control the reinforcements.

question

Which of the following is an example of a secondary reinforcer?

answer

money

question

A rat learns to climb a ladder to a platform where it can pull a string to raise the ladder and then climb the ladder again. The reinforcement for each response is the opportunity to perform the next response. This procedure is known as

answer

chaining.

question

Children who are frequently spanked tend to be ill-behaved. What conclusion (if any) can we draw from this result?

answer

We can draw none of these conclusions.

question

The threat of cancer is not always effective in discouraging people from smoking. Why not?

answer

The punishment is slow and unpredictable.

question

In operant conditioning, a continuous reinforcement schedule is one in which

answer

every correct response is reinforced.

question

When an animal hears a bell, it sits up on its hind legs and drools. Then it receives food. What kind of conditioning is this?

answer

We don't have enough information to answer the question. It depends on whether the food always occurs after the bell, or only if the animal sits up.

question

When Thorndike found that cats gradually improved their performance in a puzzle box, without any point of sudden improvement, what did he conclude?

answer

Cats don't solve the problem by understanding.

question

An operant conditioner such as B. F. Skinner might provide you with a reinforcer after you make a sound, then after a louder sound, then after a more pleasant sound, and so forth until you are singing. This procedure would be an example of

answer

shaping.

question

You enjoy getting e-mail messages, so you occasionally check your e-mail to find out if you have any new messages. Which schedule of reinforcement is present in this case?

answer

variable interval

question

Which of the following is an example of a primary reinforcer?

answer

food

question

The main difference between classical and operant conditioning is that in operant conditioning

answer

the animal's behavior controls the outcomes (including reinforcers).

question

You attend every new movie that appears at your local theater. You find that most of them are dull (not reinforcing) but really enjoy about one-fourth of them. This is an example of a __________ schedule of reinforcement.

answer

variable-ratio

question

What procedure produces extinction in operant conditioning?

answer

Stop providing positive reinforcements.

question

You scan the night sky looking for meteors. Sometimes there is a brief time period between meteors, but sometimes you have to wait for a long time after seeing a meteor until another one appears. This is an example of which type of schedule of reinforcement?

answer

variable interval

question

What do positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement have in common with each other?

answer

They both strengthen a behavior.

question

What was Edward Thorndike's research goal?

answer

to find a simple behavioristic explanation of learning

question

An individual receives a reinforcement for the first response after a 1-minute interval, but not again until the next 1-minute interval has passed. This is an example of which type of schedule of reinforcement?

answer

fixed interval

question

To use shaping to train a rat to press a lever, what will the experimenter do first?

answer

Reinforce the rat for something simple, like sitting up.

question

What did B.F. Skinner mean by "shaping"?

answer

reinforcing successive approximations to a behavior.

question

What is a secondary reinforcer?

answer

an event that became reinforcing as a result of previous experience

question

Which of these states the disequilibrium principle?

answer

You can be reinforced by a chance to do something that you have not been able to do recently.

question

Skinner trained a rat to raise a flag and salute during the playing of the "Star-Spangled Banner." The training involved a combination of __________ and __________.

answer

shaping...chaining

question

Your boss provides free coffee and donuts daily at 10:30 am. Showing up at the right time and place is reinforced on which schedule?

answer

fixed interval

question

Negative reinforcement is also known as

answer

escape or avoidance learning.

question

Reinforcement on which schedule produces a slow but steady rate of responding?

answer

variable interval

question

What evidence suggested that some people in a vegetative state are conscious?

answer

Instructions to imagine something activated the same brain areas as in intact people.

question

In which of these does a person have the LEAST amount of brain activity and responsiveness?

answer

brain death

question

Someone with right-hemisphere damage ordinarily neglects the left side of objects. What happens if the person closes his/her eyes and tries to describe a scene form memory?

answer

The description neglects the left side.

question

In binocular rivalry, you see one image in the left eye and an incompatible image in the right eye. What do you perceive?

answer

an alternation between one image and the other

question

What happens to the brain's representation of a sensory stimulus on occasions when people are conscious of it, that does not happen when they are unconscious of it?

answer

The activity spreads through much more of the brain.

