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Needs Assessment (McKenzie)

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the systematic identification of needs within a population and determination of the degree to which those needs are being met. It's also how the program planner identifies and measures gaps between what is and what ought to be.

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Primary Data

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data gathered directly from or about the individual or population of interest. (ex. surveys, interviews, focus groups and direct observation)

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Secondary Data

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data that have already been collected by others that may not be directly gathered from the individual or population being assess. (Ex. published research in peer reviewed journals and/or databases (government, local, state, national and special interest groups))

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Stakeholder

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may be involved in program operations as program manager, program staff, partners, funding agencies, coalition members or those served or affected by the program/project including patients, clients, advocacy groups and community members.

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Needs Assessment (NCHEC)

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process by which HES gather information regarding health needs and desires of a population.

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Needs Assessment Process (NCHEC)

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-assess resources -locate existing data -collect data -use research methods to guide data collection

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6 Step PROCESS for conducting needs assessment

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1. determine the scope of work and the purpose for the needs assessment 2. gather the data 3. analyze the data 4. identify any factors linked to the health problem 5. identify the focus for program; and 6. validate the need before continuing with the planning process

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5 MODELS for conducting needs assessment

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1. epidemiological model 2. public health model 3. social model 4. asset model 5. rapid model (Issel)

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Epidemiological Model

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this needs assessment model focuses on epidemiological data (death, prevalence and birth rates, etc)

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Public Health Model

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this needs assessment model attempts to quantify health problems and often uses epidemiological data; can be more focused on a specific population and can be mindful of limitations of resources.

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Social Model

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this needs assessment model investigates social or political issues that influence health

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Asset Model

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this needs assessment model focuses on the strengths of a community, organization, or population and looks to find ways to use existing assets to improve health

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Rapid Model

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is a framework (model) that is used when time and money are lacking for needs assessment. Offers basic information, but lacking in detail

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Quantitative Data

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-data that are used to numerically describe what is occurring

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Qualitative Data

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-data that are not numerical, and are usually descriptions of what is occurring and why it is occurring

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Nominal Group Process

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is a highly structured process in which a few representatives from the priority population are asked to respond to questions based on specific needs. Opinions are ranked and discussed

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Delphi Panel/Technique

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process that generates consensus by using a series of mailed or emailed questionnaires

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Community Capacity Inventory

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written list of skills and talents of individual community members and of the associations and other resources in the neighborhood as a whole

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Community Asset Map

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visual representation of the physical assets of a community that may constitute important physical and social support structures for achieving community goals (Ex. library, playgrounds, schools, parks etc)

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Factors that Influence Health Behaviors

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Behavioral Environmental Individual (intrapersonal-individual; interpersonal-group; organizational; community & public policy levels)

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Behavioral (lifestyle) Factors

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behaviors or actions of individuals, groups, or communities. These indicators may include compliance, consumption and utilization patterns, coping, preventive actions, and self care

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Environmental Factors

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determinants outside the individual that can be modified to support behavior, health and quality of life. (Ex. economic factors, physical factors, public services, and an individual's access to affordability of, and equity in health services)

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Individual Factors

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the educational, social, and cultural characteristics of the individual that influence health behaviors. It includes a person's knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and perceptions related to health.

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Factors that Enhance or Compromise Health (Turnock)

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BIOLOGICAL-from genetic endowment to aging ENVIRONMENTAL-from food, air, water to communicable diseases LIFESTYLE-from diet to injury avoidance & sexual behaviors PSYCHOSOCIAL-from poverty to stress, personal & cultural factors

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Factors that Foster or Hinder the Learning Process

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Hinderances: Lack of time, Schedule conflicts Attitudes, Other stressors Enhancers: positive attitudes, community connectedness and self interest

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Factors that Foster or Hinder Attitudes and Beliefs

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Pre-existing attitudes or beliefs about a health problem or behavior (has a major influence on the success of behavior change programs)

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Factors that should be identified during the needs assessment (enhance or compromise health education)

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Predisposing Enabling Reinforcing

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Predisposing Factors

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any characteristics of a person or population that motivates behavior prior to the occurrence of the behavior (i.e. individual knowledge and affective traits identified during the needs assessment)

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Enabling Factors

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any characteristics of the environment that facilitates action and any skill or resource required to attain a specific behavior (i.e. factors that make possible a change in behavior)

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Reinforcing Factors

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any reward or punishment following or anticipated as a consequence of a behavior, serving to strengthen the motivation for the behavior after it occurs (i.e. feedback and encouragement resulting from the changed behavior, perhaps from significant or important others)

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Community Empowerment

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helps communities solve their own problems with their own resources

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Logic Model

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Input Output Outcome (short term,intermediate, long term)

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Inputs/Resources

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are linked to program activities or events. The human, fiscal, physical and intellectual resources needed to address the objectives of the program.

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Outputs

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Activities, products and services that will influence short term, intermediate and long term outcomes

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Outcome (short term)

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results in changes in knowledge or skills among the participants of the program

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Outcome (intermediate)

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results in changes in behaviors or policy

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Outcome (long term)

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results in changes in morbidity or mortality

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Goal of Needs Assessment

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-to identify and prioritize the health problems -prioritize strategies to address them -identify resources to support them

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How to Analyze Assessment Findings

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-analyze the data, primary and secondary -compare data with local, state, national or historical situation -consider the social, cultural and political environment -set priorities by: assessing the size and scope of the problem; determining the effectiveness of possible interventions and; determining appropriateness, economics, acceptability, resources and legality of the possible intervention

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High Changeability & High Importance

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programs that ought to be addressed first with regard to degree of importance.

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Health Impact Assessments (HIA)

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a combination of procedures, methods and tools by which a policy, program, or project may be judged as to its potential effects on the health of a population, and the distribution of those effects within the population. -used to objectively evaluate the potential health effects of a project or policy before it is developed or implemented

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