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Personality

answer

The unique and relatively stable ways in which people think, feel, and behave.

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Character

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Value judgments of a person's moral and ethical behavior

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Temperament

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The enduring characteristics with which each person is born

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Unconscious mind

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Level of the mind in which thoughts, feelings, memories, and other information are kept that are not easily or voluntarily brought into consciousness *Can be revealed in dreams and Freudian slips of the tongue

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Id

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Part of the personality present at birth and completely unconscious

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Pleasure principle

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Principle by which the id functions; the immediate satisfaction of needs without regard for the consequences

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Ego

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Part of the personality that develops out of a need to deal with reality, mostly conscious, rational, and logical *Develops around 2

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Reality principle

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Principle by which the ego functions; the satisfaction of the demands of the id only when negative consequences will not result

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Superego

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Part of the personality that acts as a moral center *Develops around 6 years old *Part conscience and unconscious

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Conscience

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Part of the superego that produces pride or guilt, depending on how acceptable behavior is (how well behavior matches or does not match the ego ideal)

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Fixation

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Disorder in which the person does not fully resolve the conflict in a particular psychosexual stage, resulting in personality traits and behavior associated with that earlier stage

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Psychosexual stages

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Five stages of personality development proposed by Freud and tied to the sexual development of the child

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Oral stage

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First stage occurring in the first year of life in which the mouth is the erogenous zone and weaning is the primary conflict. Id dominated

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Anal stage

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Second stage occurring from about 1 to 3 years of age, in which the anus is the erogenous zone and toilet training is the source of conflict. Ego develops

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Anal expulsive personality

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A person fixated in the anal stage who is messy, destructive, and hostile

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Anal retentive personality

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A person fixated in the anal stage who is neat, fussy, stingy, and stubborn

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Phallic stage

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Third stage occurring from about 3 to 6 years of age, in which the child discovers sexual feelings. Superego develops

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Oedipus (boys) /Electra (girls) complex

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Situation occurring in the phallic stage in which a child develops a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent and jealousy of the same-sex parent

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Identification

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Defense mechanism in which a person tries to become like someone else to deal with anxiety

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Latency

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Fourth stage occurring during the school years, in which the sexual feelings of the child are repressed while the child develops in other ways

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Psychoanalysis

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Freud's term for both the theory of personality and the therapy based on it

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Neo-Freudians

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Followers of Freud who developed their own competing theories of psychoanalysis

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Personal unconscious

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Jung's name for the unconscious mind as described by Freud

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Collective unconscious

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Jung's name for the memories shared by all members of the human species

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Archetypes

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Jung's collective, universal human memories

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Basic anxiety

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Anxiety created when a child is born into the bigger and more powerful world of older children and adults

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Neurotic personalities

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Personalities typefied by maladaptive ways of dealing with relationships in Horney's theory

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Habits

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In behaviorism, sets of well-learned responses that have become automatic

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Social cognitive learning theorists

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Theorists who emphasize the importance of both the influences of other people's behavior and of a person's own expectancies on learning

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Social cognitive view

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Learning theory that includes cognitive processes such as anticipating, judging, memory, and imitation of models

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Reciprocal determinism

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Bandura's explanation of how the factors of environment, personal characteristics, and behavior can interact to determine future behavior

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Self-efficacy

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Individual's expectancy of how effective his or her efforts to accomplish a goal will be in any particular circumstance

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Locus of control (LOC)

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The tendency for people to assume that they either have control or do not control over events and consequences in their lives

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Expectancy

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A person's subjective feeling that a particular behavior will lead to a reinforcing consequence

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Humanistic perspective

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The "third force" in psychology that focuses on those aspects of personality that make people uniquely human, such as subjective feelings and freedom of choice *Developed as a reaction against the negativity of psychoanalysis and the deterministic nature of behaviorism

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Self-actualizing tendency

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The striving to fulfill one's innate capacities and capabilities

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Self-concept

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The image of oneself that develops from interactions with important, significant people in one's life

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Self

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An individual's awareness of their own personal characteristics and level of functioning

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Real self

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One's perception of actual characteristics, traits, and abilities

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Ideal self

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One's perception of whom one should be or would like to be

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Positive regard

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Warmth, affection, love, and respect that come from significant others in one's life

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Unconditional positive regard

