question

biology

answer

the science that seeks to understand the living world

question

cell

answer

a collection of living matter enclosed by a barrier that separates the cell from its surroundings

question

sexual reproduction

answer

cells from two different parents unite to produce the first cell of a new organism

question

asexual reproduction

answer

the new organism has a single parent

question

metabolism

answer

combination of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials as it carries out its life process

question

stimulus

answer

a signal to which an organism responds

question

homeostasis

answer

process by which organisms keep internal conditions (temperature and water content) fairly constant to survive

question

evolution

answer

change in a kind of organism over time

question

Describe some characteristics of living things

answer

organized, adapt, evolve, adjust to surroundings, made up of units called cells, reproduce, based on a universal genetic code, grow and develop, obtain and use materials and energy, respond to their environment, change over time

question

Explain how life can be studied at different levels

answer

life can be studied form molecules- cells- group of cells (tissue, organs, organ systems)- organisms- population- community- ecosystem- biosphere

question

monomer

answer

smaller units that join together to form polymers

question

polymer

answer

large compound formed from combinations of many monomers

question

carbohydrate

answer

compound made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms; major source of energy for the human body

question

monosaccharide

answer

single sugar molecules

question

polysaccharide

answer

large macromolecules formed from monosaccharides

question

lipid

answer

monosaccharides made mostly from carbon and hydrogen atoms; including fats, oils, and waxes

question

nucleic acid

answer

macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, cardon, and phosphorus

question

nucleotide

answer

monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

question

ribonucleic acid (RNA)

answer

one kind of nucleic acids containing sugar ribose

question

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

answer

one kind of nucleic acids containing sugar deoxyribose

question

protein

answer

macromolecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

question

amino acid

answer

compounds with an amino group (-NH2) on one end and a carboxyl; group (-COOH) on the other end

question

chemical reaction

answer

process that changes one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals

question

reactant

answer

element or compound that enters into a chemical reaction

question

product

answer

element or compound produced by a chemical reaction

question

activation energy

answer

energy needed to get a reaction started

question

catalyst

answer

substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction

question

enzyme

answer

protein that acts as a biological catalyst

question

substrate

answer

reactant of an enzyme-catalysts reaction

question

Describe the functions of each group of organic compounds

answer

carbs-main source of energy; lipids-energy and cell membranes; nucleic acid-store and transmit hereditary information; proteins-control the rate of reactions, regulate cell processes, used to form bones and muscles, help fight disease

question

Explain how chemical reactions affect chemical bonds in compounds

answer

they break and reform bonds taking in and releasing energy

question

Describe how energy changes affect how easily a chemical reaction will occur

answer

the higher the activation energy of a reaction the harder it will be for the reaction to occur

question

Explain why enzymes are important to living things

answer

they decrease activation energy

question

cell

answer

the basic units of life

question

cell theory

answer

the idea that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, and new cells are produced from existing ones

question

nucleus

answer

in cells, structure that contains the cells genetic material (DNA) and controls the cell's activities

question

eukaryote

answer

organism whose cells contain nuclei

question

prokaryote

answer

unicellular organism lacking a nucleus

question

organelle

answer

specialized structure that preforms important cellular functions within a eukaryotic cell

question

cytoplasm

answer

material inside the cell membrane - not including the nucleus

question

nuclear envelope

answer

layer of two membranes that surrounds the nucleus of a cell

question

chromatin

answer

granular material visible within the nucleus

question

chromosome

answer

threadlike structure within the nucleus containing the genetic information that is passed from one generation of cells to the next

question

nucleolus

answer

small, dense region within most nuclei in which the assembly of proteins begins

question

ribosome

answer

small particle in the cell on which proteins are assembled; made of RNA and protein

question

endoplasmic reticulum

answer

internal membrane system in cells in which lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled and some proteins are modified

question

Golgi apparatus

answer

stack of membranes in the cell that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum

question

lysosome

answer

cell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break down materials in the cell

question

vacuole

answer

cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates

question

mitochondrion

answer

cell organelle that converts the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use

question

chloroplast

answer

organelle found in cells of plants and some other organisms that captures the energy from sunlight into chemical energy

question

cytoskeleton

answer

network of protein filaments within some cells that helps the cell maintain its shape and is involved in many forms of cell movement

question

centriole

answer

one of two tiny structures located in the cytoplasm of animal cells near the nuclear envelope

question

cell membrane

answer

thin, flexible barrier around a cell; regulates what enters and leaves the cell

question

cell wall

answer

strong supporting layer around the cell membrane in plants, algae, and some bacteria

