question

When Ebbinghaus pioneered the experimental study of memory, he memorized....

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nonsense syllables

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In psychology, the term memory refers to,

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generally, the retention of information

question

Your friend asks you to name all the counties in North Carolina. This is a memory test that psychologists would call a ___________ test.

answer

recall

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The savings (or relearning) method of testing memory

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can detect weaker memories than the cued recall method can

question

Which method of testing memory is most likely to show signs of memory even in people who claim that they do not remember something at all?

answer

relearning

question

The telephone company's use of area codes (eg. 209) and 3 digit local exchanges (eg. 555) followed by different 4-digit phone numbers makes it easier to remember the numbers of several different friends because of

answer

chunking

question

The encoding specificity principle refers to the fact that retrieval cues are more effective in stimulating a memory if those retrieval cues

answer

are derived from what people were thinking about when they formed the memory

question

According to the principle of encoding specificity, if you want to do well on a particular exam you should

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make your study conditions similar as possible to the conditions under which you will be tested

question

If you were trying to remember the names of US presidents, according to the serial order effect you would probably have the most trouble remembering

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the ones near the middle of the order

question

To use the method of loci in order to memorize a list of names, what is the first thing a person would do?

answer

Memorize a list of place in order

question

You memorize twenty poems while your twin plays video games. Then both of you memorize another poem and you forget it faster. Why did you forget it faster?

answer

Proactive interference

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A psychologist asks participants to read a story and then to tell it. The psychologist notes the ways in which the story is distorted and the ways in which participants fill in the gaps in their memory. Which aspect of memory is the psychologist probably investigating?

answer

Reconstruction

question

Since Orca's brain operation she has been unable to store any new memories to recall them an hour or more later. However, she still recalls everything that happened before her operation. What kind of memory loss does she have?

answer

Anterograde amnesia

question

Which of the following is NOT true of Alzheimer's disease?

answer

It involves degeneration of neurons associated with the release and reception of dopamine.

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Behaviorism began, in part, as a protest against psychologists who tried to study

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people's reports of their mental experiences

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Who said "Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select"?

answer

John B. Watson

question

In an experiment on classical conditioning, a tone is followed by a puff of air to the eyes. After several repetitions, subjects blink their eyes when they hear the tone. In this experiment the blinking is the _____________ and tone is the ___________.

answer

Conditioned response.....conditioned stimulus

question

At the beginning of an experiment on classical conditioning,

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the unconditioned response elicits a unconditioned response automatically

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E.B. Twitmeyer paired a sound with a hammer tap and observed a patellar reflex. In this experiment the conditioned response was the

answer

reflex to the sound

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After several pairings of a beeping sound with an electric shock, a person reacts to the beeping sound by flinching, increased heart rate, and other signs of fear. How could someone extinguish this response?

answer

Present the beeping sound alone, repeatedly

question

What is spontaneous recovery?

answer

An increase in responding after a delay following extinction

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Watson and Rayner's study with Little Albert showed that phobias

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can develop through learning

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Edward Thorndike, a pioneer in the study of cats escaping from puzzle boxes, argued that animal learning depends on

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reinforcements that increase the probabilities of certain behaviors

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What did Thorndyke mean by the Law of Effect?

answer

Responses that are followed by reinforcement become more probable

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What do positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement have in common with each other?

answer

They both strengthen a targeted behavior (i.e. terminal response)

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If your employer gave you a bonus pay for working overtime you would probably work overtime more. This is an example of

answer

positive reinforcement

question

Suppose a cat has learned to push against a pedal in order to escape from a puzzle box, like one of Thorndyke's. What procedure would lead to the extinction of this response?

answer

Let the cat push against the pedal many times without opening the box.

question

Another term for the Skinner box is the

answer

operant chamber

question

An experimenter wishes to provide reinforcement for a rat every time it presses a lever. But the rate never presses the lever. Therefore the experimenter decides to use the procedure of shaping. What will the experimenter do first?

answer

Reinforce the rat for a behavior that approximates pressing a lever

question

According to lecture information, a secondary reinforcer

answer

gains its value from association with a primary reinforcer

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An individual receives a reinforcement every tenth response. Which type of schedule of reinforcement is this?

answer

fixed-ratio schedule

question

Maintaining stability of temperature, body weight, body water, and other biological conditions is known as

answer

homeostasis

question

Damage to the lateral hypothalamus leads to __________. Damage to the ventromedial hypothalamus and axons that pass nearby leads to ___________.

answer

Weight loss.......weight gain

question

What kind of people try to cheer themselves up by overeating?

answer

both overweight and normal-weight people

question

In a study, women were asked which female figure men considered most attractive. How accurate were the women's guesses?

answer

Most women guessed too thin a figure.

question

Anorexia nervosa

answer

can be fatal

question

Which of the following is true regarding cultural influences on the development of anorexia?

answer

Anorexia is most common in cultures that emphasize thinness

question

People who alternate between excessive eating and self-starvation suffer from a condition known as

answer

Bulimia

question

People are offered a choice among an easy task, and a very difficult task. Which kind of person is most likely to choose the intermediate task?

answer

Someone with a strong desire for success and a high need for achievement

question

Which of the following approaches to motivation would emphasize the influence of conscious goal setting and decision making on our behavior?

answer

Cognitive

question

A couch that wants to increase the performance of an athlete should set which kind of goal?

answer

A challenging but realistic goal

question

The term "attribution" refers to the process of

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assigning causes to behavior

question

Although emotion is difficult to define, most psychologists would agree that emotion includes the following four dimensions:

answer

cognition, feelings, actions, physiology

question

Emotions are generally associated with changes in the activity of the ________ nervous system

answer

autonomic

question

According to the James-Langue theory of emotion,

answer

you start trembling has nothing to do with your feeling afraid.

question

Someone whose facial expression is molded into a smile (without being told to "smile" and without any happy event) reports

answer

a happier than normal reaction to common stimuli

question

In the experiment by Schachter and Singer, participants were given injections of epinephrine and put into a situation that might arouse emotions. Which participants were hypothesized to show the least intensity of emotional responses?

answer

Those who were given no instructions about the effects of the injection

question

Children who are born deaf and blind

answer

spontaneously develop normal expressions of smiling, frowning, laughing, and crying.

question

Based on research in which people of various cultures are shown pictures of facial expressions and asked to identify the emotions represented, we can conclude

answer

people throughout the world use similar facial expressions

question

Some amount of stress occurs in response to

answer

both pleasant and unpleasant events

question

According to Selye, what is the natural order of changes the body goes through in response to stress?

answer

alarm, resistance, exhaustion

question

You have impulsively volunteered for an experiment on the effects of electric shock on performance. You now have a choice among three schedules for receiving exactly twenty shocks. Which of these schedules, if any, would probably prove to be the most stressful?

answer

20 shocks delivered on an irregular basis, without any warning schedule

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