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Positive regard that is given without conditions or strings attached

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Conditional positive regard

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Positive regard that is given only when the person is doing what the providers of positive regard wish

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Fully functioning person

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A person who is in touch with and trusting of the deepest, innermost urges and feelings

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Trait theories

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Theories that endeavor to describe the characteristics that make up human personality in an effort to predict future behavior

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Trait

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A consistent, enduring way of thinking, feeling, or behaving

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Surface traits

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Aspects of personality that can easily be seen by other people in the outward actions of a person

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Source traits

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The more basic traits that underlie the surface traits, forming the core of personality

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Introversion

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Dimension of personality in which people tend to withdraw from excessive stimulation

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Openness

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One of the five factors; willingness to try new things and be open to new experiences

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Conscientiousness

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The care a person gives to organization and thoughtfulness of others; dependability

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Extraversion

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Dimension of personality referring to one's need to be with other people

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Extraverts

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People who are outgoing and sociable

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Introverts

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People who prefer solitude and dislike being the center of attention

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Agreeableness

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The emotional style of a person that may range from easygoing, friendly, and likeable to grumpy, crabby, and unpleasant

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Neuroticism

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Degree of emotional instability or stability

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Five-factor model (Big Five)

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Model of personality traits that describes five basic trait dimensions

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Trait-situation interaction

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The assumption that the particular circumstances of any given situation will influence the way in which a trait is expressed

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Behavior genetics

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Field of study devoted to discovering the genetic bases for personality characteristics

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Interview

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Method of personality assessment in which the professional asks questions of the client and allows the client to answer, either in a structured or unstructured fashion

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Halo effect

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Tendency of an interviewer to allow positive characteristics of a client to influence the assessments of the client's behavior and statements

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Projection

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Defense mechanism involving placing, or "projecting," one's own unacceptable thoughts onto others, as if the thoughts actually belonged to those others and not to oneself

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Projective tests

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Personality assessments that present ambiguous visual stimuli to the client and ask the client to respond with whatever comes to mind

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Rorschach inkblot test

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Projective test that uses 10 inkblots as the ambiguous stimul

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Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

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Projective test that uses 20 pictures of people in ambiguous situations as the visual stimuli

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Subjective

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Referrin to concepts and impressions that are only valid within a particular person's perception and may be influenced by biases, prejudice, and personal experiences

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Direct observation

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Assessment in which the professional observes the client engaged in ordinary, day-to-day behavior in either a clinical or natural setting

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Rating scale

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Assessment in which a numerical value is assigned to specific behavior that is listed in the scale

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Frequency count

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Assessment in which the frequency of a particular behavior is counted

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Personality inventory

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Paper and pencil or computerized test that consists of statements that require a specific, standardized response from the person taking the test

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Preconscious mind

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Level of the mind in which information is available but not currently conscious

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Conscious mind

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Level of the mind that is aware of immediate surroundings and perceptions

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Libido

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The instinctual energy that may come into conflict with the demands of a society's standards for behavior

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Ego ideal

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Part of the superego that contains the standards for moral behavior

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Genital

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Sexual feelings reawaken with appropriate targets

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Internal LOC

answer

People assume their actions and decisions affect their experiences

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External LOC

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People assume their lives are controlled by powerful others, luck, or fate

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NEO-PI

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Based on the five-factor model

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Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

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Based on Jung's theory of personality types.

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MMPI-2

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Designed to detect abnormal personality

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Oral Stage Age: Birth to 1.5 years old

answer

*Focus of Pleasure: Oral activities (such as sucking, feeding, and making noises with the mouth) *Focus of Conflict: Weaning *Difficulties at this stage affect later: - Ability to form interpersonal attachments - Basic feelings about the world - Tendency to use oral forms of aggression, such as sarcasm - Optimism or pessimism - Tendency to tske charge or be passive

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Anal Stage Age: 1.5 to 3 years old

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*Focus of Pleasure: Bowel and bladder control *Focus of Conflicts: Toilet training *Difficulties at this stage affect later: - Sense of competence and control - Stubbornness or willingness to go along with others - Neatness or messiness - Punctuality or tardiness

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Phallic Stage Age: 3 to 6 years old