question

lipid bilayer

answer

doubled-layered sheet that forms to the core of nearly all cell membranes

question

concentration

answer

the mass of solute in a given volume of solution, or mass/volume

question

diffusion

answer

process by which molecules tend to move from and area where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated

question

equilibrium

answer

when the concentration of a solute is the same throughout a solution

question

osmosis

answer

diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

question

isotonic

answer

when the concentration of two solutions is the same

question

hypertonic

answer

when comparing two solutions, the solution with the greater concentration of solutes

question

hypotonic

answer

when comparing two solutions, the solution with the lesser concentration of solutes

question

facilitated diffusion

answer

movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels

question

active transport

answer

energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference

question

endocytosis

answer

process by which a cell takes material into the cell by in folding of the cell membrane

question

phagocytosis

answer

process in which extensions of cytoplasm surround and engulf large particles and take them into the cell

question

pinocytosis

answer

process by which a cell takes in liquid from the surrounding environment

question

exocytosis

answer

process by a cell releases large amounts of material

question

cell specialization

answer

process in which cells develop in different ways to preform different tasks

question

tissue

answer

group of similar cells that preform a particular task

question

organ

answer

group of tissues that work together to preform closely related functions

question

organ system

answer

group of organs that work together to preform a specific function

question

Explain what the cell theory is

answer

all living things are composed of cells; cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things; new cells are produced from existing cells

question

Describe how researchers explore the living cell

answer

by using different microscopes- transmission- see cell structure; scanning- see surface of the cell

question

Distinguish between eukaryotes and prokaryotes

answer

eukaryote-cell that contain nuclei, organelles, most multicellular organisms; prokaryote-doesn't contain nuclei, no organelles, unicellular organisms

question

Describe the function of the cell nucleus

answer

controls activities of organelles; has directions to make proteins

question

Describe the functions of the major cell organelles

answer

nucleolus- makes ribosomes; ribosomes- assembles proteins; cytoplasm- suspends organelles and site of chemical reactions; endoplasmic reticulum- site of reactions; Golgi apparatus- modifies proteins and sends them to appropriate destinations; vacuole- stores materials; lysosomes- digest excess or worn-out organelles, food, and engulfs viruses and bacteria; chloroplasts- capture light energy and site of photosynthesis; mitochondria- transforms energy in food into ATP; cilia- used to move and obtain food; flagella- propel cells

question

Identify the main roles of the cytoskeleton

answer

support and maintain shape, movement

question

Identify the main functions of the cell membrane and the cell wall

answer

cell wall- supports and protects cell; cell membrane- regulates what enters and leaves the cell and also provides protection and support

question

Describe what happens during diffusion

answer

particles move from an area where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated

question

Explain the process of osmosis, facilitated diffusion, and active transport

answer

osmosis- diffusion of water; facilitated diffusion- movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels; active transport- energy requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference

question

Describe cell specialization

answer

cell become specialized for a function in the organism

question

Identify the organization levels in multicellular organisms

answer

cells, tissues, organs, organ systems

question

autotroph

answer

organism that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food from inorganic compounds also called a producer

question

heterotroph

answer

organism that obtains energy from the food it consumes, also called a consumer

question

adenosine triphosphate

answer

one of the principle chemical compounds that living things use to store and release energy

question

photosynthesis

answer

process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches

question

chlorophyll

answer

principle pigment of plants and other photosynthetic organisms captures light energy

question

thylakoid

answer

saclike photosynthetic membrane found in chloroplasts

question

photosystem

answer

light-collecting units of the chloroplasts

question

stroma

answer

region outside the thylakiod membranes in chloroplasts

question

NADP+

answer

one of the carrier molecules that transfers high-energy electrons from chlorophyll to other molecules

question

light-dependent reactions

answer

reactions of photosynthesis that use energy from light to produce ATP and NADPH

question

ATP synthase

answer

large protein that uses energy from H+ ions to bind ADP and a phosphate group together to produce ATP

question

Calvin cycle

answer

reactions of photosynthesis in which energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugars

question

Explain where plants get the energy they need to produce food

answer

sunlight- use photosynthesis into glucose

question

Describe the role of ATP in cellular activities

answer

easy energy source; energy stored in bonds between second and third phosphate group

