US History study guide civil rights – Flashcards
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Thurgood Marshall
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American civil rights lawyer, first black justice on the Supreme Court of the United States. Marshall was a tireless advocate for the rights of minorities and the poor.
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Brown v. Topeka Board of Education
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In 1954, the Supreme Court reversed the 1896 "Plessy v. Ferguson" decision that established the "separate but equal" doctrine. The "Brown" decision found segregation in schools inherently unequal and in violation of the Constitution. The decision led to a long and difficult effort to integrate the nation's public schools
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Southern Resistance -"Manifesto"
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document written by the US Congress that publicly oppose the integration of public places in the South
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"Brown II"
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another case issued by the Supreme Court, implementing the order from 1954, ruling that communities must work to desegregate their schools with all deliberate speed, but set no timetable and left specific decisions up to lower courts.
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Emmett Till
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Murdered in 1955 for whistling at a white woman by her husband and his friends. They kidnapped him and brutally killed him. his death led to the American Civil Rights movement.
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Little Rock
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the state capital and largest city of Arkansas in the central part of Arkansas on the Arkansas River
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Montgomery Bus Boycott
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In 1955, after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus, Dr. Martin L. King led a boycott of city busses. After 11 months the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public transportation was illegal.
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Martin Luther King, Jr.
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U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. A noted orator, he opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. Nobel Peace Prize (1964)
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SCLC
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Southern Christian Leadership Conference, churches link together to inform blacks about changes in the Civil Rights Movement, led by MLK Jr., was a success
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SNCC
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Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee, college kids participate in Civil Rights, stage sit-ins and such
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CORE
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an organization founded by James Leonard Farmer in 1942 to work for racial equality
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Greensboro
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four black college students in this North Carolina town protested in a department store cafeteria by sitting in the white-only section for three days because they were not being served
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Freedom Rides
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a series of political protests against segregation by Blacks and Whites who rode buses together through the American South in 1961
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James Meredith
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United States civil rights leader whose college registration caused riots in traditionally segregated Mississippi (born in 1933)
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Birmingham
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Alabama city against equal rights; peaceful marches in 1963 were broken up brutally by city police.
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University of Alabama
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(LBJ) Robert Kennedy sent marshalls to protect the right of qualified black there
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Medgar Evers
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Director of the NAACP in Mississippi and a lawyer who defended accused Blacks, he was murdered in his driveway by a member of the Ku Klux Klan.
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March on Washington
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held in 1963 to show support for the Civil Rights Bill in Congress. Martin Luther King gave his famous "I have a dream..." speech. 250,000 people attended the rally
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Civil Rights Act of 1964
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This act made racial, religious, and sex discrimination by employers illegal and gave the government the power to enforce all laws governing civil rights, including desegregation of schools and public places.
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Freedom Summer
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In 1964, when blacks and whites together challenged segregation and led a massive drive to register blacks to vote.
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Goodman, and Schwerner
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these three men were killed fro trying to register a black man to vote. police found their bodies, all with a single shot except for the black man who had severe skull damage
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MFDP
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Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party. an American political party created in the state of Mississippi in 1964, during the civil rights movement. It was organized by black and white Mississippians, with assistance from the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) and Council of Federated Organizations (COFO), to challenge the legitimacy of the white-only regular Democratic Party.
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Selma
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On the first march from here to Montgomery, the marchers were attacked with clubs, police on horses, and tear gas. The second time President Johnson sent the National Guard to escort the marchers.
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Voting Rights Act
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1965 act which guaranteed the right to vote to all Americans, and allowed the federal government to intervene in order to ensure that minorities could vote
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Race Riots
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rioting in major US. cities due to frustration of discrimination. In April 1968, Dr. Martin Luther King was assassinated, riots spread to over 100 cities across the country
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Nation of Islam
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a group of militant Black Americans who profess Islamic religious beliefs and advocate independence for Black Americans
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Stokely Carmichael
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head of the SNCC making a separatist philosophy of black power as the official objective of the organization
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Black Power
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the belief that blacks should fight back if attacked. it urged blacks to achieve economic independence by starting and supporting their own business.
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Kerner Commission
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created in July, 1967 by President Lyndon B. Johnson to investigate the causes of the 1967 race riots in the United States
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1968
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Tet Offensive
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Kerner Commission
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created in July, 1967 by President Lyndon B. Johnson to investigate the causes of the 1967 race riots in the United States
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Affirmative Action
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a policy designed to redress past discrimination against women and minority groups through measures to improve their economic and educational opportunities