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*Focus of Pleasure: Genitals *Focus of Conflict: Sexual awareness *Difficulties at this stage affect later: - Development of conscience through identification with same-sex parent - Pride or humulity

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Latency Stage Age: 6 to puberty

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*Focus of Pleasure: Social skills (such as the ability to make friends) and intellectual skills; Dormant period in terms of psychosexual development *Focus of Conflict: School, play, same-sex friendships *Difficulties at this stage affect later: - Ability to get along with others

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Genital Stage Age: Puberty to death

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*Focus of Pleasure: Sexual behavior *Focus of Conflict: Sexual relationship with partner *Difficulties at this stage affect later: - Immature love or indiscriminate hate - Uncontrollwble working or inability to work

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Factor: (O) Openness

answer

*High scorer characteristics: Creative, artistic, curios, imaginative, nonconforming *Low scorer characteristics: Conventional, down-to-earth, uncreative

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Factor: (C) Conscientiousness

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*High scorer characteristics: Organized, reliable, neat, ambitious *Low scorer characteristics: Unreliable, lazy, careless, negligent, spontaneous

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Factor: (E) Extraversion

answer

*High scorer characteristics: Talkative, optimistic, sociable, affectionate *Low scorer characteristics: Reserved, comfortable being alone, stays in the background

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Factor: (A) Agreeableness

answer

*High scorer characteristics: Good-natured, trusting, helpful *Low scorer characteristics: Rude, uncooperative, irritable, aggressive, competitive

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Factor: (N) Neuroticism

answer

*High scorer characteristics: Worrying, insecure, anxious, temperamental *Low scorer characteristics: Calm,secure,relaxed, stable

question

Type of assessment: - Interviews

answer

Most likely to be used by: Psychoanalysts, humanistic therapists

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Type of assessment: Projective tests - Rorschach - Thematic apperception test

answer

Most likely to be used by: Psychoanalysts

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Type of assessment: Behavioral assessments - Direct observation - Rating scales - Frequency counts

answer

Most likely to be used by: Behavioral and social cognitive therapists

question

Type of assessment: Personality inventories - 16 personalty factor questionnaire (16PF) -Neurotocism / Extraversion / Openness personality inventory (NEO-PI) - Myers-Briggs type indicator (MBTI) - Eyseneck personality questionnaire (EPQ) - Keirsey temperament sorter II - California psychological inventory (CPI) - Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory, Version II (MMPI-2)

answer

Most likely to be used by: Trait theoists

question

A. Personality

answer

_______refers to the overall manner in which a person thinks, behaves, and feels. A. Personality B. An external locus of control C. Motivation D. Self-Actualization E. Emotion

question

C. has a strong superego.

answer

Sixteen-year-old Evan is referred to as a perfectionist by his friends and family. Neither his parents nor his teachers put pressure on him because they all know Evan seems to be the most critical of himself. According to Freud, Evan likely A. has a strong id. B. has a fixation that occurred during the oral stage. C. has a strong superego. D. has yet to resolve the Oedipus complex. E. has an issue that developed during the genital stage

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C. ego ideal; conscience

answer

The superego is made up of the ______and ______ A. id; ego ideal B. conscious; preconscious C. ego ideal; conscience D. conscience; unconscious E. unconscious; libido

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E. Sigmund Freud

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Which of the following theorists argued that unconscious forces were the main focus of personality? A. Abraham Maslow B. Walter Mischel C. Raymond Cattell D. B.F. Skinner E. Sigmund Freud

question

E. conscious; preconscious

answer

According to the psychoanalytic theory, being aware about how you feel taking this exam right now would be located in your _______ awareness whereas information to answer the question "What color is your vehicle?" would be located in the ______ A. ego; unconscious B. conscious; unconscious C. unconscious; preconscious D. unconscious; id E. conscious; preconscious

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A. excessive cleanliness; messiness

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Too little gratification during the anal stage may result in _______ whereas overindulgence during the anal stage may result in _______ A. excessive cleanliness; messiness B. messiness; orderliness C. sarcasm; aggression D. flirtatiousness; pride E. rebelliousness; hostility

question

C. she rejected the idea that early experiences played a role in later personality development

answer

All of the following are true of Karen Homey EXCEPT A. she felt personality developed over an entire lifetime. B. she believed that in order to be psychologically healthy, individuals must overcome the irrational need for perfection. C. she rejected the idea that early experiences played a role in later personality development. D. she believed that cultural and environmental variables were important in the development off personality. E. she rejected the idea of penis envy.