question

State the overall equation for photosynthesis

answer

6CO2+6H2O+light=C6H12O6+6O2

question

Describe the role of light and chlorophyll in photosynthesis

answer

the pigment chlorophyll traps light in the chloroplasts- light is used to break down H2O for use in the light dependent reaction

question

Describe the structure and function of a chloroplast

answer

chloroplasts contain granum which are stacks of thylakoid disks; the spaces between and around the granum is known as the stroma; chloroplast is where photosynthesis takes place

question

Describe what happens in the light-dependent reactions

answer

light energy breaks H2O into H+, O2, and high energy e-; e- is passed down the e- transport chain and eventually makes NADPH; H+ is passed through ATP synthase to form ATP molecules

question

Explain what the Calvin cycle is

answer

process of forming a 6 carbon carbohydrate from CO2

question

Identify factors that affect the rate at which photosynthesis occurs

answer

temperature, light intensity, and H2O

question

calorie

answer

amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celsius

question

glycolysis

answer

first step in releasing the energy of glucose, in which a molecule of glucoseis broken into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid

question

cellular respiration

answer

process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen

question

NAD+

answer

electron carrier involved in glycolysis

question

fermentation

answer

process by which cells release energy in the absence of oxygen

question

anaerobic

answer

process that does not require oxygen

question

aerobic

answer

process that requires oxygen

question

Krebs cycle

answer

second stage of cellular respiration, in which pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extractiong reactions

question

electron transport chain

answer

a series of proteins in which the high-energy electrons from the Krebs cycle are used to convert ADP to ATP

question

Explain what cellular respiration is

answer

process of changing carbohydrates into energy

question

Describe what happens during the process of glycolysis

answer

6 carbon carbohydrate is broken down into 2 pyruvic acids; 4 ATP (net 2) and 2 NADH is made

question

Name the two main types of fermentation

answer

alcoholic and lactic acid

question

Describe what happens during the Krebs cycle

answer

pyruvic acid combines with a 4 carbon compound, broken apart, and produces 4 NADH, 1 FADH2, and 1 ATP

question

Explain how high-energy electrons are used by the electron transport chain

answer

high-energy electrons are passed down the e- transport chain causing H+ to flow to the outside of the mitochondrial membrane; as H+ flows n again they pass through ATP synthase creating ATP

question

Identify the three pathways the body uses to release energy during exercise

answer

lactic acid fermentation, cellular respiration, glycolysis

question

Compare photosynthesis and cellular respiration

answer

photosynthesis- make glucose, store energy, use CO2 and H2O, gives off O2; respiration- breaks down glucose, releases energy, uses O2, gives off H2O and CO2

question

cell division

answer

Process by which a cell divides into two new daughter cells

question

mitosis

answer

Part of eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides

question

cytokinesis

answer

Division of the cytoplasm during cell division

question

chromatid

answer

1 of 2 sister parts of a duplicated chromosomes

question

centromere

answer

area where the chromatids of a chromosome are attached

question

interphase

answer

stage in between cell division

question

cell cycle

answer

series of events that cells go through as they grew and divides

question

prophase

answer

first and longest phase of mitosis during which the chromosomes become visible and the centrioles separate and take up opposite sides of the nucleus

question

centriole

answer

one of two tiny structures located in the cytoplasm of animal cells near the nuclear envelope

question

spindle

answer

fanlike microtubule structure that helps separate the chromosome during mitosis

question

metaphase

answer

second phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell

question

anaphase

answer

the third phase of mitosis, during which the chromosome pairs separate and move toward opposite poles

question

telophase

answer

fourth and final stage of mitosis, during which the chromosomes begin to disperse into a triangle of dense material

question

cyclin

answer

one of a family of closely related proteins that regulate the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells

question

cancer

answer

disorder in which some of the body's own cells lose the ability to control growth

question

Explain the problems that growth causes for cells

answer

effective diffusion, not enough DNA, surface area to volume ratio is too great

question

Describe how cell division solves the problems of cell growth

answer

keeps cell size down

question

Name the main events of the cell cycle

answer

interphase (G1, S, G2), cell division-mitosis and cytokinesis

question

Describe what happens during the four phases of mitosis

answer

prophase- chromosomes condense, nucleus disappears, centrioles migrate, spindles form; metaphase- sister chromatids lineup down center; anaphase- sister chromatids split apart and are pulled toward centrioles; telophase- chromatids reach opposite poles, nucleus reforms, chromosomes unwind

question

Identify a factor that can stop cells from growing

answer

cyclin

question

Describe how the cell cycle is regulated

answer

by both internal (regulatory proteins) and external (surface proteins) regulators