question

In which condition does the brain show a low, steady rate of activity and no response to any stimulus?

answer

coma

question

Which of the following is characteristic of a "minimally conscious state"?

answer

brief periods of purposeful action and speech comprehension

question

Researchers wanted to present a stimulus that would become conscious on some trials and not on others, while keeping the stimulus itself the same. Which of these methods did they use to make the stimulus unconscious?

answer

They presented interfering stimuli before and after the stimulus.

question

What evidence suggests that we sometimes consciously perceive a stimulus afterward, instead of simultaneously with it?

answer

We don't perceive a brief masked stimulus, but a slightly longer one seems to last the whole duration.

question

Which of the following often produces spatial neglect for half of the body?

answer

damage in the right hemisphere of the brain

question

Damage to the right hemisphere of the brain often leads to which of the following?

answer

tendency to be unconscious of the left side of the body and the world

question

When researchers measured brain activity during a binocular rivalry task, what did they find?

answer

A consciously perceived image activated large portions of the brain.

question

What evidence indicated that a woman in a vegetative state may be conscious?

answer

Her brain activity responded to commands such as "imagine playing tennis."

question

Our tendency to feel wakeful and sleepy on a 24-hour basis depends mainly on

answer

a cycle generated by a mechanism in the brain.

question

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of REM sleep?

answer

Most of the body's muscles are tense and active.

question

The terms "light sleep" and "deep sleep" are not very useful because

answer

REM sleep is deep in some ways and light in others.

question

Someone who stays in a cave with no light alternates between sleepiness and wakefulness on about a 24 hour cycle. Why?

answer

a rhythm generated within the person's own brain

question

When a normal, healthy person falls asleep, REM sleep is least likely when

answer

the person has been asleep less than an hour.

question

During which stage of sleep is the brain most active?

answer

REM

question

What does it mean if you wake up and find yourself temporarily unable to move?

answer

Part of your brain is awake and another part is asleep.

question

Why is it impossible for sleepwalking to occur during REM sleep?

answer

The postural muscles are so relaxed that they would not support a person.

question

Why do cats sleep more than sheep?

answer

Cats are in less danger while they sleep.

question

If you were on a submarine with constant artificial light and no sunlight, what would happen to your sleep-wake cycle?

answer

You would alternate between sleep and wakefulness on a 24-hour cycle.

question

A worker at International Amalgamated, Inc., is currently working from 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. The company wants to shift her to a different work time. For the sake of her physical and mental health, which of the following would be best?

answer

Move her to the 4 p.m. to midnight shift, then to midnight to 8 a.m. shift.

question

If a person goes without sleep for several days, what happens?

answer

Sleepiness decreases at the end of each sleepless night, as morning arrives.

question

Narcolepsy may be caused by

answer

a deficiency of the brain chemical orexin.

question

What is one important function of sleep?

answer

conserving energy

question

The brain activity associated with REM sleep is most similar to that associated with

answer

stage 1 sleep.

question

Which of the following is true of brain activity during sleep?

answer

Increased inhibitory messages prevent excitation from spreading in the brain.

question

What problem do people with sleep apnea experience?

answer

They often stop breathing while they are asleep.

question

For most people, REM sleep occurs

answer

mostly toward the end of the night's sleep.

question

During REM sleep,

answer

dreaming is likely to occur.

question

After staying awake late many nights, Gloria has become accustomed to going to sleep late and awakening late. Now she tries to shift to going to bed earlier and waking up earlier. This shift is similar to the difficulties people face when they travel

answer

east.

question

After a prolonged period of sleep deprivation, what happens to the brain?

answer

Some neurons are active but others are as inactive as in sleep.

question

How would the activation-synthesis theory explain why people dream of an inability to move?

answer

It really is difficult to move the muscles during REM sleep.

question

Research examining the content of dreams in American and Japanese college students found that

answer

dream content was similar in both cultures.

question

How does dreaming differ from other thinking?

answer

It has less sensory input and less voluntary control.

question

Which of the following best describes the relationship between light-dark cycles (from the rising and setting sun) and circadian rhythms?

answer

Circadian rhythms are generated by the body, but reset by light-dark cycles.

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