question

C. she rejected the idea that early experiences played a role in later personality development.

answer

All of the following are true of Karen Homey EXCEPT A. she felt personality developed over an entire lifetime. B. she believed that in order to be psychologically healthy, individuals must overcome the irrational need for perfection. C. she rejected the idea that early experiences played a role in later personality development. D. she believed that cultural and environmental variables were important in the development off personality. E. she rejected the idea of penis envy.

question

B. conscious

answer

According to the psychoanalytic theory, being aware about how you feel taking this exam right now would be located in your _______ awareness. A. preconscious B. conscious C. super ego D. unconscious E. id

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B. "Peter, you are likely experiencing repression. Once we work through the painful details of that traumatic event, your depression will lift and you will feel much better."

answer

Peter finally got up the courage to see a therapist after struggling with depression. When discussing his issues with his psychoanalytic therapist, Peter told his therapist that he was sexually assaulted by his previous college roommate. Though Peter was aware that the assault took place, he could not remember any of the painful details of the situation. Which of the following is Peter's therapist likely to say? A. "Peter, don't worry about not remembering the painful details. They are better off left alone." B. "Peter, you are likely experiencing repression. Once we work through the painful details of that traumatic event, your depression will lift and you will feel much better." C. "Those details serve no importance in the type of therapy I provide. We will just work to reduce the symptoms of your depression." D. "Peter, you are likely experiencing a fixation from the unsuccessful resolution of the Oedipus complex." E. "If you cannot remember the details, Peter, they are probably lost forever from your mind. They really are not that important anyway."

question

E. surface traits

answer

Which of the following is NOT a cognitive factor involved in personality? A. a high degree of self—efficacy B. a low degree of self—efficacy C. an external locus of control D. an internal locus of control E. surface traits

question

D. ego

answer

According to the psychoanalytic theory, the structure of personality that operates on the reality principle is the A. id B. ego ideal C. superego D. ego E. conscience

question

B. a strong id.

answer

Jolene frequently gets into fights at school. When asked about her behavior, she says that she just (can't help but fight According to the psychoanalytic theory, Jolene likely has A. a solid ego ideal. B. a strong id. C. penis envy. D. a fixation at the oral stage. E. a weak id.

question

E. Carl Rogers- conditions of worth

answer

Which of the following pairings is correct? A. Albert Bandura— collective unconscious B. Julian Rotter- reciprocal determinism C. Karen Homey- archetypes D. Gordon Allport- individual psychology E. Carl Rogers- conditions of worth

question

B. within her superego.

answer

According to the psychoanalytic theory, all of Kendra's behaviors (both ones for which she has been punished and ones for which she has been praised) reside A. within her id. B. within her superego. C. solely within her conscious. D. within her ego. E. all of the above are correct

question

E. Both theories are difficult to test out from a scientific standpoint.

answer

Which of the following is the common thread between the psychoanalytic theory and the humanistic theory? A. Both theories study the positive aspects of individuals such as cooperation and acceptance off others. B. Both theories offer a stage-like sequence of development in an effort to explain personality development. C. Both theories discuss the importance of unconscious drives. D. Both theories maintain that individuals are driven by sexual and aggressive impulses. E. Both theories are difficult to test out from a scientific standpoint.

question

B. unconditional positive regard

answer

Creating an environment where someone is accepted and not judged, no matter what, exemplifies A. reciprocal determinism B. unconditional positive regard C. an internal locus of control D. conditions of worth E. a peak experience

question

A. phallic

answer

Identification with the same sex parent occurs during the ______stage of psychosexual development. A. phallic B. genital C. anal D. oral E. latency

question

C. latency

answer

Jane is at the stage of her life in which she is interested in female friends and playing soccer. She also has taken interest in her science class because she thinks the teacher lets the students do cool experiments. According to the psychosexual stages of development, Jane is in the _______stage. A. oral B. genital C. latency D. phallic E. anal

question

D. genital

answer

Aixuabelle and her boyfriend are very seriously committed to one another and have discussed the possibility of marriage. According to Freud, in which of the psychosexual stages are they? A. anal B. latency C. oral D. genital E. phallic

question

D. All of the these

answer

Which of the following theorists is considered a neo-Freudian? A. Carl Jung B. Karen Homey C. Alfred Adler D. All of the these E. None of the above are neo—Freudians.