question

Explain how cancer cells are different from other cells

answer

they have uncontrolled cell division

question

genetics

answer

Scientific study of heredity

question

fertilization

answer

Process in sexual reproduction in which male and female reproductive cells join to form a new cell

question

true-breeding

answer

Term used to describe organisms that produce offspring identical to themselves if allowed to self-pollinate

question

trait

answer

Specific characteristics that varies from one individual to another

question

hybrid

answer

Offspring of crosses between parents with different traits

question

gene

answer

Sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait

question

allele

answer

One of a number of different forms of a gene

question

segregation

answer

Separation of alleles during gamete formation

question

gamete

answer

Specialized cell involved in sexual reproduction

question

probability

answer

Likelihood that a particular event will occur

question

Punnett square

answer

Diagram showing the gene combinations that might result from a genetic cross

question

homozygous

answer

Term used to refer to an organism that has two identical alleles for a particular trait

question

heterozygous

answer

Term used to refer to an organism that has two different alleles for the same trait

question

phenotype

answer

Physical characteristics of an organism

question

genotype

answer

Genetic makeup of an organism

question

independent assortment

answer

Independent segregation of genes during the formation of gametes

question

incomplete dominance

answer

Situation in which one allele is not completely dominant over another

question

codominance

answer

Situation in which both alleles of a gene contribute to the phenotype of the organism

question

multiple alleles

answer

Three or more alleles of the same gene

question

polygenic traits

answer

Trait controlled by two or more genes

question

homologous

answer

Term used to refer to chromosomes that have a corresponding chromosome from the opposite-sex parent

question

diploid

answer

Term used to refer to a cell both sets of homologous chromosomes

question

haploid

answer

Term used to refer to a cell that contains only a single set of chromosomes and therefore only a single set of chromosomes

question

meiosis

answer

Process by which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell

question

tetrad

answer

Structure containing four chromatids that forms during meiosis

question

crossing-over

answer

Process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis

question

Describe how Mendel studied inheritance in peas

answer

by crossing pea plants of similar traits

question

Summarize Mendel's conclusion about inheritance

answer

traits are inherited from the parent generation- each parent gives 1 alleles

question

Explain the principle of dominance

answer

some alleles are dominant and others recessive

question

Describe what happens during segregation

answer

alleles separate independently during gamete formation

question

Explain how genetics use the principles of probability

answer

use to predict the outcomes of a genetic cross

question

Describe how genetics use Punnett squares

answer

to predict and compare genetic variations that will result from a cross

question

Explain the principle of independent assortment

answer

genes of different traits segregate independently during the formation of gametes

question

Describe other inheritance patterns

answer

incomplete dominance- blending of phenotypes; codominance- both phenotypes expressed; multiple alleles- more than 2 alleles for a trait; polygenic traits- trait controlled by multiple chromosomes

question

Explain how Mendel's principles apply to organisms

answer

all organisms follow these same rule and principles for inheritance

question

Contrast the chromosome number of body cells and gametes

answer

body cells- 2N (diploid); gametes- N (haploid)

question

Summarize the events of meiosis

answer

meiosis 1- number of chromosomes in each cell splits in half and crossing over occurs (prophase 1) to increase genetic variations; meiosis 2- gametes decrease in size and increase in number

question

Contrast meiosis and mitosis

answer

Meiosis- 2 phases, chromosomes number decreases, sex cells; mitosis- 1 phase, chromosomes number is same, body cells

question

nucleotide

answer

monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

question

base pairing

answer

principle that bonds in DNA can form only between adenine and thymine and between guanine and cytosine

question

chromatin

answer

granular material visible within the nucleus; consists of DNA tightly coiled around proteins

question

histone

answer

protein molecule around which DNA is tightly coiled around chromatin

question

replication

answer

coping process by which a cell duplicates its DNA

question

DNA polymerase

answer

enzyme involved in DNA replication that joins individual nucleotides to produce a DNA molecule

question

gene

answer

sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait

question

messenger RNA

answer

RNA molecule that carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell

question

ribosomal RNA

answer

type of RNA that makes up the major part of ribosomes

question

transfer RNA

answer

type of RNA molecule that transfers amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis

question

transcription

answer

process in which part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA is copied into a complementary sequence in RNA

question

RNA polymerase

answer

enzyme similar to DNA polymerase that binds to DNA and separates the DNA strands during transcription

