Psychology 201: Ch1 – Flashcards
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Psychology
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the science of behavior and mental process
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What are the 3 ways of doing psychology?
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1.Experimental Psychologists 2. Teachers of Psych 3. Applied Psychologists
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Give 5 examples of Applied Psychologists
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1. Sports (control emotions when under pressure) 2. Industrial and Organizational psychologists (maximize productivity) 3. Clinical and counseling psychologists (help ppl improve their social and emotional adjustment thru difficult choices in relationships, etc.) 4. Forensic psychologists (legal and judicial system) 5. Environmental Psychologist (improve human interaction with our environment)
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What is experimental psych?
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They perform most of the research that creates new knowledge
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Who are teachers of psych?
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They work in universities, colleges, and HS
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Applied Psychologists
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They use knowledge developed by experimental psychologists to solve human problems.
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Who are Clinical and Counseling Psychologists?
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help to improve social and emotional adjustment choices to overcome depression (ex: change in situation, new job, breakup)
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What is the difference bt a psychologist and a psychiatrist?
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Psychologist: concerned with all mental and behav. processes; change the way you think Psychiatrist: concerned with abnormality and mental illness; can prescribe medication
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Pseudo-Psychologists
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erroneus assertions set forth as being scientific ex: horoscopes, handwriting analysis, fortune tellers, astrologers
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Psych uses the ___________ to test ______ and __________.
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Psych uses the scientific method to test theories and hypotheses.
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Emotional bias
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the tendency to make judgments based on attitudes/feelings rather than rational analysis.
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Anecdotal evidence
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testimonial accounts that describe the experience of carefully selected people; results are not consistent or scientific
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Confirmational Bias
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the tendency to look for information that supports one's own beliefs. (ignoring or forgetting contradictory evidence
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What are the 6 modern perspectives in Psychology?
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Biological, Cognitive, Behavioral, Developmental, Whole Person, Sociocultural
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Rene Descartes
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believed in the sept. between mind and body
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Biological Perspective
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causes of behavior are found in nervous system, brain, hormones, and genes; behavior could be inherited
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neuroscience
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how the brain creates feelings, thoughts, motives, etc.
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evolutionary psychology
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habits/tendencies of our ancestors were inherited by us; good or bad (based off of Darwinism: survival traits)
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Founder of Psychology?
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Wilhelm Wundt: he est. the 1st psych lab with introspection
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Introspection
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a research technique that asks people to describe their sensations and feelings
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structuralism
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to reveal the most basic structures of the mind
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functionalism
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concerned with the function of consciousness (emotion) in dealing with everyday life problems; developed from Darwinism, shows how ppl adapt to their environment
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Cognitive Perspective
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such as perceptions, interpretations, beliefs and memories. -thoughts and actions are a result of someone's experiences -unique pattern of thoughts
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Behaviorism
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questioned whether psychologists should study the mind; only observable behavior is appropriate for studying distinguished from other approaches
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Behavioral Perspective
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finds the source of our actions in environmental stimuli
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Whole person (general idea?)
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personality and mental disorders arise mainly from processes in the unconscious mind; outside of awareness
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what are the 3 whole person perspectives?
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psychodynamic, humanistic, trait and temperment
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psychodynamic
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processes in unconscious mind; views the mind as a reservoir of energy for the personality.
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psychoanalysis, who created?
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Sigmund Freud and his method of treatment; analysis of dreams, slips of tongue, desires censored by consciousness.
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Humanistic
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need/desire to grow to our fullest potential; focused on the positive side of human nature. (your self-concept and esteem have a huge influence on thoughts, emotions, and actions.)
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what are the 3 reasons why people are "good" according to Humanists?
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moral, religion, and law
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trait and temperament
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things/traits that you are born with; consistent. -differences among people arise from differences in persistent characteristics and internal dispositions.
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free-association
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used to gather clues to unconscious conflicts
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what are 2 terms commonly used by humanists?
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"free-will" and "growth"
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Developmental perspective
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a complex blend of patterns, beliefs, and customs that influence behavior
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cross-cultural psychologists
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interested in how psych. processes may differ among ppl of different cultures and races.
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empirical
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the collection of objective info. by means of careful measurement
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scientific method
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a 4 step process for empirical investigation
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theory
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testable explanation for a broad set of facts
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operational definitions
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specify the procedures used to produce and measure important variables under investigation; defining all aspects of study
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what are the 4 steps in the scientific method?
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1. develop a hypothesis 2. gather objective data 3. analyzing the results 4. publishing, criticizing, or replicating the results.
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hypothesis
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a testable idea or prediction
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random assignment
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minimizes differences bt control and experimental groups
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correlational studies
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the relationship bt variables is studied, "natural experiment" that has already occurred in the real world
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positive correlation
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both variables increasedecrease
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negative
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one variable increases, one variable decreases
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Correlation does not mean _____.
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causation (the relationship bt cause and effect)
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expectancy bias
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the researches andor the participant allows their expectations to affect the outcome of the study
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how is expectancy bias controlled?
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the participants are kept blind as to which product they are getting
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data
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pieces of info gathered by a researcher to be used to test a hypothesis
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replicate
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redoing an experiment to see if researchers get the same results.