question

D. Carl Jung

answer

The notions of archetypes, the personal unconscious, and the collective unconscious are the work of_______ A. Karen Homey B. Costa and McCrae C. Raymond Cattell D. Carl Jung E. Carl Rogers

question

A. phallic

answer

According to the psychosexual stages of development, sexual curiosity occurs during the _______'stage of psychosexual development. A. phallic B. anal C. latency D. oral E. genital

question

B. an external locus of control.

answer

Merrisa believes that getting a good job after college is all about the connections someone has in addition to being at the right place at the right time. Merrisa also believes that if a person doesn't get the job he / she wants, it just was not meant to be. Merrisa is demonstrating A. unconditional positive regard. B. an external locus of control. C. a belief in the collective unconscious. D. high self-efficacy E. an internal locus of control

question

D. conditions of worth.

answer

Lorraine's parents have told her that as long as she becomes a doctor, they will pay for her schooling. Lorraine, however, really wants to become a chemistry teacher. Lorraine's parents have established A. unconditional positive regard. B. a high degree of self-efficacy. C. an external locus of control. D. conditions of worth. E. an internal locus of control.

question

A. overarching characteristics that describe a person upon first meeting him / her; often not so obvious characteristics unless one has an opportunity to get to know the person

answer

Cardinal traits are _______whereas central traits are _______ A. overarching characteristics that describe a person upon first meeting him / her; often not so obvious characteristics unless one has an opportunity to get to know the person B. characteristics possessed by all but in different degrees; observable qualities of a personality C. described as one's flexibility in thinking; described as one's degree of responsibility D. described as one's degree of responsibility; described as one's flexibility in thinking E. often not so obvious characteristics unless one has an opportunity to get to know the person; overarching characteristics that describe a person upon first meeting him/her

question

D. Carl Rogers; fully functioning people

answer

______created person-centered therapy in an effort to help individuals become ______ A. Sigmund Freud; free of defense mechanisms B. Abraham Maslow; fully functioning people C. Carl Jung; a part of a collectivist society D. Carl Rogers; fully functioning people E. Carl Rogers; at peace with respect to their id, ego, and superego functioning

question

C. introversion; extroversion

answer

Shy and reserved describe the ______factor of the five-factor theory; outgoing and sociable describe the ______factor of the five—factor theory. A. conscientiousness; neuroticism B. openness to experience; sociability C. introversion; extroversion D. extroversion; conscientiousness E. neuroticism; extroversion

question

C. agreeableness

answer

Friendly, nice, and cooperative are descriptors of the _______factor of the five—factor theory. A. extroversion B. openness to experience C. agreeableness D. conscientiousness E. sociability

question

B. agreeableness

answer

Salvatore has been described by his classmates as argumentative, defiant, and unpleasant to be around. If these characteristics had to be summed up in one of the factors of the Big Five, which would it be? A. neuroticism B. agreeableness C. oppositionality D. openness to experience E. conscientiousness

question

A. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

answer

Geoff works on the psychiatric floor of the hospital. He is responsible for properly diagnosing individuals upon admittance to the hospital. Which of the following tools would be MOST helpful to him considering his position at the hospital? A. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory B. Connors Rating Scales C. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator D. Thematic Apperception Test E. California Personality Inventory

question

A. high; neuroticism

answer

Byron has been described as a "nervous nellie' and "worry wart" by those who know him. Byron would likely score _______on the _______factor of the five-factor theory. A. high; neuroticism B. high; sociability C. low; extroversion D. low; neuroticism E. low; conscientiousness

question

D. source

answer

One's overall level of likeability, a trait possessed by all to some degree, is an example of Raymond! Cattell's ________ trait. A. surface B. central C. individualistic D. source E. cardinal

question

D. Raymond Cattell

answer

Which of the following researchers created the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire, also known as the 16PF? A. Karen Homey B. Walter Mischel C. Abraham Maslow D. Raymond Cattell E. Gordon Allport

question

D. extroversion

answer

Outgoing and sociable describe the ______factor of the five-factor theory. A. conscientiousness B. neuroticism C. agreeableness D. extroversion E. openness to experience