question

promoter

answer

region of DNA that indicates to an enzyme where to bind to make RNA

question

intron

answer

sequence of DNA that is not involved in coding for a protein

question

exon

answer

expressed sequence of DNA; codes for a protein

question

codon

answer

three-nucleotide sequence on a messenger RNA that codes for a single amino acid

question

translation

answer

decoding of mRNA message into a polypeptide chain

question

anticodon

answer

group of three brothers on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon

question

mutation

answer

change in a DNA sequence that affects genetic information

question

point mutation

answer

gene mutation involving changes in one of a few nucleotide

question

frameshift mutation

answer

mutation that shifts the "reading" frame of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide

question

polyploidy

answer

condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes

question

Summarize the relationship between genes and DNA

answer

genes coded by sequences of DNA

question

Describe the overall structure of the DNA molecule

answer

deoxyribose, phosphate group, nitrogen base

question

Summarize the events of DNA replication

answer

DNA molecule separates into 2 strands, then 2 new complementary strands following the rule of base pairing; each strand of double helix of DNA serves as a template, or model for the new strand

question

Relate the DNA molecule to chromosome structure

answer

chromosomes are made of strands of DNA

question

Tell how RNA differs from DNA

answer

DNA- thymine, double strand, housed in the nucleus; RNA- uracil, single strand, moves in and out of nucleus

question

Name the three main types of RNA

answer

mRNA- copy made from DNA to take to ribosomes; rRNA- part of ribosome; and tRNA- brings amino acids to ribosomes

question

Describe transcription and the editing of RNA

answer

RNA copy is made from a DNA strand inside the nucleus

question

Identify the genetic code

answer

genetic code is made of a sequence of codons

question

Summarize translation

answer

mRNA codes for specific amino acids which are coded by codons; corresponding anticodons on tRNA carry amino acids attach to mRNA to create a chain of amino acids=protein

question

Explain the relationship between genes and proteins

answer

genes code for specific proteins

question

Contrast gene mutations and chromosomal mutations

answer

gene- changes specific codons; chromosomal- changes different genes on chromosomes

question

selective breeding

answer

method of breeding that allows only those individual organisms with desired characteristics to produce the next generation

question

hybridization

answer

breeding technique that involves crossing dissimilar individuals to bring together the best traits of both organisms

question

inbreeding

answer

continued breeding of individuals with similar characteristics to maintain the desired characteristics if a line of organisms

question

transgenic

answer

term used to refer to an organism that contains genes from other traits

question

clone

answer

member of a population of genetically identical cells produced from a single cell

question

karyotype

answer

photograph of chromosomes grouped in order in pairs

question

sex chromosome

answer

one of two chromosomes that determine an individual's sex

question

autosome

answer

chromosome that is not a sex chromosome

question

pedigree

answer

chart that shows the relationships within a family

question

sex-linked gene

answer

gene located on the X or Y chromosome

question

nondisjunction

answer

error in meiosis in which homologous chromosomes fail to separate

question

DNA fingerprinting

answer

analysis of sections of DNA that have little or no known function, but vary widely from one individual to another, in order to identify individuals

question

Explain the purpose of selective breeding

answer

carry specific traits

question

Describe two techniques used in selective breeding

answer

hybridization- crossing dissimilar individuals to bring together the best of both organisms; inbreeding- continue breeding of individuals with similar characteristics

question

Describe the usefulness of some transgenic organisms to humans

answer

bacteria that can produce human insulin; make larger animals; make healthier plants

question

Summarize the main steps in cloning

answer

fuse a body cell with the egg of a sheep

question

Identify the types of human chromosomes in a karyotype

answer

44 autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes

question

Explain how sex is determined

answer

by sex chromosomes

question

Explain how pedigrees are used to study human traits

answer

different traits can be tracked down a family tree

question

Describe examples of the inheritance of human traits

answer

blood group genes (multiple alleles and dominate/recessive)

question

Explain how small changes in DNA cause genetic disorders

answer

changes in DNA change different proteins that are coded for

question

Identify characteristics of human chromosomes

answer

omit

question

Describe some sex-linked disorders and explain why they are more common in males than in females

answer

color blindness; hemophilia; muscular dystrophy; more common in males because even if it is recessive it will be expressed

question

Explain the process of the X-chromosome inactivation

answer

1 X- chromosome in females is randomly switched off creating a Barr-body

question

Summarize nondisjunction and the problems it causes

answer

homologous chromosomes fail to separate during the first stage of meiosis; can cause down syndrome (trisomy 21), turners (women with 1 X), and Klinfeltes (man with 2 X's)

question

Summarize methods of human DNA analysis

answer

testing for alleles and DNA fingerprinting

question

State the goal of the Human Genome Project

answer

analyze the human DNA sequence

question

Describe how researchers are attempting to cure genetic disorders

answer

absent or faulty genes are replaced by working genes

question

taxonomy

answer

Discipline of classifying organisms and assigning each organism a universally accepted name

question

binomial nomenclature

answer

Classification system in which each species is assigned a two-part scientific name

question

taxon

answer

Group or level of organization into which organisms are classified

question

species

answer

Some description of a characteristic of that animal

question

genus

answer

Group of closely related species and the first part of the scientific name in binomial nomenclature

question

family

answer

Group of genera that share many characteristics

question

order

answer

Group of similar families

question

class

answer

Group of similar orders

question

phylum

answer

Group of closely related classes

question

kingdom

answer

Large taxonomic group, consisting of closely related phyla

question

phylogeny

answer

Evolutionary relationships among organisms

question

evolutionary classification

answer

The strategy of grouping organisms together based on their characteristics

question

derived character

answer

Characteristics that appear in recent parts of a lineage but not in its older members

question

cladogram

answer

A diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms

question

molecular clock

answer

A model that uses DNA comparisons to estimate the length of time that two species have been evolving independently

question

domain

answer

An inclusive taxonomic category that is bigger than a kingdom

question

Bacteria

answer

Domain of unicellular prokaryotes that have rigid cell walls containing peptidoglycan

question

Eubacteria

answer

Kingdom of unicellular prokaryotes whose cell walls are made up of peptidoglycan

question

Archaea

answer

Domain of unicellular prokaryotes that have cell walls do not contain peptidoglycan and live in extreme environments

question

Archaebacteria

answer

Kingdom of unicellular prokaryotes whose cell walls do not contain peptidoglycan

question

Eukarya

answer

Domain of all organisms whose cells have nuclei, including protists, plants, fungi, and animals

question

Protista

answer

Kingdom composed of eukaryotes that are not classified as plants, animals, or fungi, most diverse, most unicellular (some multicellular), and some photosynthetic, some heterotrophic

question

Fungi

answer

Kingdom composed of heterotrophs, many obtain energy and nutrients from dead organic matter and most are multicellular (some unicellular)

question

Plantae

answer

Kingdom of multicellular photosynthetic autotrophs that have cell walls containing cellulose and nonmotile

question

Animalia

answer

Kingdom of multicellular eukaryotic heterotrophs whose cells do not have cell walls, most can move at some point in their life cycle, and incredible diversity

question

Explain how living things are organized for study

answer

they are organized into taxons- kingdom, phylum, class, family, genus, species

question

Describe binomial nomenclature

answer

two word naming system- first word= genus; second word= species

question

Explain Linnaeus's system of classification

answer

based on similar characteristics

question

Explain how evolutionary relationships are important in classification

answer

find out how organisms descended and who they are closely related to

question

Identify the principle behind cladistic analysis

answer

look at new characteristics as they arrive in a lineage

question

Explain how we can compare very dissimilar organisms

answer

we can look at DNA and RNA sequences

question

Name the six kingdoms of life as they are now identified

answer

Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protists, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

question

Describe the three-domain system of classification

answer

Eubacteria- prokaryote with peptidoglycan in cell wall; Archaebacteria- prokaryote without peptidoglycan in cell wall; Eukarya- eukaryotes

question

What are the products of photosynthesis?

answer

Oxygen and sugar

question

The energy of the electrons passing along the electron transport chain is used to make _________.

answer

ATP

question

Where would you find photosystem I and II?

answer

The thylakoid membrane

question

What are the products of the Calvin Cycle?

answer

High-energy sugar

question

Where do light-dependent reactions take place?

answer

Within the thylakoid membrane

question

If an organisms diploid number is 18, what is it's haploid number?

answer

9

question

Cellular respiration uses 1 molecule of glucose to produce _______ molecules of ATP.

answer

36

question

Which grows faster in a cell, surface area or volume?

answer

volume

question

_______ is a disorder where the cell loses the ability to control growth and division.

answer

Cancer

question

What happens to a cell when it comes into contact with another cell?

answer

it stops growing

question

What is principle of independent assortment?

answer

genes of different traits separate without influence on each other

question

What are the products of the light dependent reactions?

answer

oxygen gas, ATP, and NADPH

question

What is the main function of the cytoskeleton?

answer

help the cell keep its shape

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