question

C. conscientiousness

answer

Lisa went on vacation for a week with her family. Prior to leaving, she asked her neighbor to house sit for her. While she was away, the neighbor had a party at Lisa's house. By the end of the night, some of Lisa's belongings were ruined and the police eventually came to break up the get together. The behavior of Lisa's neighbor could be BEST described by the ______factor of the five-factor theory. A. openness to experience B. neuroticism C. conscientiousness D. sociability E. agreeableness

question

B. neuroticism

answer

The degree to which one handles emotion refers to the _______ factor of the five-factor theory. A. conscientiousness B. neuroticism C. openness to experience D. agreeableness E. extroversion

question

B. The genes set the parameters of an individual's personality; the environment then may play a role in personality development within that genetically determined range.

answer

From a behavioral geneticist's viewpoint, which of the following is true regarding how an individual develops personality? A. The use of identical twin studies in research makes it clear that our personality is inherited and is based on our biological parents. B. The genes set the parameters of an individual's personality; the environment then may play a role in personality development within that genetically determined range. C. Research strongly suggests environment plays the largest role in the development of personality. D. Adoption studies suggest that the personality factors of an individual are much more related! to his/her adoptive parents than biological parents, especially if the individual was adopted at birth. E. None of the above.

question

C. the MMPI-2

answer

Morris is a psychoneuroimmunologist who studies the Type A behavior pattern. Which of the following would be MOST useful to him in his line of work? A. the Connors Rating Scales B. the CPI C. the MMPI-2 D. the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator E. the Boston Naming Test

question

D. they are considered completely objective.

answer

All of the following are true of projective tests EXCEPT A. they serve to tap into the unconscious. B. the answers can be anything. C. there are no right or wrong answers. D. they are considered completely objective. E. all of the above are true.

question

B. openness to experience

answer

Tim and Tony are brothers who live in Michigan. They both enjoy winter because of all the activities that are available to them. Tim prefers to ski, and only ski, whereas Tony likes to try any winter sport such as skiing, snowboarding, ice fishing, and the like. Tim and Tony differ on which of the factors of the five-factor theory? A. neuroticism B. openness to experience C. extroversion D. agreeableness E. activity level

question

D. An inventory

answer

______is a tool used in psychology and psychiatry in which an individual answers questions about his/her behaviors, thoughts, and feelings; it is then scored using a highly standardized procedure thereby yielding dimensions of the individual's personality. A. The rating scale approach B. The unstructured interview C. The TAT D. An inventory E. The Rorschach

question

E. the Myers—Briggs Type Indicator

answer

Which of the following is based on the personality theory of Carl Jung? A. the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory B. the 16PF C. the Thematic Apperception Test D. the California Personality Inventory E. the Myers—Briggs Type Indicator

question

B. Rorschach

answer

Andre was given ten cards to look at by his therapist and was asked what they might be. Although it was clear to Andre that the stimuli were actually symmetrical ink blots, he was able to think of many responses to each card. Andre was likely given the ______ A. CPI B. Rorschach C. 16PF D. MMPI-2 E. TAT

question

C. manage the impression he makes on all of the companies by wearing a suit, removing the nail polish, and presenting the most professional appearance he can.

answer

Jerrod's typical attire is that of baggy jeans decorated with chains, t-shirts with sometimes inappropriate phrases on them, and black nail polish. He has recently graduated from college with an engineering degree and is now looking for a job. After sending out many resumes, he received three calls for interviews. Two of the interviews are with large automotive companies whereas the third is with a small, independent engineering firm. In order to increase his likelihood of getting hired, Jerrod should A. realize that the companies, whether large or small, are only interested in his work, not his appearance. B. be himself and not worry about the image he is presenting. C. manage the impression he makes on all of the companies by wearing a suit, removing the nail polish, and presenting the most professional appearance he can. D. wear a suit and lose the nail polish for the large companies, but be himself for the smaller company. E. wear a suit and lose the nail polish for the smaller company, but be himself for the large companies.

question

C. MMPI-2

answer

Which of the following yields ten clinical scales and is effective at determining truthfulness of the test-takers responses? A. CPI B. MBTI C. MMPI-2 D. TAT E. 16PF

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